Test 4 Flashcards
The first pope to be elected from the Cluniac Reformers, radically increases power of the church, says that the pope is over the clergy, after him the Cluniac reformers become the dominant clique of the church, challenged by Henry II, they were arguing over who gives the Bishop power, which would make that person supreme, he issues an interdict against him saying that he “goes against God.”
Pope Gregory VII
In power at the height of the Papal monarchy and was the most powerful of all the middle age popes
Innocent III
Sees request from the Byzantines in helping them fight the Muslims as an opportunity to reunite Christianity, for the faithful ones to unite against the enemy and to unite Europeans with peace and order
Urban II
This was the meeting with nobility and the pope to discuss helping the Byzantines fight the Muslims, the people respond positively
Clermont
This crusade had no organization, no trained soldiers, infidels were killed “along the way,” conquests included killing a lot of Jews, they are able to get to the holy land and are able to capture most Islam people because the Muslims were divided amongst themselves, this is the only crusade the Christians won, after they have reached the land they start fighting each other and eventually lose everything they have gained
1st Crusade
Turks will capture Edessa, St. Bernard of Clairaux issues the order to launch this crusade, Kind Louis and Emperor Conrad decide to march, they can’t decide who is in charge, the crusade fails because of this power struggle
2nd Crusade
Saladim is the new military general for the Islamic peoples and he controls north and south of the Holy Land, this crusade included the Battle of Hittim where the Islamic army decimates the crusade army and takes back Jerusalem, three kings during this time “take up the cross” and fight (Phillip Augustus from France, Richard I from England, and Frederick Baberosa from the Holy Roman Empire), problems included that 1/3 of the crusade army doesn’t make it to the battle because the king of the Holy Roman empire dies and his 1/3 of the army retreats back to Germany, Phillip and Richard don’t trust each other, Phillip then leaves and steals most of Richard’s land in France, this leaves only Saladim and Richard who have a grudging respect for each other, they sign a truce which says that Christians can come and visit the Holy land and Muslims won’t interfere
3rd Crusade
Venice funds this crusade in 1204, they sail and land at Constantinople, don’t want to go to Jerusalem, the Roman Catholics take it and kill all of the Eastern Orthodox Christians
4th Crusade
The faithful Christians are asking, “why?”, they come up with the answer of sin, want the righteous to fight which launches this crusade, called the children’s crusade because young people fight, they are taken and sold into slavery,
5th Crusade
King Louis IX launches this crusade, wants to organize a French army, he has bad geography and lands on the wrong continent, gets himself captured and the treasury of his country bankrupts itself in order to pay his ransom.
6th Crusade
The great schism
Italians elect Gregory XI, he moves headquarters back to Rome. The French Cardinals elect Clement VII, he stays in Avignon. There are two popes which creates political and religious splits and causes the church to lose more respect
Avignon
Clement V moves the headquarters of the church here when he is elected pope
Conciliar Movement
Martin V reunites the church with one pope. Problems: Power is given to councils, they argued over everything and it was very slow, no decisions were being made. The church was too worldly, corrupt people were in charge. This created 2 centuries of constant chaos.
John Wycliff
English educator, university professor, part of the reform movement and the Lollard movement. Suggestions: simplicity (he wasn’t impressed with ornate things), Clergy needed to serve community (be around and within), Corrupt priest, priests not needed for salvation, ultimate authority comes from bible (erase rules such as cannon that are considered same authority as bible), the scripture should be translated so that it is available to all people. He wasn’t popular because he wanted to decrease the power of the clergy
John Huss
From Bohemia, ordained but was a professor, criticizes the church for no social justice saying they were exploiting and taking advantage of people, wants to debate with church hierarchy about social justice, goes to the council of constance, accused of heresy, burned, and they tell the Bohemian army to kill anyone who has adopted his ideas which is most everyone there. John Zeska is a military leader there, he uses guns and is able to stop the church from killing all of the Hus’ followers.
Black Death (Bubonic Plagues)
Begins in Asia in 1341, Microbes that live in rats are transferred to humans through fleas, this is the most known outbreak of this although it had happened in the past, rats make the journey from the middle east to Europe, discover that the sanitation isn’t good there and they like it, more come and it starts the pandemic, In Europe it begins in the south with Italy where it is most harmful, although it will spread north it’s less harmful there, impact = 20-40% of population dead, the disease causes the blood vessels to break, the lungs to fill up with blood, and the skin turns black. They eventually noticed that fires essentially burned the plague because it would kill all of the rats, most important in this situation is a self-quarantine, they didn’t know proper sanitation at this time
Jacqueries
Part of the peasant/worker uprisings, from France, peasants rise up against Medieval rulers, it’s ineffective because they don’t know what they’re doing
Ciopi
Part of the peasant/worker uprisings, started in Italy, this is an urban uprising, they decide not to go to work at the wool factory which creates the first labor strike, the owner’s would bring in other people so this mission was a fail for the laborers.
Watt Tyler
From London, started a rebellion, he is a blacksmith, they’re all upset by the poor wages they’re receiving and the high taxes they’re having to pay, craftsmen get together and present demands to King Richard II, at the time he is a kid and agrees to their demands, if Tyler had left it alone everything would have been fine but he got greedy and demanded more. He was cut in half.
Erasmus
Wrote “In Praise of Folly” in which he used satire to critique his society including the church and politicians.
Sir Thomas More
English politician, advisor to Henry VIII, wrote the book, “Utopia” in which he theorizes about what an idealistic, perfect society would look like, he was thinking of the newly discovered America, devout Christian would refused to leave RCC and was eventually beheaded for this faith, Henry VIII said he was the only person’s execution he regretted
Ulrich Von Hutton
Takes a direct approach to poke fun, bitter satire, wrote, “Letters of Obscure Men” which was sharp, satire poking fun of the church, politicians (offensive and crude)
