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SOCY 1000 > Test #4 > Flashcards

Test #4 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: According to the Demographer’s Estimating Equation, the population now equals the population at some earlier time plus the number of births between now and the earlier time minus the number of deaths between now and the earlier time plus the number of in-migrants between now and the earlier time minus the number of out-migrants between now and the earlier time

A

True

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2
Q

True or False: There is no nation in the world today with even an approximately egalitarian (that is, equal) distribution of income.

A

True

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3
Q

True or False: Today the elderly in the US are much more likely to be in poverty than they were when the poverty rate was first introduced.

A

False

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4
Q

True or False: In recent years in the US (since about the 1970s) economic productivity has increased while average hourly wages (in constant dollars) have not.

A

True

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5
Q

True or False: In the US, race has historically mattered more for people’s lives than ethnicity.

A

True

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6
Q

True or False: Among young adults these days, women prefer a long term relationship that is egalitarian, while men prefer a more traditional relationship, where men and women have different spheres of responsibility, in particular where men are breadwinners and women are primary caretakers.

A

False

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7
Q

True or False: Most people now living in the US who were not born here are in the country illegally.

A

False

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8
Q

True or False: Ceteris paribus, low SES (socioeconomic status) is a strong predictor of poor health. That is, people with lower socioeconomic status tend to have worse health than those high on SES.

A

True

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9
Q

True or False: Socioeconomic status (SES) is a measure of where a person stands in a class system.

A

True

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10
Q

What are the 3 factors in inequality that Weber focused on?

A
  1. economic
  2. social
  3. political/power
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11
Q

Which 2 people wrote the Communist Manifesto?

A

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

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12
Q

The theory of the Communists can be summed up in what single sentence (or phrase)?

A

abolition of private property

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13
Q

What are the 2 great classes society is splitting into, according to The Communist Manifesto?

A

bourgeoisie and proletariat

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14
Q

“From each according to his abilities; to each according to his needs” is _________’s description of life in the ________ utopia.

A

Marx

Communist

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15
Q

Which of Marx’s ideas is most in line with symbolic interactionism?

A

the transition from a class in itself to a class for itself

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16
Q

What is an essential feature of estate systems of stratification?

A

most of the land is owned by a small number of people

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17
Q

Upward mobility made possible by an expansion of better-paid occupations at the expense of more poorly paid ones

A

structural mobility

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18
Q

In the category of income, what number is the highest for the US?

A

mean family income

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19
Q

In his famous “Letter from the Birmingham Jail,” MLK says, “History is the long and tragic story of the fact that privileged groups seldom give up their privileges voluntarily.” Which principle of stratification does this statement reflect?

A

the fair and square principle

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20
Q

The Hindu priests who developed a religious basis for the caste system in traditional India put themselves in the highest caste. This illustrates which principle of stratification?

A

the power principle

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21
Q

In the TED Talk video, which part of the world does Rosling argue has done the best in the past 50 years?

A

Subsaharan Africa

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22
Q

A single mother living on the streets with her two young children who does not have the means to provide adequate food and shelter for her family is experiencing…

A

absolute deprivation

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23
Q

The Feeding America non-profit organization is an example of…

A

an institutional response to needs insecurity

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24
Q

The poverty rate for a household of a given size in the US as developed by Mollie Orshansky is set at ______ times the total cost of a minimally nutritionally adequate diet for all the members of a household of that size.

A

three

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25
Q

The ______-dimensional view of power focuses on situations where there is open conflict and someone wins; the ______-dimensional view of power focuses on situations in which the people wishing to challenge those with power are unable to get their challenges taken up; the ______-dimensional view of power focuses on situations in which those without power accept the ideas of the powerful even when it is not in the interest of the powerless to do so.

A

one
two
three

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26
Q

a tax system in which tax rates are higher on richer people than poorer people

A

progressive tax system

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27
Q

those who work but earn too little to escape poverty status

A

the working poor

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28
Q

a large number of people who have interbred over a long period of time, thus developing similar physical characteristics

A

objective part of definition of race

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29
Q

What are the 2 largest minority groups in the US (not counting women)?

