Test #2 Flashcards
1
Q
People decide what to do next on the basis of what they think is going on now.
A
Thomas Theorem
2
Q
the ability to see the connections between private troubles and public issues
A
key to the sociological imagination
3
Q
According to Lazarfeld (and other sociologists), common sense is an inadequate guide to …
A
truth
4
Q
True or false: Fear of negative sanctions is almost the only reason people follow norms.
A
False
5
Q
True or false: In general, happy workers tend to be more productive than unhappy workers.
A
False
6
Q
True or false: Men tend to interrupt women more in conversation than women interrupt men
A
True
7
Q
refers to the biological differences between men and women
A
sex
8
Q
refers to the social meanings and expectations associated with biological differences between men and women
A
gender
9
Q
True or false: Imagine two companies with similar formal structures, Bossco and Staffit. The head of Bossco makes most of the decisions. Often things grind to a halt when people wait to hear from her. Staffit has a head, but she makes relatively few decisions; most decisions are made lower in the hierarchy. Decision making in Bossco is the more consistent with current thinking about how best to make decisions.
A
False
10
Q
True or false: In the context of interaction what is sociologically important about emotions is that we have no control over them, so there is no pattern to their expression.
A
False
11
Q
According to Harris in his paper on India’s Sacred Crow, a society that fails to adapt to its environment is doomed to …
A
extinction
12
Q
Social hierarchies are important parts of a society’s social structure because… (2 reasons)
A
- Where people stand in key social hierarchies will have a huge bearing on their social lives and life changes
- hierarchies have a wide impact on people’s social lives and relationships
13
Q
a distinct segment of a market or social process
A
niche
14
Q
True or false: Other things being equal, American workers would generally rather have a job with very structured requirements that minimize the thinking the worker must do than have a job with a lot of autonomy, which allows the worker more freedom to determine what he or she is going to do
A
False
15
Q
True or false: When it comes to war, there are no international rules about how countries are supposed to behave when engaging in warfare
A
False
16
Q
True or false: An American resident is more likely to be put in jail than are residents of almost any other country.
A
True
17
Q
Police and other things that keep people behaving within expected bounds contribute to …
A
Homeostasis
18
Q
Modern organizations depend upon a … work force
A
Literate
19
Q
What is one way people increase the predictability of their world?
A
By being predicable themselves
20
Q
According to the administrative science perspective on organizations, paperwork done from people … in the hierarchy is essential to the planning done by people … in the hierarchy
A
lower … higher
21
Q
An expectation widely shared by members of a group which specifies behavior considered appropriate in a given situation
A
norm
22
Q
the ability or right to have special access to opportunities or claims on rewards
A
privilege
23
Q
The idea that if someone does you a favor, you should do them a favor in return
A
norm of reciprocity
24
Q
What two fundamental questions constantly face every individual?
A
- Whats going on?
2. What do I do next?
25
A pattern of behavior will continue to be a part of a society to the extent that it benefits the society.
functionalist postulate
26
When functionalists identify the eufunctions of some pattern of behavior for the society they are sometimes accused of playing the ...
Pollyanna Glad Game
27
What does cui bono mean?
Who benefits?
28
Who were the three founders of modern sociology, from the perspective of the first origin myth?
Durkheim, Marx, and Weber
29
In the language of role theory, what is the distinction between status and role?
statuses are occupied, and roles are performed
30
How does Merton's structural strain theory explain the existence of crime?
Crime is the result of the tension between socially approved goals and an individual's ability to meet those goals through socially approved means.
31
The phenomenon most commonly used when making successful excuses to role partners for your failure to perform properly due to role conflict
social hierarchy of obligations
32
In the US, a majority of the country's politicians are men. Since men have traditionally held higher-level positions in politics, the economy, and the family, the gender system of the US is best described as a(n)…
Patriarchy
33
One of the reasons men have not entered female-dominated occupations in numbers similar to those of women who have moved into occupations traditionally dominated by men is because …
Men are stigmatized by jobs thought of a feminine.
