Test #3 Flashcards
1
Q
the process of teaching or learning the rules and ways of a group
A
socialization
2
Q
Socialization occurs throughout ______.
A
life
3
Q
Studies of socialization tend to focus on _________.
A
childhood
4
Q
What are the two agents of socialization?
A
- learning process (from POV of individual)
2. teaching process (from POV of society)
5
Q
Individuals, groups, and institutions that teach
A
agents of socialization
6
Q
allows only one spouse at a time
A
monogamy
7
Q
allows a series of spouses, one at a time, one after another
A
serial monogamy
8
Q
allowed more than one spouse at a time
A
polygamy
9
Q
allows multiple wives
A
polygyny
10
Q
allows multiple husbands
A
polyandry
11
Q
Which marriage system is the most common?
A
polygyny
12
Q
Most men in ______ societies probably do not have more than one wife.
A
polygynous
13
Q
Multiple wives is a display of _____.
A
wealth
14
Q
What are the two most important factors affecting who marries whom?
A
homogamy and propinquity
15
Q
marriage between people who are socially similar to one another
A
homogamy
16
Q
Most marriages are fairly homogamous.
A
homogamy principle #1
17
Q
The less homogamous the marriage, the more likely it is to end in divorce.
A
homogamy principle #2
18
Q
physical closeness to someone
A
propinquity
19
Q
Nothing propinqs like propinquity.
A
propinquity principle #1
20
Q
Most marriages involve propinquity.
A
propinquity principle #2
21
Q
________ is a universal agent of socialization.
A
family
22
Q
A ________ family means that parents get little help.
A
neolocal nuclear
23
Q
couple establishes independent residence
A
neolocal
24
Q
parents and their children
A
nuclear family
25
Changing economic roles have changed _______ roles.
socialization
26
Refers to the housework that women still do most of, even after they get off work, regardless of the new economy
second shift
27
Childhood is a special time of innocence.
cult of child
28
_______ extends periods of dependence.
adolescence
29
What is one of the big questions about divorce?
How does it affect the children?
30
Children affected by divorce seem to suffer more in the ______ term.
short
31
Remarriage brings in new _______.
socializers
32
Difficult ______ can strain remarriages.
blending families
33
Divorce seems to worsen _______ of women and children.
economic situation
34
_________ are more likely to have custody of children in the event of divorce.
women
35
When children were more economically useful, _____ tended to get custody in the event of divorce.
men
36
Parents fighting in front of kids is _______, whether or not the parents are still married.
harmful
37
Place of _________ has changed (increased) dramatically in recent decades.
cohabitation
38
Who believed that parents raise children to succeed in the parents world.
Kohn
39
Parents who follow orders at work typically answer the "why do I have to" question how?
because I told you so
40
Parents who solve problems at work answer the "why do I have to" question how?
give explanation
41
For most of history, most people had no ______.
schooling
42
Which society is an exception to the statement that for most of history, most people had no schooling?
classical greece
43
Historically, was literacy necessary economically?
no
44
In the US, free public elementary schools became available countrywide by _______, and were required by ______.
1900; 1918
45
In the world today, a large majority of children get schooled at least up to grade ______.
five
46
What goal does the UN hope to reach by the year 2015?
universal primary education
47
Kindergarden helps prepare children for _______ in all organizations, not just the military.
futures
48
What 5 things do kindergardeners learn to do?
1. do as told
2. participate in status/role behavior
3. participate in ritual
4. share
5. channel or stifle creativity
49
For a particular stimulus in operant conditioning, there will usually be a large number of __________.
alternate responses
50
What three approaches are taken by psychologists in the learning that takes place in socialization?
1. traditional learning theory
2. social learning theory
3. developmental/stage theories
51
The traditional learning theory treats ________ and ________ conditioning.
operant and classical
52
This learning theory adds learning from models.
social learning theory
53
these learning theories argue that the brain's capacity to learn unfolds in standard series of stages
developmental theories
54
learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in a corresponding increase or decrease in occurrence
operant conditioning
55
adds mimicry (learning from models) to the traditional learning theory
social learning theory
56
What 4 factors influence which behaviors are copied in the social learning theory?
1. frequency of observation
2. functional value of the behaviors
3. attention-grabbing nature of the behavior
4. attractiveness of the model
57
Whose theory of cognitive development is the most important stage theory?
