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SOCY 1000 > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

People decide what to do next on the basis of what they think is going on now.

A

Thomas Theorem

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2
Q

the ability to see the connections between private troubles and public issues

A

key to the sociological imagination

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3
Q

According to Lazarfeld (and other sociologists), common sense is an inadequate guide to …

A

truth

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4
Q

True or false: Fear of negative sanctions is almost the only reason people follow norms.

A

False

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5
Q

True or false: In general, happy workers tend to be more productive than unhappy workers.

A

False

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6
Q

True or false: Men tend to interrupt women more in conversation than women interrupt men

A

True

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7
Q

refers to the biological differences between men and women

A

sex

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8
Q

refers to the social meanings and expectations associated with biological differences between men and women

A

gender

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9
Q

True or false: Imagine two companies with similar formal structures, Bossco and Staffit. The head of Bossco makes most of the decisions. Often things grind to a halt when people wait to hear from her. Staffit has a head, but she makes relatively few decisions; most decisions are made lower in the hierarchy. Decision making in Bossco is the more consistent with current thinking about how best to make decisions.

A

False

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10
Q

True or false: In the context of interaction what is sociologically important about emotions is that we have no control over them, so there is no pattern to their expression.

A

False

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11
Q

According to Harris in his paper on India’s Sacred Crow, a society that fails to adapt to its environment is doomed to …

A

extinction

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12
Q

Social hierarchies are important parts of a society’s social structure because… (2 reasons)

A
  1. Where people stand in key social hierarchies will have a huge bearing on their social lives and life changes
  2. hierarchies have a wide impact on people’s social lives and relationships
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13
Q

a distinct segment of a market or social process

A

niche

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14
Q

True or false: Other things being equal, American workers would generally rather have a job with very structured requirements that minimize the thinking the worker must do than have a job with a lot of autonomy, which allows the worker more freedom to determine what he or she is going to do

A

False

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15
Q

True or false: When it comes to war, there are no international rules about how countries are supposed to behave when engaging in warfare

A

False

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16
Q

True or false: An American resident is more likely to be put in jail than are residents of almost any other country.

A

True

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17
Q

Police and other things that keep people behaving within expected bounds contribute to …

A

Homeostasis

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18
Q

Modern organizations depend upon a … work force

A

Literate

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19
Q

What is one way people increase the predictability of their world?

A

By being predicable themselves

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20
Q

According to the administrative science perspective on organizations, paperwork done from people … in the hierarchy is essential to the planning done by people … in the hierarchy

A

lower … higher

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21
Q

An expectation widely shared by members of a group which specifies behavior considered appropriate in a given situation

A

norm

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22
Q

the ability or right to have special access to opportunities or claims on rewards

A

privilege

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23
Q

The idea that if someone does you a favor, you should do them a favor in return

A

norm of reciprocity

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24
Q

What two fundamental questions constantly face every individual?

A
  1. Whats going on?

2. What do I do next?

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25
Q

A pattern of behavior will continue to be a part of a society to the extent that it benefits the society.

A

functionalist postulate

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26
Q

When functionalists identify the eufunctions of some pattern of behavior for the society they are sometimes accused of playing the …

A

Pollyanna Glad Game

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27
Q

What does cui bono mean?

A

Who benefits?

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28
Q

Who were the three founders of modern sociology, from the perspective of the first origin myth?

A

Durkheim, Marx, and Weber

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29
Q

In the language of role theory, what is the distinction between status and role?

A

statuses are occupied, and roles are performed

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30
Q

How does Merton’s structural strain theory explain the existence of crime?

A

Crime is the result of the tension between socially approved goals and an individual’s ability to meet those goals through socially approved means.

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31
Q

The phenomenon most commonly used when making successful excuses to role partners for your failure to perform properly due to role conflict

A

social hierarchy of obligations

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32
Q

In the US, a majority of the country’s politicians are men. Since men have traditionally held higher-level positions in politics, the economy, and the family, the gender system of the US is best described as a(n)…

A

Patriarchy

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33
Q

One of the reasons men have not entered female-dominated occupations in numbers similar to those of women who have moved into occupations traditionally dominated by men is because …

A

Men are stigmatized by jobs thought of a feminine.

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34
Q

Today women’s median annual earnings for full time work are roughly … percent of men’s median annual earnings for full time work.

A

75%

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35
Q

What are the 4 ways in which the Hindu taboo on killing cows contributes to homeostasis for traditional indian agriculture?