34
Today women's median annual earnings for full time work are roughly … percent of men's median annual earnings for full time work.
75%
35
What are the 4 ways in which the Hindu taboo on killing cows contributes to homeostasis for traditional indian agriculture?
1. Cow manure is an important source of fertilizer.
2. Cow manure is an important fuel for cooking.
3. Cows produce the oxen that serve as draft animals in traditional farming.
4. The typical cows in india (Zebus) are pretty good at surviving drought without needing a lot of food from their owners. If they survive, they become more or less as good as new when the monsoons return.
36
Over the years marching bands have become important in high schools and colleges across the nation. They are an expected part of football games. There are recognized styles of marching, there are summer camps aspiring bandies can attend, there are industries producing marching band uniforms, there are marching band contests, there are companies that design halftime shows, and of course there are special school songs to be played by the bands. these are all signs that marching bands have become … in the US.
institutionalized
37
Enrique took pride in his ability to handcraft furniture, enjoying each step in the construction, assembly, and finishing of each piece. When his business failed, he began working at a furniture manufacturing plant, where he was responsible for nailing upholstery to sofa and chair frames. Enrique's experience is an example of ….
Deskilling
38
What are the 4 parts of Weber's model of bureaucracy?
1. division of labor
2. written records
3. full-time, salaried officials
4. separation between the official's private lives and the organization and its properties
39
Places where buyers, sellers, and producers engage in exchange of services and commodities
markets
40
In his orphanage and nursery study, what difference did Spitz find between babies who received interaction from their caregivers and whose cribs allowed the babies to see what was going on around them and those who were effectively in solitary confinement?
Those children who received less social interaction tended to be more withdrawn and susceptible to physical illness.
41
What did the text identify as being a primary cause in the jump in prison populations since the early 1970's?
the criminalization of drug use and the War on Drugs
42
Unethical business practices committed by people in the courses of their work lives, sometimes called "crime in the suites"
white-collar crime
43
What is a basic point of Horace Miner's article "Body Ritual Among the Nacerima"?
It is very easy to be ethnocentric.
44
According to Durkheim, what are the two key characteristics of social facts?
1. They are outside of us.
| 2. They can constrain our behavior.
45
Recently it was revealed that in the 1940s a research project in Guatelmala, partly sponsored by the US Public Health Service and conducted by US scientists, involved allowing prisoners to access prostitutes who, unknown to the prisoners, had syphillis. The point of the experiment was to see if penicillin could keep men who had been exposed to syphillis from developing the symptoms of syphillis. What word, name, or phrase should immediately pop into the mind of a student in this class when learning of this study?
Tuskegee
46
What two "human propensities" does Schuman identify as important to surveys?
1. our inclination to learn about our environment by examining a small part of it
2. our inclination to gather info by asking questions
47
To say that something is an "empirical question" means that the answer …
can be found by making some observations
48
An N of one or N=1 refers to a situation in which ...
someone has observed only one of something
49
What 3 things are required to establish causality?
1. The cause must be correlated with the effect
2. The cause must come before the effect
3. there must not be another explanation for the correlation between the cause and the effect
50
What is the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables?
Independent variables produce effects on dependent variables
51
As children get older, they tend to weigh more. The relationship between the variables age and weight would be an example of ...
positive correlation
52
What is the formula for the sampling error from a random sample?
plus or minus one over the square root of the sample size
53
What is the hidden curriculum of schools?
unstated standards of behavior and teachers' expectations
54
In the US, about how much funding for public schools come from the federal government?
less than 10 percent
55
Tracking is …
assigning students to different ability or curriculum groups
56
Social closure practices such as licensing ...
