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PSYCH 2301 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology?

A

The study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Why does psychology use the scientific method?

A

To attempt to answer the many questions of psychology using a reliable, factual method

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3
Q

What are the goals of psychology?

A

To understand human behavior as a whole; what biological structures enable certain processes to occur

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4
Q

What are functionalism and structuralism?

A

Functionalism: what something does
Structuralism: how something is

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5
Q

The environment influences behavior most

A

Behaviorism

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6
Q

Unconscious motivation and early childhood experiences influence behavior most

A

Psychoanalysis

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7
Q

One’s own experiences influence behavior most

A

Humanistic Psychology

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8
Q

The role of mental processes (perception, thinking, memory) that underlie behavior

A

Cognitive Psychology

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9
Q

The role of adaptive inherited tendencies

A

Evolutionary Psychology

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10
Q

The role of biological processes and structures (and heredity)

A

Biological Psychology

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11
Q

Social and cultural influences influence behavior most

A

Sociocultural Approach

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12
Q

Why are different perspectives utilized?

A

They can be applied to different disciplines

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13
Q

What does it mean to engage in critical thinking?

A

To consider options and consequences in order to make informed decisions

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14
Q

What are the pros and cons of observational and case studies?

A

Observational
-pros: gain a general perspective
-cons: too broad
Case studies
-pros: gain a more detailed, in-depth perspective
-cons: cannot be averaged/universal/generalized

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15
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the correlational method?

A

Strengths: information about one variable can be used to predict the other
Weaknesses: cannot be used to determine causation

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16
Q

What are the dependent and independent variables?

A

Dependent: a factor or condition measured to determine the impact of the experimental manipulation
Independent: a factor or condition that is manipulated to determine whether it causes any change in another behavior or condition

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17
Q

How do researchers use experiments to test causal hypotheses?

A

Confounding variables: factors other than the independent variable that can affect results and therefore validity
Selection bias: assignment to groups that systematic differences between groups are present at the beginning on an experiment

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18
Q

How can participant selection influence a study’s usefulness?

A

Research results will be more detailed with different demographic groups

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19
Q

What are the various imaging techniques discussed?

A

CT scan (Computerized axial tomography)
MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)
PET scan (Positron emission tomography)
functional MRI (fMRI)

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20
Q

How do researchers use imaging techniques to study the nervous system?

A

EEG detects electrical activity in the brain
Microelectordes monitors single neuron activity

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21
Q

What are the various parts of the neuron? What does each part of the neuron do?

A

Cell body: contains nucleus
Dendrites: primary receivers of signals from other neurons
Axon: slender extensions of the neuron ending in an axon terminal
Axon terminal: where signals move from the axon of one neuron to the dendrites/cell body of others

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22
Q

What is neurotransmitter? What do they do?

A

Specialized chemicals that facilitate or inhibit the transmission of impulses from one neuron to the next

23
Q

What is reuptake?

A

When the neurotransmitter is taken back into the axon terminal

24
Q

How do neurons transmit messages through the nervous system?

A

Through the axon terminal

25
Q

What are the structures and functions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system: fight or flight and rebalance bodily responses

26
Q

what are the structures and functions of the central nervous system?

A

Spinal cord: transmits messages between brain and peripheral nervous system
Brain: thinking

27
Q

What are the components of the cerebrum?

A

Brainstem and cerebellum

28
Q

What are the specialized functions of the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

A

Left hemisphere: right side of the body, language, math & logic
Right hemisphere: left side of the body, emotional messages, visual-spatial relations

29
Q

What basic functions are associated with each of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal lobe: executive processing
Parietal lobe: touch, pressure, temp., and pain
Occipital lobe: receive and interpret visuals
Temporal lobe: hearing

30
Q

How does the brain change across the lifespan?

A

The brain continually reorganizes itself by forming new neural connections

31
Q

What are the functions of the glands of the endocrine system?

A

Pituitary: “master gland”
Pineal: melatonin; sleep/wake
Thyroid: thyroxine; metabolism
Parathyroid: parathyroid hormone; absorb minerals
Adrenal: emergencies and stress

32
Q

How does heredity affect physical and psychological traits?

A

Physical: genes, health, biological processes
Psychological: temperament, intelligence, mental health, behavioral traits

33
Q

What is sensation?

A

The process whereby senses pick up sensory stimuli from the environment

34
Q

What is perception?

A

The process whereby the brain organizes and interprets sensory information

35
Q

What is transduction?

A

The process by which sensory receptors “convert” sensory stimulation into neural impulses

36
Q

What are the parts of the eye covered in class?

A

Cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, optic nerve

37
Q

How does each part of the eye function in vision?

A

Cornea: directs light to through the pupil
Pupil: admits light
Iris: regulates the amount of light entering eye thru contraction/dilation
Lens: focuses, directs image to retina
Retina: transduces light stimulation into neural impulses
Optic nerve: connects eye to brain

38
Q

dHow does visual information get from the retina to the primary visual cortex?

A

Retina turns light stimulation into neural impulses

39
Q

What are the theories on color vision?

A

Trichromatic theory: RGB; 3 types of cones in retina
Opponent-process theory: cells respond firing intensity according to what colors are present

40
Q

What are the parts of the outer and inner ear involved in hearing?

A

Pinna (outer ear)
Auditory canal
Eardrum
Ossicles
Oval window
Cochlea (inner ear)

41
Q

What are the physical characteristics of sound?

A

Sound waves, frequency amplitude, timbre, pitch, and decibels

42
Q

How do the kinesthetics and vestibular senses function?

A

Kinesthetic: receptors in joints, ligaments, and muscles
Vestibular: detects info about body’s orientation in space

43
Q

What is olfaction?

A

sense of smell

44
Q

What is gustation?

A

sense of taste

45
Q

How do smell sensations get form the nose to the brain?

A

The orbitofrontal cortex

46
Q

How do we detect the primary taste sensations?

A

Papillae and taste buds

47
Q

How does the skin provide all those pleasant and unpleasant sensations?

A

The skin is pressure and temp. sensitive

48
Q

Process of transduction for all 5 senses

A

Touch, taste, sight, smell, and hearing

49
Q

What is perception?

A

Assigning meaning to environmental stimuli

50
Q

How does prior knowledge influence perception?

A

Shapes expectations and interprets sensory information

51
Q

What are the Gestalt principles of perceptual organization?

A

Sensory experience is organized in basic principles

52
Q

What do monocular and binocular cues contribute to perception?

A

Monocular: interposition, linear, perspective, relative size, texture gradient, atmospheric perspective, shadow/shading, motion parallax
Binocular: convergence, binocular retinal disparity

53
Q

How does the brain perceive motion?

A

Compares movement of light across retina to visual reference points

PSYCH 2301 (4 decks)

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