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SOCY 1000 > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

People decide what to do next on the basis of what they think is going on now.

A

Thomas Theorem

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2
Q

The scientific study of human social behavior

A

sociology

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3
Q

The ability to see the connections between private troubles and public issues

A

key to the sociological imagination

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4
Q

Refers to biological differences between men and women

A

sex

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5
Q

Refers to the social meanings and expectations associated with the biological differences between men and women

A

gender

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6
Q

Whose lives have changed more in the past 50 years? Men or women?

A

Women

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7
Q

Trying to reduce … is a major concern for individuals and for corporate actors. Many social institutions serve at least in part to reduce …

A

Uncertainty

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8
Q

What time period featured a strong belief in the idea of progress (feeling that progress in all things was here to stay)

A

The Enlightenment

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9
Q

Do sociologists believe that some people, like prisoners, do not deserve to be studied?

A

No

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10
Q

Give an example of two social phenomena that co-vary with each other.

A

Income and education

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11
Q

According to Schuman, the size of a sample needed to accurately estimate a value for a population depends very little on …

A

the size of the population

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12
Q

What are the four themes that Backman stated will run throughout this course?

A

Thomas Theorem
Uncertainty Principle
Creaming Principle
Why do people follow rules?

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13
Q

What are the two fundamental questions facing every individual?

A

Whats going on? and What do I do next?

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14
Q

The ability to understand a situation from the point of view of the actor

A

Verstehen

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15
Q

What is the most important element in the symbolic dimension of culture?

A

Language

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16
Q

An expectation shared by members of a group which specifies behavior considered appropriate in a given situation

A

Norm (Backman definition)

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17
Q

The belief that your culture’s ways of doing things are the best possible and that the appropriate way to evaluate other cultures is to compare them to your culture, considering other cultures relatively good or bad by the extent to which they are like or unlike your culture

A

Ethnocentrism

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18
Q

The belief that cultures should not be compared with each other and that cultural features should be evaluated based on the basis of how they contribute to the success of the society

A

Cultural relativism

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19
Q

How are ethnocentrism and cultural relativism alike?

A

They are both approaches to the evaluation of cultures and cultural features.

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20
Q

How are ethnocentrism and cultural relativism different?

A

Cultural relativism rejects comparisons with other cultures, while ethnocentrism is all about comparisons and even offers one standard for comparison, the evaluator’s.

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21
Q

According to American sociologist W.E.B. DuBois in 1903, the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of …

A

the color line

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22
Q

Which sociologist had the greatest impact on the world?

A

Karl Marx

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23
Q

In his classical sociological study on suicide, Durkheim observed that high suicide rates were associated with …

A

Weak social integration

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24
Q

What concept poses the question of “How is society possible?”

A

The Hobbesian problem of order

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25
Q

The way of organizing social life in Europe, especially France, in the periods leading up to the French Revolution

A

The ancien régime

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26
Q

Emotions and feelings are most important for which type of leadership?

A

Charismatic

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27
Q

A case where something becomes true because someone said it was true

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

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28
Q

Relates to a focus on general laws

A

nomothetic

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29
Q

An analysis of the East Alabama Medical Center bureaucracy would most likely be what kind of study?

A

mesosociological

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30
Q

Beliefs about members of a group that are usually false, or at least exaggerated, but are the basis of assumptions made about individual members of the group

A

stereotypes

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31
Q

The study of the biological bases of social behavior

A

sociobiology

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32
Q

What are the 4 requirements for a social movement to succeed?

A
  1. It must achieve an effective mobilization of people and resources
  2. It must withstand or overcome external opposition
  3. It must be able to enlist external allies from other major groups, or at least neutralize them
  4. It must be able to overcome conflict within the movement
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33
Q

In his orphanage and nursery study, what difference did Spitz find between babies who received interaction from their caregivers and whose cribs allowed the babies to see what was going on around them and those who were effectively in solitary confinement?

A

Those children who received less social interaction tended to be more withdrawn and susceptible to physical illness.