limit entry into some occupations
57
cash or goods used to generate income either by investing in a business or a different income property
capital
58
borrowed sums or equity which which the firm's assets are acquired and its operations are funded
finance capital
59
expected collective or economic benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups
social capital
60
the ideas and knowledge that people draw upon as they participate in social life
cultural capital
61
resources available to an individual on the basis of honor, prestige, or recognition
symbolic capital
62
chinese term referring to personal connections with people in the power to help or hurt the actor
Guanxi
63
In practical terms, the … is the most important factor affecting sampling error.
sampling size
64
The survey sampling error formula is only good for … samples.
simple random
65
One of the chief advantages of probability samples is that they let us measure ...
sampling error
66
What tow things does the functionalism perspective focus on (social integration)?
1. how individuals hang together
| 2. how society's parts hang together
67
The organismic metaphor compares society to ...
the human body
68
What do sociologists studying the organismic metaphor strive to understand (3 things)?
1. Structure
2. Processes (functioning)
3. Pathologies of society
69
outcome of a pattern of behavior
function
70
outcome that is recognized and intended
manifest function
71
outcome that is not intended or not recognized
latent function
72
outcome that is beneficial
eufunction
73
outcome that is harmful
dysfunction
74
unplanned results that occur as side effects of efforts to accomplish something else
unanticipated consequences of purposive social action
75
states that everything in social life is connected to everything else
connectedness postulate
76
states that the natural direction of things is toward entropy (randomness); it takes energy to maintain structure
second law of thermodynamics
77
the maintenance of stability and order within a system (sometimes called equilibrium)
homeostasis
78
relatively permeant patterns or clusters of specialized roles, groups, organizations, customs, and activities devoted to meeting fundamental social needs
social institutions
79
Institutions themselves can often be analyzed as being composed of …
smaller institutions
80
Institutions have multiple … Different institutions often overlap in their ...
outcomes
81
Social problems often revolve around difficulties institutions are having in producing ...
expected outcomes
82
A word that refers to someone who always sees the bright side; an incurable optimist
Pollyanna
83
Functionalists are skilled at playing the ...
glad game
84
Explanations of why we should be happy with what we have have lead criticisms that functionalists oppose ...
change
85
Functionalists argue that change is necessary for ...
adaptation
86
If … change, functionalists expect other parts to change.
values
87
states that patterns of social behavior persist to the extent that they benefit
functionalist postulate
88
states that patterns of social behavior persist to the extent that they benefit the powerful
conflict postulate
89
When conflict analysts examine society and its institutions, they always look for who is ...
benefitting
90
an outcome that is necessary for the continued existence of a society
functional prerequisite
91
What are the 5 functional prerequisites?
1. Meet members' biological needs
2. Obtain new members (recruitment)
3. Train new members (socialization)
4. Resist environmental threats
5. Maintain social integration
92
a position in a social system (also a position in a smaller collective)
status
93
pattern of behavior associated with a status
role
94
expectation shared by members of a group that specifies behavior considered appropriate in a given situation by occupants of a given status
role expectation
95
actual behavior in a status
role enactment
96
occupant of a particular status
role incumbent
97
position role incumbent must interact with to fulfill role expectations
role partner
98
collection of all roles associated with a status
role set
99
collection of all positions occupied by an individual
status set
100
a position the occupant has no control over; an inborn status
ascribed status
101
a position occupied on the basis of individual effort or that is imposed by others
achieved status
102
Large modern societies tend to have more ... than smaller societies.
achieved statuses
103
status that is virtually always relevant to expectations and behavior; influences many of our other statuses and our role enactment
master status
104
norms specifying appropriate role behavior
role expectations
105
What are the 5 factors affecting role enactment?
1. role expectations
2. situational demands
3. individual characteristics
4. intruding roles
5. role negotiation
106
difficulties encountered in enacting a role
role strain
107
to make better; to improve; especially to make better something that was bad
ameliorate
108
What are the 3 consequences of role strain at the individual level?