Jean Piaget
58
Cognition is _____.
thinking
59
Who believed that cognitive development continues into the college years and beyond?
William Perry
60
The main cognitive accomplishment of the college years is the capacity for _________.
meta-thought
61
What is meta-thought?
thinking about thinking
62
Students go from being passive receptacles of knowledge to active makers of knowledge; learn necessity of making firm decisions in the face of uncertainty
Perry Scheme
63
the idea that some people have more than others
inequality
64
Much sociological theory addresses _______.
inequality
65
Much ________ is needed to test (and inspire) theory.
empirical data
66
Money is important in the studies of _______.
equality
67
refers to money received during a particular period of time, typically in a year; usually refers to pre-tax
income
68
refers to economically valuable possessions; also called net worth
wealth
69
The _______ is the most important source of wealth for most Americans.
house
70
We have better data about (income/wealth).
income
71
Wealth is a _______.
safety net
72
(Income/wealth) is distributed more unevenly than (income/wealth).
wealth
| income
73
Measuring inequality on the basis of _______ understates economic inequality in a society.
income
74
Wealth can create _____.
income
75
________ income is usually higher than _______ income, which is higher than _________ income.
family
household
per capita
76
Sociologists tend to prefer ______ income since that includes more people.
household
77
Which income category is the highest?
mean family income
78
Which income category is the lowest?
per capita income
79
What is the best measure of "typical" income?
mean or median
80
Sociologists tend to prefer (mean/median).
median
81
The mean is strongly influenced by _________.
extreme values
82
(Income/wealth) almost always has extreme values.
income
83
Per capita income is a (mean/median)
mean
84
In the US, $1 Billion is the equivalent of about _______ per person.
$3.17
85
used to make comparisons of money across time
constant dollars
86
Constant dollars are necessary because of _______.
inflation
87
the market value of all products and services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the residents of a country
GNP (gross national product)
88
the market value of all officially recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a given period.
GDP (gross domestic product)
89
standard amount based on exchange rates for currencies (often USD or Euro)
international comparisons
90
What does PPP stand for?
purchasing power parity
91
tells how much the same stuff would cost in local currencies
PPP
92
Mean or median does not tell how spread out incomes are. Spread is ________.
inequality
93
the usual statistical measure of spread that suggests how well the mean describes a group of numbers
standard deviation
94
For income, we usually use _________ for discussion and the __________ for summary.
quintiles
| gini coefficient
95
Education systems train people. This is called the ________.
socialization function
96
increasingly helps place people in society
allocations
97
states that allocations increasingly help place people in society
allocation function
98
Education helps prepare people for their _____.
place
99
Public education has a high payoff for the _______ class and above (greater ability to pay and flee)
middle
100
Parents of school-aged children in public schools get _______ benefits of public schools.
direct
101
Parents of school-aged children not in public schools get ________ benefits of public schools.
indirect
102
Other tax-payers get _______ benefits from public schools.
indirect
103
_________ are probably the most enthusiastic about tax support.
Direct beneficiaries
104
_________ birth rates will _______ proportion of voters who benefit from public schools indirectly.
declining; increase
105
Members have roughly the same position vis-a-vis ______ authority.
adult
106
Within a group, members have varying degrees of ______ and _______.
prestige and power
107
The _______ world is centered about its own concerns.
peer
108
Long-run socialization implications are _____.
unintentional
109
Peer world activities are largely _______.
gender segregated
110
Peer world provides ________ models.
age appropriate
111
statistic commonly used to measure inequality
gini coefficient
112
The gini coefficient is based on the _______ curve.
Lorenz
113
The area between 45 degrees and the line of actual distribution
area of inequality
114
What is the formula for the gini coefficient?
area of inequality/area under 45 degree line
115
0 is _______ equality.
perfect
116
1 is _______ inequality.
total
117
Which is the most unequal of industrialized countries? Which is the least unequal?
US; Sweden
118
_______ societies are the most unequal.
agrarian
119
The Gini tells the _______ of possible inequality in a society that we actually find in that society.
proportion
120
(Darker/lighter) is greater inequality.
darker
121
About _______ people live on the purchasing equivalent of less than $1.25 a day.
1.2 billion
122
About ______ people live on the purchasing equivalent of less than $2 a day.