A
  1. Cow manure is an important source of fertilizer.
  2. Cow manure is an important fuel for cooking.
  3. Cows produce the oxen that serve as draft animals in traditional farming.
  4. The typical cows in india (Zebus) are pretty good at surviving drought without needing a lot of food from their owners. If they survive, they become more or less as good as new when the monsoons return.
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36
Q

Over the years marching bands have become important in high schools and colleges across the nation. They are an expected part of football games. There are recognized styles of marching, there are summer camps aspiring bandies can attend, there are industries producing marching band uniforms, there are marching band contests, there are companies that design halftime shows, and of course there are special school songs to be played by the bands. these are all signs that marching bands have become … in the US.

A

institutionalized

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37
Q

Enrique took pride in his ability to handcraft furniture, enjoying each step in the construction, assembly, and finishing of each piece. When his business failed, he began working at a furniture manufacturing plant, where he was responsible for nailing upholstery to sofa and chair frames. Enrique’s experience is an example of ….

A

Deskilling

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38
Q

What are the 4 parts of Weber’s model of bureaucracy?

A
  1. division of labor
  2. written records
  3. full-time, salaried officials
  4. separation between the official’s private lives and the organization and its properties
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39
Q

Places where buyers, sellers, and producers engage in exchange of services and commodities

A

markets

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40
Q

In his orphanage and nursery study, what difference did Spitz find between babies who received interaction from their caregivers and whose cribs allowed the babies to see what was going on around them and those who were effectively in solitary confinement?

A

Those children who received less social interaction tended to be more withdrawn and susceptible to physical illness.

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41
Q

What did the text identify as being a primary cause in the jump in prison populations since the early 1970’s?

A

the criminalization of drug use and the War on Drugs

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42
Q

Unethical business practices committed by people in the courses of their work lives, sometimes called “crime in the suites”

A

white-collar crime

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43
Q

What is a basic point of Horace Miner’s article “Body Ritual Among the Nacerima”?

A

It is very easy to be ethnocentric.

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44
Q

According to Durkheim, what are the two key characteristics of social facts?

A
  1. They are outside of us.

2. They can constrain our behavior.

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45
Q

Recently it was revealed that in the 1940s a research project in Guatelmala, partly sponsored by the US Public Health Service and conducted by US scientists, involved allowing prisoners to access prostitutes who, unknown to the prisoners, had syphillis. The point of the experiment was to see if penicillin could keep men who had been exposed to syphillis from developing the symptoms of syphillis. What word, name, or phrase should immediately pop into the mind of a student in this class when learning of this study?

A

Tuskegee

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46
Q

What two “human propensities” does Schuman identify as important to surveys?

A
  1. our inclination to learn about our environment by examining a small part of it
  2. our inclination to gather info by asking questions
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47
Q

To say that something is an “empirical question” means that the answer …

A

can be found by making some observations

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48
Q

An N of one or N=1 refers to a situation in which …

A

someone has observed only one of something

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49
Q

What 3 things are required to establish causality?

A
  1. The cause must be correlated with the effect
  2. The cause must come before the effect
  3. there must not be another explanation for the correlation between the cause and the effect
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50
Q

What is the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables?

A

Independent variables produce effects on dependent variables

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51
Q

As children get older, they tend to weigh more. The relationship between the variables age and weight would be an example of …

A

positive correlation

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52
Q

What is the formula for the sampling error from a random sample?

A

plus or minus one over the square root of the sample size

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53
Q

What is the hidden curriculum of schools?

A

unstated standards of behavior and teachers’ expectations

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54
Q

In the US, about how much funding for public schools come from the federal government?

A

less than 10 percent

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55
Q

Tracking is …

A

assigning students to different ability or curriculum groups

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56
Q

Social closure practices such as licensing …

A

limit entry into some occupations

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57
Q

cash or goods used to generate income either by investing in a business or a different income property

A

capital

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58
Q

borrowed sums or equity which which the firm’s assets are acquired and its operations are funded

A

finance capital

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59
Q

expected collective or economic benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups

A

social capital

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60
Q

the ideas and knowledge that people draw upon as they participate in social life

A

cultural capital

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61
Q

resources available to an individual on the basis of honor, prestige, or recognition

A

symbolic capital

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62
Q

chinese term referring to personal connections with people in the power to help or hurt the actor

A

Guanxi

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63
Q

In practical terms, the … is the most important factor affecting sampling error.

