Chapter 3 Cellular Level Of Organization Flashcards
Cell theory
- all living organisms are made of cells
- all cells come from previously existing cells
History of Cells
1600’s Cell discovered and named by Robert Hooke
- 1800’s Scheiden- all plants made of cells
- Schwann-all animals made of cells
Cells
Smallest unit of life on our planet (unicellular or multicellular life)
-small so that they have a large surface area to volume ratio, allows diffusion to move molecules
Prokaryotic cells
No membrane-bounded nucleus
Eukaryotic
Have a membrane-bounded nucleus
Cell made up of three parts
Plasma membrane- separates inside of the cell from outside, determines what enters or leaves
- nucleus: large structure in the cell that houses genetic material DNA
- cytoplasm: 2 subparts cytosol (fluid) and organelles (structures in fluid)
Plasma membrane structure
Phospholipid bilayer that separates cell from interstitial fluid
- fluid mosaic model=thick potato soup
- selectively permeable: determines what crosses in or out, nonpolar can, polar cant
Passive transport
Diffusion moves through membrane the down conc. gradient, no energy needed
Facilitated diffusion
diffusion occurs using a carrier
Osmosis
diffusion of water from its high concentration to its low
Osmotic Pressure
gradient of water trying to diffuse
Tonicity
measure of a solution’s ability to affect the water content of cell
Hypotonic
solution is less concentrated than cell, water moves into cell from solution, blows up cell
Hypertonic
solution more concentrated than cell, water moves from cell to solution, cell shrinks
Isotonic
solution of same concentration as cell, water net movement is zero
Active Transport
requires energy to move chemical against its concentration gradient
Endocytosis
inward movement of substance
Antiporters
Na+ and substance move opposite direction
Symporters
Na+ and substance move same direction
Exocytosis
outward movement of substance
Phagocytosis
Solid
Pinocytosis
Liquid
Cytosol
the fluid portion of the cytoplasm
Organelles
small structures that carry out specific functions
Centrosome
2 cylindrical structures near the nucleus that form the spindles in cell division
Cilia
small hairs on surface cell (brush like), move things along surface
flagella
whip like single projection, used for motion (sperm)
ER
-system of channels and vesicles
-2 main functions
compartmentalizes the cell
functions in manufacturing, transport, and chemical detoxification
Smooth ER
No ribosomes
detoxify chemicals
makes lipids
stores Ca+ (muscle)
Ruff ER
Ribosomes on surface
makes proteins
preliminary packages
then sends proteins to golgi
Golgi apparatus (shipping department)
receives vesicles from ER, re-packages, sorts, and changes
-directs the vesicles in proper direction, in or out of cell (secreted)
lysosome (septic tank)
contains enzymes, breaks down material or organelles, can destroy the entire cell
peroxisome
similar to lysosome, contains enzymes that breaks down material by oxidizing them
vacuoles
general storage of almost anything
Mitochondria
energy source within the cell
Nuclear membrane
separates nucleus from cell, has pores for access
Nucleoplasm
fluid material inside nucleus
Ribosomes
RNA complex that deal with genetics and protein synthesis
Chromatin (reading form)
DNA, usually long strains, wound up (chromosomes)
Chromosome
transportation
rodlike
Mitosis
Wear, repair, and growth
1 cell division
Diploid-48
Meiosis
Gamete formation
2 cell divisons
Haploid-23
Interphase
cell appears inactive
G1
duplication of organelles and cytosolic components
S
DNA replication occurs
G2
Continued growth, proteins for division are made
G0
cells that stay in G1 phase, awaiting division, may never come
Prophase
aPPear
chromatin shortens into chromosomes, visible, nucleus gone
Metaphase
Middle
centromeres align chromatid pairs in middle of cell
Anaphase
Away
centromeres split, separates chromatid pairs
Telophase
Two
identical sets of chromosomes in each end of cell
