Test #4 Flashcards
1
Q
True or False: According to the Demographer’s Estimating Equation, the population now equals the population at some earlier time plus the number of births between now and the earlier time minus the number of deaths between now and the earlier time plus the number of in-migrants between now and the earlier time minus the number of out-migrants between now and the earlier time
A
True
2
Q
True or False: There is no nation in the world today with even an approximately egalitarian (that is, equal) distribution of income.
A
True
3
Q
True or False: Today the elderly in the US are much more likely to be in poverty than they were when the poverty rate was first introduced.
A
False
4
Q
True or False: In recent years in the US (since about the 1970s) economic productivity has increased while average hourly wages (in constant dollars) have not.
A
True
5
Q
True or False: In the US, race has historically mattered more for people’s lives than ethnicity.
A
True
6
Q
True or False: Among young adults these days, women prefer a long term relationship that is egalitarian, while men prefer a more traditional relationship, where men and women have different spheres of responsibility, in particular where men are breadwinners and women are primary caretakers.
A
False
7
Q
True or False: Most people now living in the US who were not born here are in the country illegally.
A
False
8
Q
True or False: Ceteris paribus, low SES (socioeconomic status) is a strong predictor of poor health. That is, people with lower socioeconomic status tend to have worse health than those high on SES.
A
True
9
Q
True or False: Socioeconomic status (SES) is a measure of where a person stands in a class system.
A
True
10
Q
What are the 3 factors in inequality that Weber focused on?
A
- economic
- social
- political/power
11
Q
Which 2 people wrote the Communist Manifesto?
A
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
12
Q
The theory of the Communists can be summed up in what single sentence (or phrase)?
A
abolition of private property
13
Q
What are the 2 great classes society is splitting into, according to The Communist Manifesto?
A
bourgeoisie and proletariat
14
Q
“From each according to his abilities; to each according to his needs” is _________’s description of life in the ________ utopia.
A
Marx
Communist
15
Q
Which of Marx’s ideas is most in line with symbolic interactionism?
A
the transition from a class in itself to a class for itself
16
Q
What is an essential feature of estate systems of stratification?
A
most of the land is owned by a small number of people
17
Q
Upward mobility made possible by an expansion of better-paid occupations at the expense of more poorly paid ones
A
structural mobility
18
Q
In the category of income, what number is the highest for the US?
A
mean family income
19
Q
In his famous “Letter from the Birmingham Jail,” MLK says, “History is the long and tragic story of the fact that privileged groups seldom give up their privileges voluntarily.” Which principle of stratification does this statement reflect?
A
the fair and square principle
20
Q
The Hindu priests who developed a religious basis for the caste system in traditional India put themselves in the highest caste. This illustrates which principle of stratification?
A
the power principle
21
Q
In the TED Talk video, which part of the world does Rosling argue has done the best in the past 50 years?
A
Subsaharan Africa
22
Q
A single mother living on the streets with her two young children who does not have the means to provide adequate food and shelter for her family is experiencing…
A
absolute deprivation
23
Q
The Feeding America non-profit organization is an example of…
A
an institutional response to needs insecurity
24
Q
The poverty rate for a household of a given size in the US as developed by Mollie Orshansky is set at ______ times the total cost of a minimally nutritionally adequate diet for all the members of a household of that size.
A
three
25
The ______-dimensional view of power focuses on situations where there is open conflict and someone wins; the ______-dimensional view of power focuses on situations in which the people wishing to challenge those with power are unable to get their challenges taken up; the ______-dimensional view of power focuses on situations in which those without power accept the ideas of the powerful even when it is not in the interest of the powerless to do so.
one
two
three
26
a tax system in which tax rates are higher on richer people than poorer people
progressive tax system
27
those who work but earn too little to escape poverty status
the working poor
28
a large number of people who have interbred over a long period of time, thus developing similar physical characteristics
objective part of definition of race
29
What are the 2 largest minority groups in the US (not counting women)?
1. Hispanics (largest)
| 2. African Americans
30
What Supreme Court decision established the principle that states must allow interracial marriages?
Loving vs. Virginia
31
What 4 conditions under which contact between members of a dominant and minority group are likely to reduce prejudice against the minority group?
1. When the minority group members have status equal to that of the dominant group members in the contact situation
2. When the contact is personal
3. When the contact is socially approved
4. When the behavior of the minority violates the stereotypes
32
The population of the US is a little over ...