A

sampling size

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64
Q

The survey sampling error formula is only good for … samples.

A

simple random

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65
Q

One of the chief advantages of probability samples is that they let us measure …

A

sampling error

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66
Q

What tow things does the functionalism perspective focus on (social integration)?

A
  1. how individuals hang together

2. how society’s parts hang together

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67
Q

The organismic metaphor compares society to …

A

the human body

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68
Q

What do sociologists studying the organismic metaphor strive to understand (3 things)?

A
  1. Structure
  2. Processes (functioning)
  3. Pathologies of society
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69
Q

outcome of a pattern of behavior

A

function

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70
Q

outcome that is recognized and intended

A

manifest function

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71
Q

outcome that is not intended or not recognized

A

latent function

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72
Q

outcome that is beneficial

A

eufunction

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73
Q

outcome that is harmful

A

dysfunction

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74
Q

unplanned results that occur as side effects of efforts to accomplish something else

A

unanticipated consequences of purposive social action

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75
Q

states that everything in social life is connected to everything else

A

connectedness postulate

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76
Q

states that the natural direction of things is toward entropy (randomness); it takes energy to maintain structure

A

second law of thermodynamics

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77
Q

the maintenance of stability and order within a system (sometimes called equilibrium)

A

homeostasis

78
Q

relatively permeant patterns or clusters of specialized roles, groups, organizations, customs, and activities devoted to meeting fundamental social needs

A

social institutions

79
Q

Institutions themselves can often be analyzed as being composed of …

A

smaller institutions

80
Q

Institutions have multiple … Different institutions often overlap in their …

A

outcomes

81
Q

Social problems often revolve around difficulties institutions are having in producing …

A

expected outcomes

82
Q

A word that refers to someone who always sees the bright side; an incurable optimist

A

Pollyanna

83
Q

Functionalists are skilled at playing the …

A

glad game

84
Q

Explanations of why we should be happy with what we have have lead criticisms that functionalists oppose …

A

change

85
Q

Functionalists argue that change is necessary for …

A

adaptation

86
Q

If … change, functionalists expect other parts to change.

A

values

87
Q

states that patterns of social behavior persist to the extent that they benefit

A

functionalist postulate

88
Q

states that patterns of social behavior persist to the extent that they benefit the powerful

A

conflict postulate

89
Q

When conflict analysts examine society and its institutions, they always look for who is …

A

benefitting

90
Q

an outcome that is necessary for the continued existence of a society

A

functional prerequisite

91
Q

What are the 5 functional prerequisites?

A
  1. Meet members’ biological needs
  2. Obtain new members (recruitment)
  3. Train new members (socialization)
  4. Resist environmental threats
  5. Maintain social integration
92
Q

a position in a social system (also a position in a smaller collective)

A

status

93
Q

pattern of behavior associated with a status

A

role

94
Q

expectation shared by members of a group that specifies behavior considered appropriate in a given situation by occupants of a given status

A

role expectation

95
Q

actual behavior in a status

A

role enactment

96
Q

occupant of a particular status

A

role incumbent

97
Q

position role incumbent must interact with to fulfill role expectations

A

role partner

98
Q

collection of all roles associated with a status

A

role set

99
Q

collection of all positions occupied by an individual

A

status set

100
Q

a position the occupant has no control over; an inborn status

A

ascribed status

101
Q

a position occupied on the basis of individual effort or that is imposed by others

A

achieved status

102
Q

Large modern societies tend to have more … than smaller societies.

A

achieved statuses

103
Q

status that is virtually always relevant to expectations and behavior; influences many of our other statuses and our role enactment

A

master status

104
Q

norms specifying appropriate role behavior

A

role expectations

105
Q

What are the 5 factors affecting role enactment?

A
  1. role expectations
  2. situational demands
  3. individual characteristics
  4. intruding roles
  5. role negotiation
106
Q

difficulties encountered in enacting a role

A

role strain

107
Q

to make better; to improve; especially to make better something that was bad

A

ameliorate

108
Q

What are the 3 consequences of role strain at the individual level?

A
  1. You suffer distress when unable to meet your own expectations of proper performance
  2. You suffer distress from sanctions received for not performing as expected
  3. You may be frustrated when your role partners do not perform as expected
109
Q

What are the 2 consequences of role strain for the social system?