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34
Q

A set of social relationships that provide individuals and groups with different kinds of status in which some individuals and groups are elevated above others

A

Social hierarchy

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35
Q

A doctor taking a test tube of blood for diagnostic purposes or a chef testing the soup by tasting a spoonful would exemplify which term related to sociological research?

A

Sampling

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36
Q

What is the relationship between independent and dependent variables?

A

Independent variables produce effects on dependent variables.

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37
Q

A group that reviews researchers’ proposals before work begins in order to assess potential harm and possible benefits to participants

A

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

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38
Q

What part do pauses play in conversation?

A

Pauses convey information that enhances conversation.

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39
Q

Refers to the way in which strangers ignore each other to an appropriate degree when their paths cross in public (for instance, so they don’t collide with one another)

A

Civil inattention

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40
Q

When we update our profiles on Facebook, we are also …

A

managing our presentation of self

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41
Q

In the U.S., a majority of the country’s politicians are men. Since men have traditionally held higher-level positions in politics, the economy, and the family, the gender system of the U.S. is best described as a …

A

patriarchy

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42
Q

Today women’s median annual earnings for full time work are roughly … of men’s median annual earnings for full time work.

A

75 percent

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43
Q

What are the reasons for the rise in women’s employment in the US between 1960 and 1990?

A
  1. The overall growth in wages in the 60’s and 70’s provided greater incentive for women to work for pay
  2. The growth in the service sector led to increased demand for female workers.
  3. Laws against sex discrimination made it more possible for well-educated women to achieve high-level careers
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44
Q

In the 1960’s, it was more possible than ever before for young adults to have sex and delay marriage until after college without fear of pregnancy thanks to …

A

the availability of the birth control pill

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45
Q

What are the three types of questions Mills argues the best social analysts have consistently asked?

A
  1. What is the structure of this particular society as a whole?
  2. Where does this society stand in human history?
  3. What varieties of men and women now prevail in this society and in this period?
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46
Q

What level of analysis would seem best associated with Mill’s terms biography and personal trouble?

A

Microsociology

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47
Q

What two human propensities does Schuman identify as important to study?

A
  1. Our inclination to learn about our environment by examining a small part of it
  2. Our inclination to gather information by asking questions
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48
Q

What happened in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study of people in Macon County, AL?

A

Black men with pre-existing cases of syphilis were recruited for a study of syphilis with the promise that they would be treated for the disease. Instead they were not treated, neither with the reasonably effective cures available at the time the study started nor with the more effective treatments that were developed while the study was in progress. They were observed to see what the course of untreated syphilis was.

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49
Q

According to Durkheim, what are the two key characteristics of social facts?

A

They are outside of us and they can constrain our behavior.

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50
Q

According to the syllabus, quizzes …

A

are used for grading purposes only for students whose course average ends in .5

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51
Q

True or False: In order to increase social integration, it is necessary to reduce social differentiation.

A

False

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52
Q

True or False: the idea that the social world could be studied with rigor and scientific methods like those used to study the physical and biological worlds was first developed by Alexander the Great around 320 BCE and was put on a firm footing by the Bishop of Hippo in the later days of the Roman Empire. The Bishop of Hippo gave us the word “sociology”.

A

False

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53
Q

True or False: Zimbardo’s prison experiment at Stanford illustrated the importance of group size in determining who will help someone in distress.

A

False

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54
Q

True or False: What put an end to the Tuskegee Syphilis study was a meeting of scientists and physicians at which it was determined that there were so few survivors that it no longer made sense to continue the study.

A

False

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55
Q

True or False: According to the syllabus, you can get extra credit by writing a short paper.

A

False

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56
Q

Level of social behavior concerned with individuals and face to face interaction

A

microsociology

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57
Q

level of social behavior concerned with collections of potentially face to face groups (mostly organizations)

A

mesosociology

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58
Q

level of social behavior concerned with large scale social phenomena like social movements, war, population growth

A

macrosociology

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59
Q

This level of social behavior deals with the development of the self and self-concept.