300 million
33
To the nearest billion, how many people are there in the world?
7 billion
34
What are the 3 most important demographic events?
1. birth
2. death
3. migration
35
In the US, why is a green card so coveted by foreign-born persons?
It is the paper evidence of LPR (legal permanent residence) status.
36
The process by which immigrants come to be incorporated into their new society by taking on its cultural tastes and practices
assimilation
37
Geographic areas that attract large numbers of persons of any single kind
ethnic enclaves
38
Which of the four immigration eras in the US has an inaccurate description defined by the textbook?
The third era
39
Factors that make people want to leave a country
push factors
40
Development and consumption that satisfies a society's current needs without imperiling the ability of future generations to do the same
sustainability
41
Seeing humans as separate from and superior to the natural world
anthropocentrism
42
The US has 5% of the world's people and uses about ____% of the world's energy.
25
43
a term describing the operation of modern economic systems, which require constant growth, which in turn causes increased exploitation of resources and environmental degradation
treadmill of production
44
What is the main point of Garrett Hardin's influential article "The Tragedy of Commons"?
Each individual acting in his or her own self-interest will, in the long run, bring ruin to everyone.
45
What are the 3 stages in the first demographic transition?
1. a period of high fertility and high mortality
2. a period of high fertility and declining mortality
3. a period of low fertility and low mortality
46
Which country has the world's highest obesity rate?
the US
47
refers to the transition of a country from health conditions primarily involving infectious disease to health conditions primarily involving chronic disease
the epidemiological transition
48
What 2 things had to occur before globalization could really take off in the nineteenth century?
a change in infrastructure for transportation and communication and a transformation of economic systems
49
a tax imposed on imports or exports
tariff
50
a set of linked operations that organizes the production of some project
value chain
51
What has happened to most low to middle income countries with the turn away from decades of state-led development and regulated markets towards globalization?
They have seen their growth, productivity, and investment stagnate.
52
Which of the following statements about Medicare is false?
a. ) Medicare does not cover the entire cost of an eligible recipient's medical bills
b. ) Citizens 65 and older are Medicare eligible
c. ) Medicare beneficiaries have no out of pocket healthcare expenses
d. ) Until recently, Medicare included no prescription drug benefits
C
53
What are the 4 changes in patterns of family life in the US in recent decades?
1. More cohabitation
2. Higher rates of births to unmarried women
3. Later age at first marriage
4. Increased rates of employment for mothers with children at home
54
The cognitive change during the college years highlighted by Perry is….
developing the capacity for thinking about thinking (metathought)
55
Mead's term for an individual's understanding of society's norms and usual procedures
the generalized other
56
In January 1964 Harold Franklin became the first black student to attend Auburn University. When he applied to become a graduate student at Auburn, he was rejected because the college he had graduated from, ASU, was not an accredited university and Auburn insisted that only graduates of accredited universities should become graduate students at Auburn. ASU was a public university intended for black students. The reason it was unaccredited was the the state of Alabama had refused to give the university the support it needed for accreditation. Auburn's decision not to accept Mr. Franklin was an example of ...
institutional discrimination
57
By American ideology and some values, there should be no ______.
stratification
58
What 2 things did sociologists and anthropologists find through the community studies?
1. A person's group membership has important consequences for their life.
2. Different towns has different numbers of groups and different bases for groups
59
_________ measures of class suffer various problems. ________ measures require everyone to know everyone else. _________ don't show much variation.
subjective
reputational
self-ratings
60
Socioeconomic status as an objective measure combines measures of what 4 things and how often?
1. Income (always)
2. Education (always)
3. Occupational prestige (sometimes)
4. Neighborhood (rarely)
61
change of position within the stratification system
social mobility
62
difference between positions of parents and where their children end up as adults
intergenerational mobility
63
changes in an individual's positions over time
intragenerational mobility
64
mobility in a society due to changes in the underlying opportunity structure
structural mobility
65
when a person or family can't get enough to eat
absolute poverty (absolute deprivation)
66
being poor as compared with the standards of living of the majority
relative poverty (relative deprivation)
67
Current poverty lines used by US government attempt to measure _______.
absolute poverty
68
developed a household income-based measure; assumed overcoming absolute poverty requires a nutritionally adequate diet; found the cost of a minimally adequate "economy" food plan
Mollie Orshansky
69
Mollie Orshansky found that on average, families of 3+ people spend about ______ of their income on food.
one third
70
Assuming that the ratio of food to non-food would be true of poor people, you would multiply the cost of the economy food plan for a household size by ____ to get a threshold below which a diet would be inadequate.
three
71
What is the poverty rate percentage in the US?
