Test 3

Question 1

Reasons for the spread of christianity

Answer 1

1) Paul and his followers decide to open up Christianity to non-Jews, essentially anyone. 2)Historical timing- starts to spread during the Pax Romana, dialect-almost everyone speaks Greek, so it’s easily spread and translated 3)Mithrodism(version of Zoastroism)-Major rival/competition declining, females treated better in Christianity. 4)As Rome declines, Christianity rises up-another worldly religion, explains why evil and bad things happen, hope for the future (Appeal) 5)Martyr-Diocletian was the last bad persecutor of Christians, the fact that these people were willing to die for their faith was appealing, causing questioning 6) Constantine-converted to Christianity (political reasons), gave an Edict that they could worship whatever God they wanted, political advantages-ties Rome to a growing religion, eventually becomes the Holy Roman Empire

Question 2

Why did the Roman Empire decline?

Answer 2

1. Weaknesses of the west(will fall in the 400’s) -Smaller, fewer people, poorer than the eastern half, geography gives them more of an open border prone to attacks. 2. Invasion- Beginning in the 300’s, Germanic tribes invading with a lot of pressure to get away from the Huns of Asia 3. Internal factors-civil wars break out everywhere because every general believes he should be the emperor, government begins to heavily tax people, these fights disrupt everyday normal life, no money flowing in, unfavorable balance of trade, roman culture is changing-their work ethic disappears, there’s no jobs for people who can’t find them.

Question 3

Aurelian

Answer 3

Defeated Germanic tribes on the north border, no threats again for a century, defeats Persians on the east border(no threat for another generation), built fortifications, put down two rebellions, handles internal and external problems so he is considered a hero, efficiency system with money, poisoned by two advisors who were embezzling money

Question 4

Diocletion

Answer 4

Emphasizes emperor worship, makes himself a god, last Roman emperor to persecute the Christians(it was bad during this time), divided empire into east and west because no one man could rule it all by himself, kept east (richer side) to himself, changed the capitol, he makes almost everyone a government employee, which is good for the economy

Question 5

Constantine

Answer 5

Remembered for converting to Christianity which is a complete reversal, connects government with the fasted growing religion in the world, new capitol (Constantinople ie, Istanbul), which is where Europe meets Asia (Great for trade and commerce), starts a new dynasty

Question 6

Theodocious

Answer 6

Last emperor to rule the whole Roman empire, when he dies he splits it between his sons and it will never be the same, makes Christianity the official religion and closes down classical Roman religious centers, last strong capable and competent ruler

Question 7

Germanic invaders of the west

Answer 7

A. Goths (cross over in the late 300’s) -Visigoths -Ostragoths B. Franks (Give their name to the French_ C. Vandals D. Saxons, Angles E. Huns

Question 8

Goth Divisions

Answer 8

-Visigoths -Ostragoths

Question 9

Adrianople

Answer 9

Battle between the Romans and the Germanic Barbarians (Goths), 378 AD, Romans lose which is a huge red flag to the rest of the world that something is wrong in the Roman Empire, barbarian soldiers are better trained, this is the first loss to barbarians in a long time

Question 10

Visigoths

Answer 10

(West) Most important Goth group, Alaric invades and sacks Rome in 410 which is the first time this has happened in over a 1,000 yrs. big trouble for Rome (Culture shock),

Question 11

Ostragoths

Answer 11

Move into Italy as the Visigoths are moving into Spain and Portugal, Theodoric appreciated Roman culture and encouraged the blending of people. If there had been several good rulers after him, the next years wouldn’t have been the dark ages

Question 12

Alaric

Answer 12

Invades and sacks Rome in 410 which is the first time the city has been taken in over 1,000 years. This is big trouble for Rome, culture shock.

Question 13

Theodoric

Answer 13

When he invades, he appreciates Roman culture and encourages the blending of the people. He was a good strong ruler, if there would have been several more like him after his reign the next years might not have become the dark ages

Question 14

Clovis

Answer 14

Most capable and competent ruler of the Germanic tribes, ruled France, the edge of Germany, and low countries, converts to Christianity which gives him a big head start with Roman culture (Economic and social advantage), known for eliminating almost all of his family so they wouldn’t fight over things, forgot to kill one of his sons and they fight about splitting up the wealth and land, started the Merovingian dynasty

Question 15

Attila

Answer 15

Put his soldiers on horseback, he was a Hun of central Asia (Mongolia), united the tribes of the Huns for the first time, he was aggressive, he is defeated when the Romans and the Germanic tribes unite against them

Question 16

Vandals

Answer 16

known for destroying just for fun, very destructive, Geneseric-invaded Rome and stole a bunch of stuff, they end up settling in North Africa and eventually become the pirates of Africa

Question 17

Saxons, Angles

Answer 17

Of N. Germany, unique class of professional soldiers from all Germanic peoples, no ethnic designation it was more about class (Elite warriors)

Question 18

Justinian the Great

Answer 18

From the Byzantine Empire(East) Wants to recreate the Roman empire, launches wars to regain the Western half, gets Italy, France, N. Africa, Spain which was 2/3 of what the empire once was

Question 19

Basil the great

Answer 19

During the revival of empire, conquers most of the Turkey and southeaster Europe and converts them to Easter Orthodox Christianity. If there would have been strong rulers after him more conquering could have been done.