1. You suffer distress when unable to meet your own expectations of proper performance
2. You suffer distress from sanctions received for not performing as expected
3. You may be frustrated when your role partners do not perform as expected
109
What are the 2 consequences of role strain for the social system?
1. Important tasks may not be performed properly
| 2. High level of individual distress and interpersonal frustration may threaten social integration
110
Having people we rely on or to interact with, as well as having people relying on us, creates opportunities for role strain and its bad consequences for the individual. However, most of the time, the psychological rewards of having connections with others are greater than the costs of the occasional problem in those relationships.
psychic rewards of connectedness
111
Ordinarily, there are several ways of meeting functional prerequisites; This means that difficulties in one way do not have to mean that the needed outcome will not be obtained
redundancy
112
What are the 5 sources of role strain?
1. Lack of clarity in expectations (role ambiguity)
2. Disagreement on expectations
3. Status passage
4. Role overload/competition
5. Role conflict/sociological
113
What is the amelioration for lack of clarity in expectations?
new rules
114
What is the amelioration for disagreement on expectations?
making expectations explicit
115
the transition form one situation to another
short term status passage
116
What are the 3 short term status passage ameliorations?
1. Tact
2. Barriers
3. Backstage
117
What are the 3 reasons to engage in tact?
1. Since we all make mistakes, a person ignoring another's mistake may lead the other person to ignore that person's mistakes in the future
2. Following up on the mistake leads us away from the person's purpose in the interaction in the first place
3. Interactions involving disagreements about propriety are risky, and we like to minimize risk in interactions
118
If someone does you a favor, you owe a favor in return
norm of reciprocity
119
where the role incumbent can relax from the rigors of enacting a role and of impression management
backstage
120
attempts to control other's perceptions of ourselves
impression management
121
Who introduced the term "impression management"?
Erving Goffman
122
acquisition or loss of a major status
long term status passage
123
What are the 3 ameliorations for long term status passage?
1. Early tolerance from partners
2. Coaching
3. The psychic amelioration that usually the position is a step up in esteem
124
being pulled in incompatible directions
ambivalence
125
being pulled in incompatible directions on the basis of personal preferences
psychological ambivalence
126
incompatible normative expectations of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors assigned to a status or a set of statuses in a society (also called role conflict)
sociological ambivalence
127
What are the 6 types of role conflict?
1. Conflict within the status set
2. Conflict within the role set
3. Conflict between cultures and subcultures
4. Conflict within a culture
5. Conflict between aspirations and opportunity
6. Conflict built into role itself
128
group an actor uses as a standard for self-evaluation
reference group
129
group an actor is a member of
membership group
130
When your reference group and your membership group are the same, conflicting expectations are ...
reduced
131
To the extent that we have multiple reference groups and multiple membership groups, conflict between expectations will be ...
greater
132
What defines a series of desirable outcomes (goals)?
culture
133
The … provides mechanisms for obtaining those goals (legitimate means)
social system
134
When access to legitimate means for obtaining socially approved goals, the actor may respond in what 5 ways?
1. conformism
2. innovation
3. ritualism
4. retreatism
5. rebellion
135
accept both the goals and the means
conformism
136
accept the goals, but find other, often criminal, means
innovation
137
ignore the goals, follow the usual means
ritualism
138
reject both the usual goals and the usual means
retreatism
139
reject both the usual goals and the usia means but try to replace them
rebellion
140
widely shared understanding or list of which role expectations have higher priority than which others; typically used in making excuses
social hierarchy of obligations
141
the individual's own priority list of obligations
personal hierarchy of obligations
142
Often we want people to do things that might get them in trouble, so we have patterns to protect them.
Protection from sanctions
143
What are the 4 patterns of protection from sanctions?