15%
72
How many people in the US are in poverty?
46,500,000
73
What is the under 18 poverty rate percentage in the US?
21.8%
74
What is the 65+ poverty rate percentage in the US?
9.1%
75
What is the US south poverty rate percentage?
16.5%
76
What is the Alabama poverty rate percentage?
16.2%
77
What is the poverty rate percentage for married couple families?
6.3%
78
What is the poverty rate percentage for female-headed, no spouse families?
30.9%
79
What is the poverty rate percentage for male-headed, no spouse families?
16.4%
80
Which poverty rate is the highest?
female-headed, no spouse families
81
What is the black poverty rate percentage?
27.2%
82
What is the hispanic poverty rate percentage?
25.6%
83
What is the asian poverty rate percentage?
11.7%
84
What is the white, not hispanic poverty rate percentage?
9.7%
85
What is the white, all ethnicities poverty rate percentage?
12.7%
86
What does NGO stand for?
Non-Governmental Organization
87
What does IGO stand for?
International Government Organization
88
______ goes along with being poor.
Hunger
89
Most of the hungry in the US suffer from ________, not starvation.
food insecurity
90
not always having access to enough food to meet basic needs; not knowing how you will be able to get food in the near future
food insecurity
91
not knowing how you will be able to meet basic needs in the near future
needs insecurity
92
Often, there are ________ to widespread needs insecurities.
institutional responses
93
Food insecurity is very _______.
distracting
94
In 1999, about _____ % of US households were food insecure.
10
95
About _____% of people in the world face hunger daily.
15-30
96
set of US nonprofit organizations that collect food from food suppliers and retailers and distributes the food around the US, eventually to food pantries, community markets, and similar locations; ex. of institutional response
Feeding America System
97
world's largest humanitarian agency fighting hunger; ex. of institutional response
world food program
98
AU student group focused on hunger concerns; named after what it used to cost to feed a hungry school child in the developing world for one day; ex. of institutional response
Committee of 19
99
a large group of people who have inbred over a large period of time, as a result developing identifiable physical characteristics, who regard themselves and are regarded by others as a biological unity
race
100
Interbreeding may be due to either _______ or _______ reasons.
social
| geographical
101
______ is a "pigment" of the imagination.
Race
102
The number of governmentally recognized races in the US has ______. We now have ___ races plus "other".
fluctuated
| 5
103
What group developed the official list of races?
Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
104
Race is a _______ creation.
social
105
_____ by race is required for enforcing various laws.
Data
106
What are the 5 official races in the US?
1. American Indian or Alaska Native
2. Asian
3. Black or African American
4. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
5. White
107
Barak Obama's mother was white, and he spent many years growing up with his white grandparents, so what is his race?
Whatever he says it is. Of course, in the US no matter what he says he will be treated as if he were black.
108
What rule states that laws in many US states during the early 20th century defined a person with any black ancestry as legally negro?
one drop rule
109
What state had the Pocahontas Rule to allow people with Pocahontas ancestry to be white?
Virginia
110
Under the Pocahontas Rule, you were white if you were less that ______ Native American.
one sixteenth
111
What year did it become legal to list more than one race on a federal form?
1998
112
Today, about ____% of Americans claim 2 or more races.
2.5
113
a large group of people with shared cultural features and a high level of mutual interaction who see themselves and are seen by others as a cultural unity
ethnic group
114
What are the 4 common sources of ethnicity?
1. Ancestry (national origin)
2. Religion
3. Language
4. Tribe
115
refers to people who trace their origin of descent to Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central and South America, and other Spanish cultures
hispanic
116
What is the only official ethnicity in the US?
hispanic
117
What are the 3 reasons supporting why hispanic is the only official ethnicity in the US?