A
  1. Hispanics (largest)

2. African Americans

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30
Q

What Supreme Court decision established the principle that states must allow interracial marriages?

A

Loving vs. Virginia

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31
Q

What 4 conditions under which contact between members of a dominant and minority group are likely to reduce prejudice against the minority group?

A
  1. When the minority group members have status equal to that of the dominant group members in the contact situation
  2. When the contact is personal
  3. When the contact is socially approved
  4. When the behavior of the minority violates the stereotypes
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32
Q

The population of the US is a little over …

A

300 million

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33
Q

To the nearest billion, how many people are there in the world?

A

7 billion

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34
Q

What are the 3 most important demographic events?

A
  1. birth
  2. death
  3. migration
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35
Q

In the US, why is a green card so coveted by foreign-born persons?

A

It is the paper evidence of LPR (legal permanent residence) status.

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36
Q

The process by which immigrants come to be incorporated into their new society by taking on its cultural tastes and practices

A

assimilation

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37
Q

Geographic areas that attract large numbers of persons of any single kind

A

ethnic enclaves

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38
Q

Which of the four immigration eras in the US has an inaccurate description defined by the textbook?

A

The third era

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39
Q

Factors that make people want to leave a country

A

push factors

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40
Q

Development and consumption that satisfies a society’s current needs without imperiling the ability of future generations to do the same

A

sustainability

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41
Q

Seeing humans as separate from and superior to the natural world

A

anthropocentrism

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42
Q

The US has 5% of the world’s people and uses about ____% of the world’s energy.

A

25

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43
Q

a term describing the operation of modern economic systems, which require constant growth, which in turn causes increased exploitation of resources and environmental degradation

A

treadmill of production

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44
Q

What is the main point of Garrett Hardin’s influential article “The Tragedy of Commons”?

A

Each individual acting in his or her own self-interest will, in the long run, bring ruin to everyone.

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45
Q

What are the 3 stages in the first demographic transition?

A
  1. a period of high fertility and high mortality
  2. a period of high fertility and declining mortality
  3. a period of low fertility and low mortality
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46
Q

Which country has the world’s highest obesity rate?

A

the US

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47
Q

refers to the transition of a country from health conditions primarily involving infectious disease to health conditions primarily involving chronic disease

A

the epidemiological transition

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48
Q

What 2 things had to occur before globalization could really take off in the nineteenth century?

A

a change in infrastructure for transportation and communication and a transformation of economic systems

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49
Q

a tax imposed on imports or exports

A

tariff

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50
Q

a set of linked operations that organizes the production of some project

A

value chain

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51
Q

What has happened to most low to middle income countries with the turn away from decades of state-led development and regulated markets towards globalization?

A

They have seen their growth, productivity, and investment stagnate.

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52
Q

Which of the following statements about Medicare is false?

a. ) Medicare does not cover the entire cost of an eligible recipient’s medical bills
b. ) Citizens 65 and older are Medicare eligible
c. ) Medicare beneficiaries have no out of pocket healthcare expenses
d. ) Until recently, Medicare included no prescription drug benefits

A

C

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53
Q

What are the 4 changes in patterns of family life in the US in recent decades?

A
  1. More cohabitation
  2. Higher rates of births to unmarried women
  3. Later age at first marriage
  4. Increased rates of employment for mothers with children at home
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54
Q

The cognitive change during the college years highlighted by Perry is….

A

developing the capacity for thinking about thinking (metathought)

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55
Q

Mead’s term for an individual’s understanding of society’s norms and usual procedures

A

the generalized other

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56
Q

In January 1964 Harold Franklin became the first black student to attend Auburn University. When he applied to become a graduate student at Auburn, he was rejected because the college he had graduated from, ASU, was not an accredited university and Auburn insisted that only graduates of accredited universities should become graduate students at Auburn. ASU was a public university intended for black students. The reason it was unaccredited was the the state of Alabama had refused to give the university the support it needed for accreditation. Auburn’s decision not to accept Mr. Franklin was an example of …

A

institutional discrimination

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57
Q

By American ideology and some values, there should be no ______.