A
  1. Important tasks may not be performed properly

2. High level of individual distress and interpersonal frustration may threaten social integration

110
Q

Having people we rely on or to interact with, as well as having people relying on us, creates opportunities for role strain and its bad consequences for the individual. However, most of the time, the psychological rewards of having connections with others are greater than the costs of the occasional problem in those relationships.

A

psychic rewards of connectedness

111
Q

Ordinarily, there are several ways of meeting functional prerequisites; This means that difficulties in one way do not have to mean that the needed outcome will not be obtained

A

redundancy

112
Q

What are the 5 sources of role strain?

A
  1. Lack of clarity in expectations (role ambiguity)
  2. Disagreement on expectations
  3. Status passage
  4. Role overload/competition
  5. Role conflict/sociological
113
Q

What is the amelioration for lack of clarity in expectations?

A

new rules

114
Q

What is the amelioration for disagreement on expectations?

A

making expectations explicit

115
Q

the transition form one situation to another

A

short term status passage

116
Q

What are the 3 short term status passage ameliorations?

A
  1. Tact
  2. Barriers
  3. Backstage
117
Q

What are the 3 reasons to engage in tact?

A
  1. Since we all make mistakes, a person ignoring another’s mistake may lead the other person to ignore that person’s mistakes in the future
  2. Following up on the mistake leads us away from the person’s purpose in the interaction in the first place
  3. Interactions involving disagreements about propriety are risky, and we like to minimize risk in interactions
118
Q

If someone does you a favor, you owe a favor in return

A

norm of reciprocity

119
Q

where the role incumbent can relax from the rigors of enacting a role and of impression management

A

backstage

120
Q

attempts to control other’s perceptions of ourselves

A

impression management

121
Q

Who introduced the term “impression management”?

A

Erving Goffman

122
Q

acquisition or loss of a major status

A

long term status passage

123
Q

What are the 3 ameliorations for long term status passage?

A
  1. Early tolerance from partners
  2. Coaching
  3. The psychic amelioration that usually the position is a step up in esteem
124
Q

being pulled in incompatible directions

A

ambivalence

125
Q

being pulled in incompatible directions on the basis of personal preferences

A

psychological ambivalence

126
Q

incompatible normative expectations of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors assigned to a status or a set of statuses in a society (also called role conflict)

A

sociological ambivalence

127
Q

What are the 6 types of role conflict?

A
  1. Conflict within the status set
  2. Conflict within the role set
  3. Conflict between cultures and subcultures
  4. Conflict within a culture
  5. Conflict between aspirations and opportunity
  6. Conflict built into role itself
128
Q

group an actor uses as a standard for self-evaluation

A

reference group

129
Q

group an actor is a member of

A

membership group

130
Q

When your reference group and your membership group are the same, conflicting expectations are …

A

reduced

131
Q

To the extent that we have multiple reference groups and multiple membership groups, conflict between expectations will be …

A

greater

132
Q

What defines a series of desirable outcomes (goals)?

A

culture

133
Q

The … provides mechanisms for obtaining those goals (legitimate means)

A

social system

134
Q

When access to legitimate means for obtaining socially approved goals, the actor may respond in what 5 ways?

A
  1. conformism
  2. innovation
  3. ritualism
  4. retreatism
  5. rebellion
135
Q

accept both the goals and the means

A

conformism

136
Q

accept the goals, but find other, often criminal, means

A

innovation

137
Q

ignore the goals, follow the usual means

A

ritualism

138
Q

reject both the usual goals and the usual means

A

retreatism

139
Q

reject both the usual goals and the usia means but try to replace them

A

rebellion

140
Q

widely shared understanding or list of which role expectations have higher priority than which others; typically used in making excuses

A

social hierarchy of obligations

141
Q

the individual’s own priority list of obligations

A

personal hierarchy of obligations

142
Q

Often we want people to do things that might get them in trouble, so we have patterns to protect them.

A

Protection from sanctions

143
Q

What are the 4 patterns of protection from sanctions?