A

microsociology

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60
Q

The self and self-concept emerge through interaction with other people. (What is this known as?)

A

key sociological insight (microsociology)

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61
Q

Which level of social behavior is mostly concerned with organizational behavior?

A

mesosociology

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62
Q

Organizations try to control uncertainty. (What is this known as?)

A

Mesosociological principle

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63
Q

Much of what goes on in social life has as its end reducing uncertainty. (What is this known as?)

A

General Sociological Principle

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64
Q

Which level of social behavior is concerned with societies and parts of societies?

A

macrosociology

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65
Q

What was one of the earliest analyses of globalization?

A

The Communist Manifesto

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66
Q

The key to … is the ability to see the connection between the life of the individual (micro) and the larger social context (macro).

A

The Sociological Imagination (Mills)

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67
Q

Limited understanding of how the world does or could operate due to actor’s limited experience in the world

A

parochialism

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68
Q

Limited in understanding due to a narrow range of social experiences

A

parochial

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69
Q

What two things does critical thinking entail?

A
  1. Being skeptical about your ideas and others’ ideas.

2. Knowing what kinds of evidence are likely to be believable.

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70
Q

Uncertainty is a powerful factor in social behavior and social structure

A

uncertainty principle

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71
Q

most of the time, most people do what they are supposed to do

A

why do people follow rules?

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72
Q

people with greater appropriate resources are better able to take advantage of opportunities

A

creaming principle

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73
Q

the science that studies the distribution and use of power

A

political science

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74
Q

science that studies the distribution and destruction of scarce resources

A

economics

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75
Q

the area of overlap between political science and economics

A

political economy

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76
Q

the science of human behavior (the mind)

A

psychology

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77
Q

the science of humankind (used to be the science of mankind) concerned with all human behavior

A

anthropology

78
Q

Differences between cultural anthropology and sociology

A

anth more holistic, study smaller groups, less likely to generalize n to 1

79
Q

science concerned with the biological basis of social behavior (also called behavioral genetics)

A

sociobiology

80
Q

why sociologists ignore bio

A

hard enough to learn socy, if bio were destiny all societies would be the same and they aren’t

81
Q

gender is a … construction

A

social

82
Q

chemical messengers

A

hormones

83
Q

hormone action deals with … how the body does what it does

A

physiology

84
Q

Historians more … interested in specifics of specific cases. Sociologists more … interested in general laws

A

idiographic

nomothetic

85
Q

Great 19th and 20th century thinkers (big 3) responding to 18th and 19th century events (conventional story)

A

first origin myth

86
Q

statistically oriented 19th century analysts interpreting contemporary data from government and other sources (not conventional story)

A

second origin myth

87
Q

three general events/trends in European history that developed sociology

A

French revolution and aftermath
Urbanization
Rise of industry and capitalism

88
Q

the old way of organizing social life, esp. of governing, esp. europe pre-1789

A

ancien regime

89
Q

Era in European intellectual history from Glorious revolution in england to french revolution; emphasis on powers of human mind; great belief in power of progress

A

enlightenment

90
Q

french rev. marked uneasy end to … of enlightenment

A

optimism

91
Q

every day, in every way, things are getting better because we are getting smarter

A

the law of progress

92
Q

traditional rural society; community

A

Gemeinschaft

93
Q

modern urban society; lacking sense of community

A

Gesellschaft

94
Q

Industrial revolution largely responsible for …

A

urbanization

95
Q

when did capitalism take over

A

19th century

96
Q

who are the founders of modern sociology? what kind of sociologists were they?

A

Karl Marx, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim

macrosociologists

97
Q

which fourth person is sometimes added as a founder of modern socy? what kind of sociologist is he?

A

George Mead

microsociologist

98
Q

two ideas that marx had theories about

A

capitalism and revolution

99
Q

marx did not separate his … from his …

A

science … activism

100
Q

What was the fundamental question asked by weber?