A

stratification

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58
Q

What 2 things did sociologists and anthropologists find through the community studies?

A
  1. A person’s group membership has important consequences for their life.
  2. Different towns has different numbers of groups and different bases for groups
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59
Q

_________ measures of class suffer various problems. ________ measures require everyone to know everyone else. _________ don’t show much variation.

A

subjective
reputational
self-ratings

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60
Q

Socioeconomic status as an objective measure combines measures of what 4 things and how often?

A
  1. Income (always)
  2. Education (always)
  3. Occupational prestige (sometimes)
  4. Neighborhood (rarely)
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61
Q

change of position within the stratification system

A

social mobility

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62
Q

difference between positions of parents and where their children end up as adults

A

intergenerational mobility

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63
Q

changes in an individual’s positions over time

A

intragenerational mobility

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64
Q

mobility in a society due to changes in the underlying opportunity structure

A

structural mobility

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65
Q

when a person or family can’t get enough to eat

A

absolute poverty (absolute deprivation)

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66
Q

being poor as compared with the standards of living of the majority

A

relative poverty (relative deprivation)

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67
Q

Current poverty lines used by US government attempt to measure _______.

A

absolute poverty

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68
Q

developed a household income-based measure; assumed overcoming absolute poverty requires a nutritionally adequate diet; found the cost of a minimally adequate “economy” food plan

A

Mollie Orshansky

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69
Q

Mollie Orshansky found that on average, families of 3+ people spend about ______ of their income on food.

A

one third

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70
Q

Assuming that the ratio of food to non-food would be true of poor people, you would multiply the cost of the economy food plan for a household size by ____ to get a threshold below which a diet would be inadequate.

A

three

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71
Q

What is the poverty rate percentage in the US?

A

15%

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72
Q

How many people in the US are in poverty?

A

46,500,000

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73
Q

What is the under 18 poverty rate percentage in the US?

A

21.8%

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74
Q

What is the 65+ poverty rate percentage in the US?

A

9.1%

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75
Q

What is the US south poverty rate percentage?

A

16.5%

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76
Q

What is the Alabama poverty rate percentage?

A

16.2%

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77
Q

What is the poverty rate percentage for married couple families?

A

6.3%

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78
Q

What is the poverty rate percentage for female-headed, no spouse families?

A

30.9%

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79
Q

What is the poverty rate percentage for male-headed, no spouse families?

A

16.4%

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80
Q

Which poverty rate is the highest?

A

female-headed, no spouse families

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81
Q

What is the black poverty rate percentage?

A

27.2%

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82
Q

What is the hispanic poverty rate percentage?

A

25.6%

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83
Q

What is the asian poverty rate percentage?

A

11.7%

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84
Q

What is the white, not hispanic poverty rate percentage?

A

9.7%

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85
Q

What is the white, all ethnicities poverty rate percentage?

A

12.7%

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86
Q

What does NGO stand for?

A

Non-Governmental Organization

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87
Q

What does IGO stand for?

A

International Government Organization

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88
Q

______ goes along with being poor.

A

Hunger

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89
Q

Most of the hungry in the US suffer from ________, not starvation.

A

food insecurity

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90
Q

not always having access to enough food to meet basic needs; not knowing how you will be able to get food in the near future

A

food insecurity

91
Q

not knowing how you will be able to meet basic needs in the near future

A

needs insecurity

92
Q

Often, there are ________ to widespread needs insecurities.

A

institutional responses

93
Q

Food insecurity is very _______.

A

distracting

94
Q

In 1999, about _____ % of US households were food insecure.

A

10

95
Q

About _____% of people in the world face hunger daily.

A

15-30

96
Q

set of US nonprofit organizations that collect food from food suppliers and retailers and distributes the food around the US, eventually to food pantries, community markets, and similar locations; ex. of institutional response

A

Feeding America System

97
Q

world’s largest humanitarian agency fighting hunger; ex. of institutional response

A

world food program

98
Q

AU student group focused on hunger concerns; named after what it used to cost to feed a hungry school child in the developing world for one day; ex. of institutional response

A

Committee of 19

99
Q

a large group of people who have inbred over a large period of time, as a result developing identifiable physical characteristics, who regard themselves and are regarded by others as a biological unity

A

race

100
Q

Interbreeding may be due to either _______ or _______ reasons.