Question 20

Fatimids

Answer 20

Ruled by descendants of Ali and Fatima, seize power in Egypt

Question 21

Charles Martel

Answer 21

Prestige and power from the Battle of Tours, known for putting together the army of Europeans and Franks in order to fight the Islamic peoples, this saves Europe for Christianity

Question 22

Battle of Tours

Answer 22

Huge battle against the Islam people and the Europeans who Franks will unite to fight and win the battle which saves Europe for Christianity. (Charles Martel)

Question 23

Pepin the Short

Answer 23

Known for being small, wants the position of king, bribes pope to crown him if he’ll take care of the Lumbards situation

Question 24

Charlemagne (the Great)

Answer 24

greatest of the early middle age rulers, conqueror (low countries, Belgium, spain, Poland, checks, slovics, North Spain), controls half of west Europe at his death, son and grandson aren’t competent rulers, efficient administrator, wanted people to convert to Christianity, increases the power of the church.

Question 25

Umayaads

Answer 25

Damascus, wanted to conquer the Byzantine empire, ethnically Arab, controlled major positions of the religion, power based on inheritance which created weak and ineffective rulers

Question 26

Abbasids

Answer 26

After the rebellion of 750, they build Bagdad with bricks from Babylon, Persian dominated empire (not arab) very secular, they wanted political power, didn’t care about conversions,

Question 27

Divisions of Islam

Answer 27

Theological Split = Quarish and Sunni Political Split=Umayaad and Abbasid Ethnic Split= Fatimads and Selguls

Question 28

Theological Split of Islam

Answer 28

Quarish-conservative, philosophical, different, rigorous interp. of the Koran, they lost, only 10-15% of the believers today, paranoid about enemies (which creates some of the problems with the middle east in modern history) Sunni- Money and power bought them the numbers and major positions, pragmatic and practical, lots of money to spend

Question 29

Political Split of Islam

Answer 29

Abbasids-Wanted political power (Sunni people), invited Umayaads to a peace offering and assassinated all of them, built Bagdad Umayaads-Ethnically Arab, wanted to conquer the Byzantine empire

Question 30

Ethnic Divisions

Answer 30

-Fatimads-Ruled by descendants of Ali and Fatima, seize power in Egypt, -Seljuk-Asain (Turks) from Asia Minor, bad record of treating people, militaristic (Ruled most of the middle east until 1919) -Arabs scattered -Europeans in Spain

Question 31

Battle of manzikurt

Answer 31

Byzantines were defeated by the Turks, after the Byzantines no longer pose a threat to Europe

Question 32

Theme system

Answer 32

Heraculus, general leader, army that comes in for two years for training then sent home, could expand during war, everyone had had some kind of training.

Question 33

Reasons for the survival of the Byzantines

Answer 33

Theme system, divide and conquer, better technology, trade routes (located where Europe meets Asia), good strong emperors when they’re needed, most efficient government, motivation and enticement, never gave up because they thought they were gods chosen people

Question 34

Major tenants of Islam

Answer 34

5 pillars -only one god, Allah -prayer, 5 times a day -almsgiving, giving to charity -fasting, 1 month of Ramadan sun up to sun down only -pilgrimage, to Mecca once in lifetime Six beliefs -1 god only -belief in the prophets and the writings -belief in the books (old test, psalms, gospels) -belief in angels -belief in judgement -belief in destiny

Question 35

Rise of the franks

Answer 35

Charles Martel defeats the Muslims, Charlemagne was the greatest of the early Middle Ages rulers, Settle in Gaul, Clovis was their most capable and competed ruler who eliminates most if his family for fear of competition

Question 36

Treaty of verdun

Answer 36

Treaty the three sons of Louis the pious worked out to divide the empire into three parts, one takes France(east), one takes Germany(west), one takes the middle(n. Italy and the Netherlands), this treaty is seen as the beginning of modern Europe

Question 37

Otto I ( the great)

Answer 37

Son of Henry I, expands his fathers empire, controls Central Europe, wants to be emperor of the whole thing, when he Magyars threaten to invade Italy he makes a deal with the pope to fight hem off if he’ll make him the first hold roman emperor

Question 38

Magyars

Answer 38

Riding throughout Europe and threatening to invade Italy (vatican), the Germans fight up close which is not to their advantage and they lose at the battle of lechfeld

Question 39

Vikings

Answer 39

From Scandinavia, show up all along coast, when they like it they settle, egberts sons will fight him, they are he reasons they built castles and fortresses

Question 40

Holy Roman Empire (emperor)

Answer 40

Emperor was the strongest central ruler in Europe until power struggle with Vatican, they will bankrupt themselves, go from being centralized to 200 provinces

Question 41

Alfred the great

Answer 41

Every few miles he builds castles for citizens protection, learned how to deal with the Vikings because they didn’t want to come through, started record keeping, started beauracracy, England wins it’s country back during his reign

Question 42

Henry I

Answer 42

Duke of Saxony, German, reigns duing the beginning of the rise of the modern Germans, he’s the only enthnic German to rule Germany, He was military commander, by the time he dies he’s made saxony th strongest and wealthiest subdivision in Germany, trained his son Otto I to be king.