1. Insulation from observability
2. Tolerance for those with obvious role overload or conflict
3. Protection from repraisal
4. Protection of group members from outside sanction
144
a group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a common purpose
organization
145
an organization that is rationally designed to achieve its objectives, often by means of explicit rules, regulations, and procedures
formal organizations
146
emphasizes intentional and official characteristics of organizations; special emphasis on how organizations are designed to go about achieving their goals
rational systems
147
emphasizes informal and unintended characteristics of organizations; emphasis on how organizations do what they do, including things not related to an organization's official goals; treats organizations like small societies
natural systems
148
emphasizes social environment surrounding organizations; effects of social environment on organizations; structure of social environment of organizations
open systems
149
Max Weber fits in ... systems, basic science (non-practicioner) category
rational
150
saw bureaucracies as important modern innovation; vastly more efficient and effective than prior ways of organizing large scale efforts
Weber
151
The fundamental basis for authority in bureaucracies is ...
rational-legal
152
Bureaucracies replaced organizations based on ...
traditional authority
153
everyone has exactly one boss
monocratic authority structure
154
organization authority structure
chain of command
155
a graph of the authority's relations in an organization
organization chart
156
What are the 2 prerequisites for bureaucracies?
1. Literacy
| 2. Widespread willingness to commit full time to an organization
157
Said that management's job is to determine the most efficient way to perform a task; worker's job is to do it that way; bottom-up approach
Taylor
158
Said that management's jobs are to plan for the future and to coordinate and control current activity; key tool is paperwork; top-down approach
Administrative Science School
159
spent time as a worker, foreman, and manager at manufacturing plants; developed the idea of analyzing work to determine how it could be most effectively completed
F.W. Taylor
160
argued management should do half the work (figuring out how to do things) while workers do the other half (doing the things)
Taylorism
161
Tenents of the … emerged as increased size and often geographic spread of business organizations made hands-on management by the big boss impossible
Administrative Science School
162
The higher you are in the hierarchy, the longer your ...
time horizon
163
how workers and units of an organization work together
coordination
164
how an organization restricts and channels the behavior of workers and units of the organization
control
165
Organization structure, surveillance, and decision making are key to … and ...
coordination and control
166
extent to which decisions are made high in hierarchy; the higher up decisions are made, the more centralized; the lower down, the more decentralized
centralization
167
These days, organizations try to … as much as possible.
decentralize
168
extent to which procedures of an organization have been made explicit, usually in writing
formalization
169
number of subordinates a superordinate has direct authority over
span of control
170
Paperwork contributes to … and ...
surveillance and planning
171
Increasingly, paperwork is ...
paperless
172
hyperconformity within a decision-making group
groupthink
173
In groupthink situations, drive to conform with perceived agreement interferes with ...
exploration of full range of options
174
members who ensure contrary views are not expressed or well recieved
mindguards
175
people arguing for contrary views simply to ensure these views are heard
devil's advocate
176
What are the 3 groupthink ameliorations?
1. Devil's Advocates
2. Seeking input from outside
3. Delayed commitment by the leader
177
concerned with informal structure
natural systems
178
those elements of organizational behavior and structure that are not part of the formal structure
informal structure
179
groups of workers tend to develop and enforce informal norms on how hard it is appropriate to work
norms limiting output
180
people behave differently when they know they are being observed
Hawthorne Effect
181
Established organizations have a drive to ...
survive
182
concerned with organizational environments
open systems
183
an organization's external surroundings
environment
184
the tendency for organizations in similar areas or lines of work to be similar in structure and procedures
institutional isomorphism
185
isomorphism that is forced, perhaps by government; suppliers/customers; professional associates
coercive isomorphism
186
copying others, perhaps to reduce uncertainty
mimetic isomorphism
187
professional norms define proper structure
normative isomorphism
188
Uncertainty limits ...
rationality
189
Informal communication networks arise in part to reduce ...
uncertainty
190
… and other quality assurance activities are responses to uncertainty about work of suppliers and employees.
Inspections
191
Competitors generate ...
uncertainty
192
people who work directly with the environment
boundary spanners
