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PSYCH 2301 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Everything of which we are aware at any given time

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2
Q

What are circadian rhythms? How do they affect physiological and psychological functioning?

A

The body’s internal clock
They regulate heartrate, appetite, hormone and enzyme secretion/elimination, body temp., alertness, learning, and moods

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3
Q

What are the different theories on sleep?

A

Restorative theory: restore/repair body and mind
Circadian theory: evolutionary trait to keep out of harm’s way during night

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4
Q

What are the different stages of sleep?

A

1: wake to sleep
2: light to deeper sleep
3: deeper sleep
4: deepest sleep

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5
Q

What is sleep deprivation?

A

Lack of good quality sleep

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6
Q

How does sleep change throughout the lifespan?

A

Infants: longest, erratic sleep patterns
6-puberty: stabilization of sleep patterns
Adolescents: sleep patterns influenced by lifestyles
Adults: more time in bed, but less time asleep

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7
Q

What are parasomnias and dyssomnias?

A

Parasomnia: behaviors and physiological states that normally occur only in the waking state take place during sleep
Dyssomnia: sleep disorder in which the timing, quantity, or quality of sleep is impaired

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8
Q

How does dreaming occur?

A

Prefrontal cortex is suppressed during REM sleep

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9
Q

What are the different theories of dreams?

A

Cognitive: thinking while we sleep
Activation-synthesis: random firing of brain cells during REM
Evolutionary: survival/coping mechanism

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10
Q

What are altered states of consciousness?

A

temporary change in a person’s mental state

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11
Q

How do humans alter their state of consciousness?

A

Getting high, wasted, tripping out, meditation, hypnosis

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12
Q

What is meditation?

A

Techniques used to block out distractions and to control physical and psychological problems

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13
Q

What are psychoactive substances?

A

Any substance that alters mood, perception, or thought

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14
Q

How do drugs affect the brain’s neurotransmitter system?

A

Create a sense of pleasure by increasing availability of dopamine

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15
Q

What is the difference between substance abuse and substance dependence?

A

Abuse: continuous use of substance that negatively affects an individual’s life
Dependence: user develops drug tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, cravings, and impulsiveness

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16
Q

How do stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens affect behavior?

A

Stimulants: speed up activity in CNS
Depressants: decreases activity in CNS
Hallucinogens: alter perceptions of time and space

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17
Q

What is learning?

A

A relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude

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18
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learn to associate one stimulus with another

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19
Q

Any event or objects in the environment to which an organism responds

A

Stimulus

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20
Q

Elicits unconditioned response without learning (food, loud noise, light in eye)

A

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

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21
Q

Response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without learning

A

Unconditioned response (UR)

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22
Q

Presented shortly before an unconditioned stimulus

A

Neutral stimulus

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23
Q

Neutral stimulus that becomes associated with US then elicits a CR

A

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

24
Q

A learned response elicited by CS because of repeated pairing with an US

A

Conditioned response (CR)

25
Q

Weakening and disappearance of CR because of repeated presentation of CS without US, like forgetting

A

Extinction

26
Q

Reappearance of extinguished CR when an organism is exposed to CS following rest period

A

Spontaneous recovery

27
Q

What is generalization?

A

Tendency to make a CR to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS

28
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli

29
Q

What is a taste aversion?

A

Intense dislike and/or avoidance of particular foods

30
Q

What was the “Little Albert” experiment all about?

A

Watson and Rayner (1920) classically conditioned child to fear a rat

31
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Consequences of behavior are manipulated modify the frequency of an existing behavior or create a new one

32
Q

What are consequences?

A

Effect of a response

33
Q

What are reinforcement and punishment and when are they used?

A

Reinforcement: event that serves to strengthen response
Punishment: a consequence enacted to eliminate undesired behavior

34
Q

What are primary and secondary reinforcements?

A

Primary: reinforcer that fulfills a basic physical need
Secondary: reinforcer learned through association with other reinforcers

35
Q

What are the disadvantages of punishment?

A

Punishment only suppresses behavior when the punishing agent is present
Does not help develop more appropriate behavior
Punished often becomes fearful (aggressive) towards punisher

36
Q

What are schedules of reinforcement?

A

Systematic process for administering reinforcement which influences the operant conditioning process

37
Q

What are ratio (fixed/variable) and interval (fixed/variable) schedules?

A

Ratio: number of occurrences
Interval: relate to time, number of times

38
Q

What other types of learning were discussed? (Cognitive, insight, latent, observational, media)

A

Cognitive: using mental processes and forming mental representations
Insight: “lightbulb” moment
Latent: occur until organism is motivated to do so
Observational: learning by observing others

39
Q

Does the media affect aggressive and violent behaviors?

A

Yes

40
Q

What is memory?

A

Includes the encoding, storage, and retrieval of info.

41
Q

How are memories formed?

A

Repeated exposure to an experience

42
Q

What is the process required for remembering?

A

Encoding, storage, and retrieval of info.

43
Q

What brain structures are involved in the memory process? What are their primary functions?

A

Hippocampus: forms episodic memories
Cerebral cortex: stores long term memories
Amygdala: fight or flight response
Basal ganglia: associated with habits and skills
Cerebellum: implicit memory related to more control and coordination
Prefrontal cortex: working memory

44
Q

How are computer information processing and human memory similar?

A

Both encode, store, process and retrieve info; but human memory involve context and emotion

45
Q

What are the different types of memories systems proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin? (Sensory, working, and long-term)

A

Sensory: Large capacity; ~2 sec.
Short term: 5-9 items; <30 sec.
Long term: unlimited; minutes-lifetime

46
Q

What are maintenance and elaborative rehearsal?

A

Maintenance: “shallow”
Elaborative: “deep”

47
Q

What is displacement, chunking?

A

Displacement: new items push out existing items
Chunking: grouping info into larger units

48
Q

What are the factors that influence/impede memory formation?

A

Attention and focus
Emotional state
Sleep
Stress and anxiety
Repetition and practice
Context and environmental cues
Nutrition and physical health
Age
Drugs and alcohol
Mental and physical health conditions
Motivation

49
Q

What is the retrieval process and what interferes with this process?

A

Stimulus aids in retrieving info. from long term memory
Primary, Recency, and Context effects

50
Q

What is the difference between recall and recognition?

A

Recall: involved access of memory
Recognition: identifying familiar material

51
Q

What is meant by memory being reconstructed?

A

An event pieced together from a few highlights

52
Q

What are the various forgetting examples?

A

Encoding failure
Decay
Interference
Consolidation failure
Motivated forgetting
Prospective forgetting

53
Q

What is amnesia?

A

Partial or complete loss of memory

54
Q

What types of amnesia discussed?

A

Anterograde: inability to form long-term memories
Retrograde: loss of memory occurring shortly before loss of consciousness
Infantile: inability to recall events from first few years

55
Q

What is dementia?

A

Neurological disorders in which degenerative processes in the brain diminish people’s ability to remember and process info.

PSYCH 2301 (4 decks)

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