2.7 billion
123
There are no societies with _____ equality.
complete
124
professor of international health at Karlolinska Institute in Sweden; spent many years in Africa
Hans Rosling
125
structured inequality of entire categories of people who have different access to social rewards as a result of their category's position in a social hierarchy
social stratification
126
Weber's most important types of social rewards:
- -- success in market
- -- social honor (respect)
- -- power
- -- economic/property
- -- social/prestige
- -- political/power
127
Stratification is about how things are ______.
distributed
128
________ theory is all about people trying to get things that benefit them.
conflict
129
_______ is a constant battle between individuals and groups, each seeking to maximize their interests.
social life
130
outcomes that benefit the actor
interests
131
Social rewards tend to be distributed to individuals on the basis of the social categories assigned to the individual
stratification principle
132
socially undesirable things are found disproportionately among people at the bottom of the social ladder
Plumber's Law
133
Actors with power will tend to use it to benefit themselves.
power principle
134
offered a proof that all societies must be stratified; societies require a hierarchy of authority; someone must be able to force at least some people not to be free riders; people higher in authority hierarchy have more power
Gaetano Mosca
135
someone who obtains benefits without making contributions
free rider
136
Actors often obtain outcomes that benefit themselves by engaging in exchanges that are disadvantageous to others
exploitation principle
137
Actors become accustomed to advantages; social advantages tend to quickly become incorporated into a person or group's way of life, including norms and internalized views of how the world ought to operate.
incorporation principle
138
actors don't give up advantages freely
fair and square principle
139
Actors with greatest appropriate resources are best able to take advantages of opportunities.
Creaming Principle
140
The rich get richer, and poor get poorer.
matthew effect
141
They can do anything to you that you can't keep them from doing.
Catch 22 Principle
142
Actors learn how to take advantage of systems that enmesh them.
Working the System Principle
143
The working the system principle is a version of _______.
uncertainty reduction
144
gives first modern treatment of class systems
Karl Marx
145
Friend of Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
146
one of the most influential political pamphlets of all time; explains the emergence of capitalism and predicts its future
The Communist Manifesto
147
Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
148
The Communist Manifesto states that the ______ focused system will be replaced by a _____ focused system.
owner
| worker
149
```
believed that:
classes are defined in terms of relationships with the means of production; ruling class is class that controls means of production; economic system is foundation of society; superstructure is rest of society's institutions; superstructure supports the position of the ruling class
```
Marx
150
Change emerges from _____.
conflict
151
Marx borrowed whose model of dialectical change?
Hegel's
152
There is an established way of doing things. (dialect)
thesis
153
Existence of thesis generates some opposition. (dialect)
antithesis
154
Over time, conflict between thesis and antithesis yields a new way of doing things. (dialect)
synthesis
155
believed that every historical epoch has its own ruling class and set of other classes
Marx
156
When proletariat overcomes __________, it will overthrow the bourgeoisie.
false consciousness
157
misunderstanding by a class of its true interests
false consciousness
158
Marx was an optimist, yet he focused on the evils of _______.
capitalism
159
Following revolution bringing down capitalist ruling class, there will be a communist _______.
utopia
160
understanding your class's true interests
class consciousness
161
a class that has not recognized its real interests
class in itself
162
a class that knows its real interests
class for itself
163
We think of Marx as a ______, but his concern with the consciousness reflects the _________ perspective.
conflict theorist
| symbolic interactionist
164
The revolution will come when ______ changes.
consciousness
165
adds nuance to Marx's system; influenced by Marx
Weber
166
For Marx, gov't is part of a ________.
superstructure
167
Weber's spheres of stratification:
- -- one's life changes are based on the market; people affected in same way by market make up a class
- -- based on social honor (respect); reflected in social deference
- -- the ability to influence behavior of others, even in the absence of their consent
economic/property
social/prestige
political/power
168
a collection of people who are affected in the same way by the market/economy
class (weber)
169
Those who sell labor (workers) want ______ wages, and those who buy labor want _____ wages.
high; low
170
said that stratification is based on social honor, respect, prestige, and lifestyle
Weber
171
the ability to influence the behavior of others, even in the absence of their consent
power (weber)
172
an entity which successfully claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of lethal violence
state
173
For Marx, everything starts with _______.
economic dimension
174
For weber, in the end, the _______ dimension is the most important.
power/politics