A

how did germany get to be the way it is (pre-WWI)?

101
Q

argued increasing rationality in social life was key to development of europe in the centuries after fall of rome

A

Weber

102
Q

weber’s 3 forms of rationality

A

knowledge of how to achieve desired ends; predictability and regularity in complex systems, esp. the market and govt; active efforts to master or change the world

103
Q

argued that you can’t eliminate emotional behavior

A

weber

104
Q

better ways of organizing large scale efforts than any previous way; minimize individuality and emotional behavior

A

bureaucracies

105
Q

we follow leader because we always have

A

traditional leadership

106
Q

we follow leader because rules or laws tell us to

A

rational-legal leadership

107
Q

we follow leader because we like leader and want to please him or her

A

charismatic leadership

108
Q

argued that sociology is the study of social facts; being external to the individual, social facts exist regardless of whether any particular person lives or dies; social facts are not properties of the subject matter of psych so new science needed

A

Durkheim

109
Q

things outside individual with power to shape individual’s behavior regardless of his or her will

A

social facts

110
Q

argued that the social cause of diff in suicide rates is diff in levels of social integration

A

Durkheim

111
Q

bringing things together

A

integration

112
Q

making things different or seperate

A

differentiation

113
Q

a collection of separate people who hang together

A

society

114
Q

answers the q how is society possible

A

hobbesian prob of order

115
Q

bringing individuals and groups together, also keeping them together (also called social solidarity)

A

social integration

116
Q

two sources or types of social integration

A

sentiment

interdependence

117
Q

feelings of belonging together

A

sentiment

118
Q

needing each other

A

interdependence

119
Q

situation when there are no rules, the rules are unclear, or the rules aren’t enforced

A

anomie

120
Q

two forms of social differentiation

A

division of labor

gender

121
Q

Distribution of tasks among members of a society

A

division of labor

122
Q

diff in treatment, behavior, and lives of men and women

A

gender

123
Q

What two qs does culture answer?

A

how do people know what is going on? how do people know what to do?

124
Q

the established ways of thinking, believing, feeling, and acting that are widely understood and followed by members of a society

A

culture

125
Q

4 key characteristics of culture

A

shared
learned and taught
changes over time
usually not monolithic

126
Q

3 dimensions of culture

A

material
normative
symbolic

127
Q

concerned with rules that society uses to evaluate bhr and other things

A

normative dimension of culture

128
Q

two components of normative dimension of culture

A

cultural values

norms

129
Q

beliefs or feelings that are widely shared by members of a society about what is important to the society’s identity or well being

A

cultural values

130
Q

expectations shared by members of a group that specify bhr that is considered appropriate for a given situation

A

norms

131
Q

it is desirable to shape your world through intense effort

A

activism

132
Q

everyone should have an equal chance to succeed

A

egalitarianism

133
Q

it is desirable to have and accomplish personal goals

A

achievement

134
Q

it is good to have stuff

A

materialism

135
Q

it is desirable to help people who are having troubles

A

humanitarianism

136
Q

complex value systems routinely have apparent conflict between values

A

value conflict

137
Q

it is desirable to evaluate each behavior for whether it is moral or not and to choose only moral bhr

A

morality

138
Q

desired outcomes, often culturally valued

A

ends

139
Q

bhr directed towards achieving ends

A

means

140
Q

individuals feelings about what is important to his or her identity or well being

A

personal values

141
Q

Norms tell actor …

A

what they should do in a situation

142
Q

2 qs individuals constantly ask themselves

A

whats going on? what to do next?

