Test #3 Flashcards
the process of teaching or learning the rules and ways of a group
socialization
Socialization occurs throughout ______.
life
Studies of socialization tend to focus on _________.
childhood
What are the two agents of socialization?
- learning process (from POV of individual)
2. teaching process (from POV of society)
Individuals, groups, and institutions that teach
agents of socialization
allows only one spouse at a time
monogamy
allows a series of spouses, one at a time, one after another
serial monogamy
allowed more than one spouse at a time
polygamy
allows multiple wives
polygyny
allows multiple husbands
polyandry
Which marriage system is the most common?
polygyny
Most men in ______ societies probably do not have more than one wife.
polygynous
Multiple wives is a display of _____.
wealth
What are the two most important factors affecting who marries whom?
homogamy and propinquity
marriage between people who are socially similar to one another
homogamy
Most marriages are fairly homogamous.
homogamy principle #1
The less homogamous the marriage, the more likely it is to end in divorce.
homogamy principle #2
physical closeness to someone
propinquity
Nothing propinqs like propinquity.
propinquity principle #1
Most marriages involve propinquity.
propinquity principle #2
________ is a universal agent of socialization.
family
A ________ family means that parents get little help.
neolocal nuclear
couple establishes independent residence
neolocal
parents and their children
nuclear family
Changing economic roles have changed _______ roles.
socialization
Refers to the housework that women still do most of, even after they get off work, regardless of the new economy
second shift
Childhood is a special time of innocence.
cult of child
_______ extends periods of dependence.
adolescence
What is one of the big questions about divorce?
How does it affect the children?
Children affected by divorce seem to suffer more in the ______ term.
short
Remarriage brings in new _______.
socializers
Difficult ______ can strain remarriages.
blending families
Divorce seems to worsen _______ of women and children.
economic situation
_________ are more likely to have custody of children in the event of divorce.
women
When children were more economically useful, _____ tended to get custody in the event of divorce.
men
Parents fighting in front of kids is _______, whether or not the parents are still married.
harmful
Place of _________ has changed (increased) dramatically in recent decades.
cohabitation
Who believed that parents raise children to succeed in the parents world.
Kohn
Parents who follow orders at work typically answer the “why do I have to” question how?
because I told you so
Parents who solve problems at work answer the “why do I have to” question how?
give explanation
For most of history, most people had no ______.
schooling
Which society is an exception to the statement that for most of history, most people had no schooling?
classical greece
Historically, was literacy necessary economically?
no
In the US, free public elementary schools became available countrywide by _______, and were required by ______.
1900; 1918
In the world today, a large majority of children get schooled at least up to grade ______.
five
What goal does the UN hope to reach by the year 2015?
universal primary education
Kindergarden helps prepare children for _______ in all organizations, not just the military.
futures
What 5 things do kindergardeners learn to do?
- do as told
- participate in status/role behavior
- participate in ritual
- share
- channel or stifle creativity
For a particular stimulus in operant conditioning, there will usually be a large number of __________.
alternate responses
What three approaches are taken by psychologists in the learning that takes place in socialization?
- traditional learning theory
- social learning theory
- developmental/stage theories
The traditional learning theory treats ________ and ________ conditioning.
operant and classical
This learning theory adds learning from models.
social learning theory
these learning theories argue that the brain’s capacity to learn unfolds in standard series of stages
developmental theories
learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in a corresponding increase or decrease in occurrence
operant conditioning
adds mimicry (learning from models) to the traditional learning theory
social learning theory
What 4 factors influence which behaviors are copied in the social learning theory?
- frequency of observation
- functional value of the behaviors
- attention-grabbing nature of the behavior
- attractiveness of the model
Whose theory of cognitive development is the most important stage theory?
Jean Piaget
Cognition is _____.
thinking
Who believed that cognitive development continues into the college years and beyond?
William Perry
The main cognitive accomplishment of the college years is the capacity for _________.
meta-thought
What is meta-thought?
thinking about thinking
Students go from being passive receptacles of knowledge to active makers of knowledge; learn necessity of making firm decisions in the face of uncertainty
Perry Scheme
the idea that some people have more than others
inequality
Much sociological theory addresses _______.
inequality
Much ________ is needed to test (and inspire) theory.
empirical data
Money is important in the studies of _______.
equality
refers to money received during a particular period of time, typically in a year; usually refers to pre-tax
income
refers to economically valuable possessions; also called net worth
wealth
The _______ is the most important source of wealth for most Americans.
house