1. Today, there are more hispanics than blacks.
2. Important voting block
3. Pose educational and other challenges
118
Races are given socially constructed ________ definitions.
biological
119
Ethnic groups are given socially constructed ________ definitions.
behavioral
120
People in a race over time are quite likely to develop distinctive behavioral patterns, particularly if they have high rates of ______.
mutual interaction
121
a group singled out due to physical or cultural features for differential, unequal treatment, whose members therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination
minority group
122
Whether or not a group is a minority group depends on its ______.
consciousness
123
term for the opposite of the minority group that has the majority of the power
dominant group
124
A minority group may be a numerical ______ within a society.
majority
125
hostile attitudes towards members of a group
prejudice
126
hostile behavior toward members of a group, simply because they are members of the group, particularly in the form of withholding desirable things from members of the group
discrimination
127
a situation in which the procedures of an organization or institution effectively withhold desirable things from members of a group; e.g. Jim Crow laws
institutional discrimination
128
Institutional discrimination does not always reflect ______.
prejudice
129
(Discrimination/prejudice) is the cause of (discrimination/prejudice). (D/P) reinforces (D/P).
D
P
P
D
130
Minority members suffer various _______ at the hands of the _______.
disadvantages
| dominant group
131
Minority is marked by socially _______ characteristics.
visible
132
Minority groups have a strong sense of ______.
oneness
133
Membership of a minority group is usually ________.
ascribed
134
Members of a minority group tend to marry within the group. This is known as ______.
endogamy
135
What are the 2 sectors in the labor market?
1. primary
| 2. secondary
136
sector of the labor market in which jobs are relatively safe, secure, and reasonably paid, with benefits
primary
137
sector of the labor market in which jobs tend to be less secure, low paid, and without benefits; often dirty, difficult, and dangerous (3D jobs)
secondary
138
Some social scientists identify a third sector of the labor market, the _________. Largely off the books, these jobs evade all legal protections.
underground labor market
139
book written by John Howard Griffin that depicts the South seen around 1960 through the eyes of a white journalist passing for black (1964 movie)
Black Like Me
140
1967 movie about race in America
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner
141
1944 book by Gunnar Myrdal
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy
142
laws making it illegal to marry someone of a different race
anti-miscegenation laws
143
Supreme Court case declaring anti-miscegenation laws to be unconstitutional
Loving vs. Virginia
144
states that lawyers and others involved in efforts to integrate public schools felt that if whites and blacks had a lot of contact with each other (like in school), prejudice would go away
contact hypothesis
145
prejudice (and discrimination) against Jews
anti-semitism
146
In the Jim Crow South, there was much ______ and ______.
contact
| prejudice
147
In reviewing the contact hypothesis, we are interested in how Jim Crow supported _______.
prejudice
148
What are the 5 conditions under which dominant-minority group member contact leads to a reduction in prejudice?
1. When there is status equality (or minority has higher status) in the contact situation
2. When contact involves cooperation directed towards mutual goals
3. When contact is personal
4. When contact is socially approved
5. When behavior of the minority violates stereotypes
149
the study of the size, structure, and change of human populations; term also used to refer to an entity's size, structure, and rates of change
demography
150
number of people
size
151
What are the 2 most important ways to define structure?
1. geographic distribution
| 2. age-sex structure
152
how people are spread out in space
geographic distribution
153
how many 0 year old males and females there are, how many 1 year old males and females there are, etc.
age-sex structure
154
What is the world population?
7.2 billion
155
What is the population of the US?
318 million
156
What is the population of Alabama?
5 million
157
What is the demographer's underlying question? What is the basic answer?
How do populations of people change size? Population grows when the number of births and people moving in exceeds the number of deaths and people moving out.
158
What gives us clues about which societies will grow?
population structures
159
Ceteris paribus states that which 3 societies will grow?
1. many women of child-bearing age
2. not so many people of death prone ages
3. opportunities for migrants
160
People with different ________ characteristics tend to behave differently.
demographic
161
Societies, groups, and individuals continuously adapt to the ______ and _____ of the population.
size
| structure
162
What is the Demographer's Estimating Equation?
pop. at some time = pop. at some earlier time + number of births between times - deaths between times + in-migrants between times - out-migrants between times
163
What is the most important idea in demography?
the Demographer's Estimating Equation
164
Demography can be organized into what 4 major areas?
