Test 4 Flashcards
(Ch12) What criteria do psychologists use to classify behavior as abnormal?
If the behavior:
Is strange in person’s own culture/age group;
Causes personal distress;
Is maladaptive;
Interferes or impairs functioning;
Causes the person to be a danger to self or others;
What is the DSM-5?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed. 2013);
contains descriptions of ~300 specific psychological disorders;
lists diagnosis criteria;
categorizes disorders
What are the five perspectives psychologists use to explain psychological disorders?
Biological; Biopsychosocial; Psychodynamic (Freudian); Learning; Cognitive
What are anxiety disorders?
Characterized by frequent/excessive, fearful thoughts about the future
What are the characteristics of panic attacks, agoraphobia, and panic disorder?
Panic attacks: overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror; cued or uncued
Agoraphobia: fearing situations from which one cannot escape; related to claustrophobia
Panic disorder: recurring, unpredictable episodes of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror; often associated with object or place; can lead to development of agoraphobia
What are phobias?
Fears inadvertently grown out of proportion through self-reinforcement
What are social phobias and specific phobias?
Social: Irrational fear/avoidance of embarrassing/humiliating oneself in any social setting
Specific: fear of specific object/situation
What are the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Recurring obsessions and/or compulsions
What are mood disorders?
Characterized by extreme and unwarranted disturbances in emotion
What is major depressive disorder?
Overwhelming sadness, despair, and hopelessness; loss of pleasure
What is bipolar disorder?
Cycle between manic episodes (euphoria) and depression, with “normal” periods in between
What is mania?
Decreased need for sleep, higher sex drive, noticeably talking more, feeling euphoric, engaging in risky behaviors (self-harm, excessive money spending), increased energy levels
What are the mood changes that people with bipolar disorder experience?
Bipolar I: manic episodes with self-destructive behavior and being out of touch of reality (delusions)
Bipolar II: milder manic (hypomanic) episodes that do not necessarily lead to dysfunctional behavior
What do psychologists explain the occurrence of depressive and bipolar disorders?
Neurological correlates; High degree of Neuroticism; Heredity; Stressors; Culture
What are the risk factors for suicide?
Mood disorders; Schizophrenia; Substance abuse; Ineffective/dysfunctional coping strategies; Unhealthy self-esteem; Major life stressors; Untreated psychological/psychiatric conditions; Chronic debilitating medical conditions
What are positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Positive:
Additional (bizarre, exaggerated); Hallucinations; Delusions; Derailment; Inappropriate affect
Negative:
Social withdrawal; Apathy; Flat affect; Limited speech/slow movements; Poor hygiene
A disorder in which children are highly irritable, may exhibit aggressive behavior during tantrums, show difficult temperaments, and possible early neurotic features
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
A disorder in which a child displays poor social skills and has difficulty establishing/maintaining social relationships
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
A disorder characterized by difficulty maintaining focus and concentration; inattentiveness
Attention deficit disorder(ADD)
A disorder characterized by inattention and uncontrollable hyperactivity
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)
What are personality disorders?
Long-standing, inflexible, maladaptive patterns of behaving and relating to others
What are the various personality disorders discussed in class? What are their characteristics?
Paranoid: highly untrusting/hypersensitive
Schizoid: isolates self from others
Schizotypal: dresses in unusual ways and lacks social skills
Narcissistic: self-centered, arrogant, lacks empathy
Histrionic: seeks attention, manipulative, overdramatic
Borderline: unstable behavior, fear of abandonment, impulsive/reckless
Antisocial: highly disregards others, is impulsive, selfish, aggressive
Obsessive-compulsive: overly perfectionist, emotionally shallow relationships
Avoidant: avoids social situations, fears criticism/rejection
Dependent: fears abandonment, overly depends on others
What are somatoform disorders?
Physical symptoms are present that are due to psychological causes rather than any known medical condition
What are dissociative disorders?
The loss of one’s ability to integrate all the components of self into a coherent representation of one’s identity
What are the different dissociative disorders discussed in class?
Dissociative amnesia, Dissociative fugue, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
What are sexual disorders/dysfunctions and paraphilias?
Sexual disorders: Persistent problems involving sexual desire/arousal/pleasure
Paraphilias: behaviors an individual has intense sexual urges/fantasies
(Ch.13) What is psychotherapy?
“Talk therapy”; psychological treatments for emotional/behavioral disorders
What is developing insight?
Developing self-understanding/self-discovery
What is the purpose of psychodynamic therapies?
To uncover repressed childhood experiences (thought to be) responsible for patient’s current problems
What are humanistic therapies? How do they help clients?
Assume people have free will to live rational lives; creates unconditional acceptance between therapist and client
Summarize the goal of the therapist in person-centered therapy
To create an unconditional accepting environment; active listening
How does Gestalt therapy help a client?
Become more integrated, authentic, self-accepting; directive
What are the goals of family and couple therapy?
Examine interpersonal relationship struggles; family structure, dynamic, alliances
What are some advantages of group therapy?
Provides sense of belonging; can express feelings, give and receive feedback/support
What is the purpose of behavior therapies?
To change troublesome behavior; aligns with the learning perspective; addresses behavior as disorder
Describe the behavior therapies that are based on classical conditioning and social-cognitive theory
Flooding: expose client to phobia for extended periods until anxiety decreases
…
What are cognitive behavior therapies (CBT)?
Assume maladaptive behavior results from irrational thoughts, etc.
What is CT and REBT? How do clients benefit?
Cognitive therapy (CT): anxiety/depression can be traced to automatic thoughts; help clients overcome these cognitive errors
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT): replace irrational beliefs with rational ones, correcting emotional reactions
What are the different types of biological (biomedical) therapies?
Drug and surgical therapies
What are neuroleptics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines?
Drug therapies; reduce amount of time patient is hospitalized
What invasive and non-invasive therapies are used to treat depression?
Invasive: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Non-invasive: Rapid Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
What are the various types of mental health professionals?
Psychiatrist; Psychoanalyst; Clinical psychologist; Counseling psychologist; Clinical or psychiatric social worker (M.S.W.)
(FINAL)