A

social

geographical

101
Q

______ is a “pigment” of the imagination.

A

Race

102
Q

The number of governmentally recognized races in the US has ______. We now have ___ races plus “other”.

A

fluctuated

5

103
Q

What group developed the official list of races?

A

Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

104
Q

Race is a _______ creation.

A

social

105
Q

_____ by race is required for enforcing various laws.

A

Data

106
Q

What are the 5 official races in the US?

A
  1. American Indian or Alaska Native
  2. Asian
  3. Black or African American
  4. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
  5. White
107
Q

Barak Obama’s mother was white, and he spent many years growing up with his white grandparents, so what is his race?

A

Whatever he says it is. Of course, in the US no matter what he says he will be treated as if he were black.

108
Q

What rule states that laws in many US states during the early 20th century defined a person with any black ancestry as legally negro?

A

one drop rule

109
Q

What state had the Pocahontas Rule to allow people with Pocahontas ancestry to be white?

A

Virginia

110
Q

Under the Pocahontas Rule, you were white if you were less that ______ Native American.

A

one sixteenth

111
Q

What year did it become legal to list more than one race on a federal form?

A

1998

112
Q

Today, about ____% of Americans claim 2 or more races.

A

2.5

113
Q

a large group of people with shared cultural features and a high level of mutual interaction who see themselves and are seen by others as a cultural unity

A

ethnic group

114
Q

What are the 4 common sources of ethnicity?

A
  1. Ancestry (national origin)
  2. Religion
  3. Language
  4. Tribe
115
Q

refers to people who trace their origin of descent to Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central and South America, and other Spanish cultures

A

hispanic

116
Q

What is the only official ethnicity in the US?

A

hispanic

117
Q

What are the 3 reasons supporting why hispanic is the only official ethnicity in the US?

A
  1. Today, there are more hispanics than blacks.
  2. Important voting block
  3. Pose educational and other challenges
118
Q

Races are given socially constructed ________ definitions.

A

biological

119
Q

Ethnic groups are given socially constructed ________ definitions.

A

behavioral

120
Q

People in a race over time are quite likely to develop distinctive behavioral patterns, particularly if they have high rates of ______.

A

mutual interaction

121
Q

a group singled out due to physical or cultural features for differential, unequal treatment, whose members therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

A

minority group

122
Q

Whether or not a group is a minority group depends on its ______.

A

consciousness

123
Q

term for the opposite of the minority group that has the majority of the power

A

dominant group

124
Q

A minority group may be a numerical ______ within a society.

A

majority

125
Q

hostile attitudes towards members of a group

A

prejudice

126
Q

hostile behavior toward members of a group, simply because they are members of the group, particularly in the form of withholding desirable things from members of the group

A

discrimination

127
Q

a situation in which the procedures of an organization or institution effectively withhold desirable things from members of a group; e.g. Jim Crow laws

A

institutional discrimination

128
Q

Institutional discrimination does not always reflect ______.

A

prejudice

129
Q

(Discrimination/prejudice) is the cause of (discrimination/prejudice). (D/P) reinforces (D/P).

A

D
P
P
D

130
Q

Minority members suffer various _______ at the hands of the _______.

A

disadvantages

dominant group

131
Q

Minority is marked by socially _______ characteristics.

A

visible

132
Q

Minority groups have a strong sense of ______.

A

oneness

133
Q

Membership of a minority group is usually ________.

A

ascribed

134
Q

Members of a minority group tend to marry within the group. This is known as ______.

A

endogamy

135
Q

What are the 2 sectors in the labor market?

A
  1. primary

2. secondary

136
Q

sector of the labor market in which jobs are relatively safe, secure, and reasonably paid, with benefits

A

primary

137
Q

sector of the labor market in which jobs tend to be less secure, low paid, and without benefits; often dirty, difficult, and dangerous (3D jobs)

A

secondary

138
Q

Some social scientists identify a third sector of the labor market, the _________. Largely off the books, these jobs evade all legal protections.