A
  1. Insulation from observability
  2. Tolerance for those with obvious role overload or conflict
  3. Protection from repraisal
  4. Protection of group members from outside sanction
144
Q

a group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a common purpose

A

organization

145
Q

an organization that is rationally designed to achieve its objectives, often by means of explicit rules, regulations, and procedures

A

formal organizations

146
Q

emphasizes intentional and official characteristics of organizations; special emphasis on how organizations are designed to go about achieving their goals

A

rational systems

147
Q

emphasizes informal and unintended characteristics of organizations; emphasis on how organizations do what they do, including things not related to an organization’s official goals; treats organizations like small societies

A

natural systems

148
Q

emphasizes social environment surrounding organizations; effects of social environment on organizations; structure of social environment of organizations

A

open systems

149
Q

Max Weber fits in … systems, basic science (non-practicioner) category

A

rational

150
Q

saw bureaucracies as important modern innovation; vastly more efficient and effective than prior ways of organizing large scale efforts

A

Weber

151
Q

The fundamental basis for authority in bureaucracies is …

A

rational-legal

152
Q

Bureaucracies replaced organizations based on …

A

traditional authority

153
Q

everyone has exactly one boss

A

monocratic authority structure

154
Q

organization authority structure

A

chain of command

155
Q

a graph of the authority’s relations in an organization

A

organization chart

156
Q

What are the 2 prerequisites for bureaucracies?

A
  1. Literacy

2. Widespread willingness to commit full time to an organization

157
Q

Said that management’s job is to determine the most efficient way to perform a task; worker’s job is to do it that way; bottom-up approach

A

Taylor

158
Q

Said that management’s jobs are to plan for the future and to coordinate and control current activity; key tool is paperwork; top-down approach

A

Administrative Science School

159
Q

spent time as a worker, foreman, and manager at manufacturing plants; developed the idea of analyzing work to determine how it could be most effectively completed

A

F.W. Taylor

160
Q

argued management should do half the work (figuring out how to do things) while workers do the other half (doing the things)

A

Taylorism

161
Q

Tenents of the … emerged as increased size and often geographic spread of business organizations made hands-on management by the big boss impossible

A

Administrative Science School

162
Q

The higher you are in the hierarchy, the longer your …

A

time horizon

163
Q

how workers and units of an organization work together

A

coordination

164
Q

how an organization restricts and channels the behavior of workers and units of the organization

A

control

165
Q

Organization structure, surveillance, and decision making are key to … and …

A

coordination and control

166
Q

extent to which decisions are made high in hierarchy; the higher up decisions are made, the more centralized; the lower down, the more decentralized

A

centralization

167
Q

These days, organizations try to … as much as possible.

A

decentralize

168
Q

extent to which procedures of an organization have been made explicit, usually in writing

A

formalization

169
Q

number of subordinates a superordinate has direct authority over

A

span of control

170
Q

Paperwork contributes to … and …

A

surveillance and planning

171
Q

Increasingly, paperwork is …

A

paperless

172
Q

hyperconformity within a decision-making group

A

groupthink

173
Q

In groupthink situations, drive to conform with perceived agreement interferes with …

A

exploration of full range of options

174
Q

members who ensure contrary views are not expressed or well recieved

A

mindguards

175
Q

people arguing for contrary views simply to ensure these views are heard

A

devil’s advocate

176
Q

What are the 3 groupthink ameliorations?

A
  1. Devil’s Advocates
  2. Seeking input from outside
  3. Delayed commitment by the leader
177
Q

concerned with informal structure

A

natural systems

178
Q

those elements of organizational behavior and structure that are not part of the formal structure

A

informal structure

179
Q

groups of workers tend to develop and enforce informal norms on how hard it is appropriate to work

A

norms limiting output

180
Q

people behave differently when they know they are being observed

A

Hawthorne Effect

181
Q

Established organizations have a drive to …

A

survive

182
Q

concerned with organizational environments

A

open systems

183
Q

an organization’s external surroundings

A

environment

184
Q

the tendency for organizations in similar areas or lines of work to be similar in structure and procedures

A

institutional isomorphism

185
Q

isomorphism that is forced, perhaps by government; suppliers/customers; professional associates

A

coercive isomorphism

186
Q

copying others, perhaps to reduce uncertainty

A

mimetic isomorphism

187
Q

professional norms define proper structure

A

normative isomorphism

188
Q

Uncertainty limits …

A

rationality

189
Q

Informal communication networks arise in part to reduce …

A

uncertainty

190
Q

… and other quality assurance activities are responses to uncertainty about work of suppliers and employees.

A

Inspections

191
Q

Competitors generate …

A

uncertainty

192
Q

people who work directly with the environment

A

boundary spanners

SOCY 1000 (4 decks)

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