1. practical issues of counting people
2. study of births (fertility)
3. study of deaths (mortality)
4. study of migration
165
births - deaths + immigration - outmigration
change
166
births - deaths
net natural increase
167
inmigration - outmigration
net migration
168
things that happen to individuals that directly or indirectly affect the size or structure of the population
demographic events
169
The more direct the ______, the more important the event is to demographers.
effect
170
What are the 3 most important demographic events?
1. births
2. deaths
3. migration
171
the resettling of people from one geographic location to another
migration
172
people coming into a country they are not native to (in-migration)
immigration
173
people leaving a country in order to settle elsewhere (out-migration)
emigration
174
Getting older increases the chance of ______ and affects _____.
dying
| fertility
175
Married people are more likely to _______.
bear children
176
Getting a job is often associated with ______, as we may move to take a job.
migration
177
attributes of individuals that directly or indirectly affect the rate of occurrence of demographic events
demographic characteristics
178
What are the 2 most important demographic characteristics?
1. age
| 2. sex
179
Which group of people is most likely to die?
elderly
180
What group of women is most likely to give birth?
women in their 20s
181
What is the age range of women to have babies?
15-49
182
Today which gender tends to live longer?
women
183
Which gender typically moves greater distances?
men
184
What is the equation for demographic rate?
(# of events within a year/# of people at risk of the event) x K
185
In the demographic rate equation, what does K stand for?
the constant chosen to reduce the number of leading zeros
186
Rates help make comparisons of what 2 things?
1. between different sized populations
| 2. across years
187
Rates are often interpreted in terms of _______.
probability
188
What are 3 ways to know how many people there are at a particular time?
1. count everyone (census)
2. keep ongoing track of everyone (population register)
3. guess or make estimates (estimating equations or surveys)
189
an attempt to count all the people of interest in an area
census
190
guesses of the current or past population sizes
estimates
191
guesses of future population sizes
projections
192
The first US census, taken in _____, was required by the constitution and the House of Reps.
1790
193
The US census is taken every ____ years, every year ending in ____.
10
| 0
194
From 1940 to 2000 there were ____ census forms.
2
195
form of old US census that included age, sex, race, ethnicity
short form
196
form of old US census that included income, education, occupation; important to gov't and businesses and research
long form
197
What are the 2 data collection efforts included in the new US census?
1. Decennial census
| 2. American Community Survey
198
data collection effort of new US census that is a snapshot count of everyone; meets constitutional counting requirements; taken every 10 years; replaces short form
decennial census
199
data collection effort of new US census that is a continuous picture of the US; replaces long form; based on a sample
American Community Survey
200
What are the 2 governmental consequences of the US census results?
1. Apportionment of US House of Reps.
| 2. Apportionment of state and local gov'ts
201
the death experience of a population
mortality
202
What is responsible for the population explosion since 1800?
reductions in mortality
203
What is the most important fact about mortality?
Age is strongly related to death.
204
Which group of people has the lowest chance of death?
children, and young and middle aged adults
205
What are the 4 mortality measures?
1. count of deaths
2. crude death rate
3. life expectancy
4. infant mortality
206
gives the overall probability of death
crude death rate (CDR)
207
average age of death if underlying death rates don't change
life expectancy
208
effectively the chances a newborn will die before age 1
infant mortality
209
What is Mexico's CDR?
5 deaths per 1000 people in the population
210
What is the US's CDR?
8 deaths per 1000 people in the population
211
In the US, about ___% of the population dies in a year.
1
212
Mexico's population is much _____ than the US population.
younger
213
What are the 2 most important rates in evaluating the health status of society?
1. life expectancy
| 2. infant mortality
214
What is the world life expectancy?
68.1 years
215
What is the US life expectancy?
79.6 years
216
What is the US ranked in life expectancy?
42
217
Mortality is _____ throughout most of human history.
high
218
What are the 3 factors responsible for the mortality decline since 1750?
1. intro of public health measures
2. improved nutrition
3. improved medical care
219
What is the crucial intellectual starting point of improved medical care?
germ theory of disease
220
What are the 3 improved public health measures responsible for mortality decline?
1. clean water
2. clean waste disposal
3. immunizations
221
What are the 3 leading causes of death in the US (in order)?
1. heart disease
2. cancer
3. COPD
222
What are the most important contributors to low mortality?
public health measures
223
What are the 2 most important mortality summary measures?
1. life expectancy
| 2. infant mortality