A

underground labor market

139
Q

book written by John Howard Griffin that depicts the South seen around 1960 through the eyes of a white journalist passing for black (1964 movie)

A

Black Like Me

140
Q

1967 movie about race in America

A

Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner

141
Q

1944 book by Gunnar Myrdal

A

An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy

142
Q

laws making it illegal to marry someone of a different race

A

anti-miscegenation laws

143
Q

Supreme Court case declaring anti-miscegenation laws to be unconstitutional

A

Loving vs. Virginia

144
Q

states that lawyers and others involved in efforts to integrate public schools felt that if whites and blacks had a lot of contact with each other (like in school), prejudice would go away

A

contact hypothesis

145
Q

prejudice (and discrimination) against Jews

A

anti-semitism

146
Q

In the Jim Crow South, there was much ______ and ______.

A

contact

prejudice

147
Q

In reviewing the contact hypothesis, we are interested in how Jim Crow supported _______.

A

prejudice

148
Q

What are the 5 conditions under which dominant-minority group member contact leads to a reduction in prejudice?

A
  1. When there is status equality (or minority has higher status) in the contact situation
  2. When contact involves cooperation directed towards mutual goals
  3. When contact is personal
  4. When contact is socially approved
  5. When behavior of the minority violates stereotypes
149
Q

the study of the size, structure, and change of human populations; term also used to refer to an entity’s size, structure, and rates of change

A

demography

150
Q

number of people

A

size

151
Q

What are the 2 most important ways to define structure?

A
  1. geographic distribution

2. age-sex structure

152
Q

how people are spread out in space

A

geographic distribution

153
Q

how many 0 year old males and females there are, how many 1 year old males and females there are, etc.

A

age-sex structure

154
Q

What is the world population?

A

7.2 billion

155
Q

What is the population of the US?

A

318 million

156
Q

What is the population of Alabama?

A

5 million

157
Q

What is the demographer’s underlying question? What is the basic answer?

A

How do populations of people change size? Population grows when the number of births and people moving in exceeds the number of deaths and people moving out.

158
Q

What gives us clues about which societies will grow?

A

population structures

159
Q

Ceteris paribus states that which 3 societies will grow?

A
  1. many women of child-bearing age
  2. not so many people of death prone ages
  3. opportunities for migrants
160
Q

People with different ________ characteristics tend to behave differently.

A

demographic

161
Q

Societies, groups, and individuals continuously adapt to the ______ and _____ of the population.

A

size

structure

162
Q

What is the Demographer’s Estimating Equation?

A

pop. at some time = pop. at some earlier time + number of births between times - deaths between times + in-migrants between times - out-migrants between times

163
Q

What is the most important idea in demography?

A

the Demographer’s Estimating Equation

164
Q

Demography can be organized into what 4 major areas?

A
  1. practical issues of counting people
  2. study of births (fertility)
  3. study of deaths (mortality)
  4. study of migration
165
Q

births - deaths + immigration - outmigration

A

change

166
Q

births - deaths

A

net natural increase

167
Q

inmigration - outmigration

A

net migration

168
Q

things that happen to individuals that directly or indirectly affect the size or structure of the population

A

demographic events

169
Q

The more direct the ______, the more important the event is to demographers.

A

effect

170
Q

What are the 3 most important demographic events?

A
  1. births
  2. deaths
  3. migration
171
Q

the resettling of people from one geographic location to another

A

migration

172
Q

people coming into a country they are not native to (in-migration)

A

immigration

173
Q

people leaving a country in order to settle elsewhere (out-migration)

A

emigration

174
Q

Getting older increases the chance of ______ and affects _____.

A

dying

fertility

175
Q

Married people are more likely to _______.

A

bear children

176
Q

Getting a job is often associated with ______, as we may move to take a job.

A

migration

177
Q

attributes of individuals that directly or indirectly affect the rate of occurrence of demographic events

A

demographic characteristics

178
Q

What are the 2 most important demographic characteristics?