143
Q

answers to 2 qs individuals constantly ask themselves

A

answer to first q is actor’s def of situation; answer to second q is bhr

144
Q

behavior depends on def of …

A

situation

145
Q

what links 2 fundamental qs

A

norms

146
Q

Norms are often … reflections of … values

A

specific … abstract

147
Q

norms can tell how to handle … values

A

conflicting

148
Q

norms that have no direct link to values and/or reflect value of having standards

A

technical norms

149
Q

responses to bhr, responses that enforce or reenforce social norms

A

social sanctions

150
Q

sanctions based on written rules administered by persons recognized to have authority

A

formal sanctions

151
Q

sanctions that are not formal

A

informal sanctions

152
Q

most of the sanctions we receive are …

A

informal

153
Q

the system of meanings a group has for interpreting and making sense of the world around them and for communicating meaning

A

symbolic dimension of culture

154
Q

most important medium for learning culture

A

language

155
Q

language allows … learning

A

vicarious

156
Q

learning through the exp. of others

A

vicarious learning

157
Q

categories our minds use to process info are given by our language

A

worf-sapir hypothesis (aka linguistic relativity hypothesis)

158
Q

language can maintain and create ….

A

boundaries

159
Q

refers to ways of society

A

culture

160
Q

what people and institutions should do, according to cultural norms and values

A

ideal culture

161
Q

what people and institutions actually do

A

real culture

162
Q

what happens when successful churches over time tend to get involved in non-spiritual issues

A

secularization

163
Q

what happens when there is a loss of spiritual focus in churches in an attempt to restore spiritual focus

A

revival

164
Q

Culture helps make social world …

A

predictable

165
Q

the more we follow norms, the more …. our world

A

predictable

166
Q

an outcome that is necessary for the continued existence of society

A

functional prerequisite

167
Q

list the 5 functional prerequisites

A 
meet biological needs of members
obtain new members (recruitment)
train members (socialization)
resist environmental threats 
maintain social integration
168
Q

… establishes mechanisms for meeting functional prerequisites (also provides motivations to participate)

A

culture

169
Q

relatively permeant patterns or clusters of specialized roles, groups, organizations, customs, and activities devoted to meeting fundamental social needs

A

social institutions

170
Q

social problems often revolve around difficulties institutions are having in producing …

A

expected outcomes

171
Q

set of cultural products, mainly in the arts, held in the highest esteem by a culture

A

high culture

172
Q

a situation when one institution has not adapted to changes in another

A

cultural lag

173
Q

patterns found in all known societies

A

cultural universals

174
Q

What are the three different ideas about what is most important (perspectives)?

A
  1. Creation and maintenance of social integration (functionalist perspective)
  2. Individuals and groups trying to maximize interests (conflict perspective)
  3. Active individuals trying to make since of a situation and give it meaning (symbolic interactionism)
175
Q

The most important elements of social life are those that foster social integration; Interested in how parts of society (structure) work together; Hobbesian problem of order

A

functionalist perspective

176
Q

Social life is a constant battle between individuals or groups, each seeking to maximize their interests

A

conflict perspective

177
Q

outcomes that benefit the actor

A

interests

178
Q

The Zero Sum Game is a form of …

A

conflict

179
Q

situation in which the total amount of something is fixed. The only way one actor can get more is for one or more others to get less.

A

zero sum game

180
Q

the most important aspect of social life is the active individual trying to make sense out of a situation and give it meaning

A

symbolic intractionism

181
Q

Focus on interaction makes symbolic interactionism …

A

microsociology

182
Q

The fact that many symbols are shared in symbolic interactionism brings in …

A

macrosociology

183
Q

what an actor thinks is real

A

subjective reality

184
Q

what is really real

A

objective reality

185
Q

to understand the situation from an actor’s point of view

A

verstehem

186
Q

What is a practical use of the Thomas Theorem?

A

to understand or predict behavior of others

187
Q

Perspectives are sometimes called …

A

Paradigms

188
Q

In what 2 ways do paradigms help working scientists?

A
  1. Help specify what problems are important

2. Help specify how to go about solving problems

189
Q

Common sense is a poor guide to …

A

truth

190
Q

based on actual observations of the world

A

empirical

191
Q

When surveys are done right, they are a form of …

A

systematic empirical observation

192
Q

Sociology is sometimes called the … science

A

debunking

SOCY 1000 (4 decks)

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