A
  1. age

2. sex

179
Q

Which group of people is most likely to die?

A

elderly

180
Q

What group of women is most likely to give birth?

A

women in their 20s

181
Q

What is the age range of women to have babies?

A

15-49

182
Q

Today which gender tends to live longer?

A

women

183
Q

Which gender typically moves greater distances?

A

men

184
Q

What is the equation for demographic rate?

A

(# of events within a year/# of people at risk of the event) x K

185
Q

In the demographic rate equation, what does K stand for?

A

the constant chosen to reduce the number of leading zeros

186
Q

Rates help make comparisons of what 2 things?

A
  1. between different sized populations

2. across years

187
Q

Rates are often interpreted in terms of _______.

A

probability

188
Q

What are 3 ways to know how many people there are at a particular time?

A
  1. count everyone (census)
  2. keep ongoing track of everyone (population register)
  3. guess or make estimates (estimating equations or surveys)
189
Q

an attempt to count all the people of interest in an area

A

census

190
Q

guesses of the current or past population sizes

A

estimates

191
Q

guesses of future population sizes

A

projections

192
Q

The first US census, taken in _____, was required by the constitution and the House of Reps.

A

1790

193
Q

The US census is taken every ____ years, every year ending in ____.

A

10

0

194
Q

From 1940 to 2000 there were ____ census forms.

A

2

195
Q

form of old US census that included age, sex, race, ethnicity

A

short form

196
Q

form of old US census that included income, education, occupation; important to gov’t and businesses and research

A

long form

197
Q

What are the 2 data collection efforts included in the new US census?

A
  1. Decennial census

2. American Community Survey

198
Q

data collection effort of new US census that is a snapshot count of everyone; meets constitutional counting requirements; taken every 10 years; replaces short form

A

decennial census

199
Q

data collection effort of new US census that is a continuous picture of the US; replaces long form; based on a sample

A

American Community Survey

200
Q

What are the 2 governmental consequences of the US census results?

A
  1. Apportionment of US House of Reps.

2. Apportionment of state and local gov’ts

201
Q

the death experience of a population

A

mortality

202
Q

What is responsible for the population explosion since 1800?

A

reductions in mortality

203
Q

What is the most important fact about mortality?

A

Age is strongly related to death.

204
Q

Which group of people has the lowest chance of death?

A

children, and young and middle aged adults

205
Q

What are the 4 mortality measures?

A
  1. count of deaths
  2. crude death rate
  3. life expectancy
  4. infant mortality
206
Q

gives the overall probability of death

A

crude death rate (CDR)

207
Q

average age of death if underlying death rates don’t change

A

life expectancy

208
Q

effectively the chances a newborn will die before age 1

A

infant mortality

209
Q

What is Mexico’s CDR?

A

5 deaths per 1000 people in the population

210
Q

What is the US’s CDR?

A

8 deaths per 1000 people in the population

211
Q

In the US, about ___% of the population dies in a year.

A

1

212
Q

Mexico’s population is much _____ than the US population.

A

younger

213
Q

What are the 2 most important rates in evaluating the health status of society?

A
  1. life expectancy

2. infant mortality

214
Q

What is the world life expectancy?

A

68.1 years

215
Q

What is the US life expectancy?

A

79.6 years

216
Q

What is the US ranked in life expectancy?

A

42

217
Q

Mortality is _____ throughout most of human history.

A

high

218
Q

What are the 3 factors responsible for the mortality decline since 1750?

A
  1. intro of public health measures
  2. improved nutrition
  3. improved medical care
219
Q

What is the crucial intellectual starting point of improved medical care?

A

germ theory of disease

220
Q

What are the 3 improved public health measures responsible for mortality decline?

A
  1. clean water
  2. clean waste disposal
  3. immunizations
221
Q

What are the 3 leading causes of death in the US (in order)?

A
  1. heart disease
  2. cancer
  3. COPD
222
Q

What are the most important contributors to low mortality?

A

public health measures

223
Q

What are the 2 most important mortality summary measures?

A
  1. life expectancy

2. infant mortality

SOCY 1000 (4 decks)

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