Test 4 Flashcards
Memorize by Final Exam 12/11
Municipal Waste
Combination of household and commercial waste
Has increased over time
What trends can we see with waste in the US?
Mainly comes from food, paper, and cardboard
Mainly disposed of in landfills (50%), unlike other countries who mainly incinerate and recycle
What trends can we see with waste worldwide between countries of different incomes?
High income: produces more waste and more paper
Low/middle income: produces mostly organic waste
What is the Waste Management Hierarchy?
A way of determining the most preferred ways to deal with waste (reduce, reuse, recycle, compost) and the lesser/least preferred ways (energy recovery from incineration, treatment + disposal)
Landfills
Priority is to keep things contained by compacting the trash and covering it with dirt to discourage smells, pests, wind-blown litter, etc.
Incinerators
Burning waste to minimize the space it takes up in landfills
Energy in the form of heat and steam can be harnessed
Recycling
Reprocessing discarded material into new, useful products to prevent it from ending up in a landfill
Better for the environment
What are some of the problems we see with plastic recycling?
Different kinds need to be separated because they won’t melt together
Downcycling (recycled plastic generally can’t be recycled again)
Undesirable for companies: making new plastic is cheaper + recycled plastic is less durable
What percent of plastic waste in the US is recycled?
5%
Wish-Cycling
Throwing things in the recycle (even if you don’t know if they can be recycled) and hoping for the best
E-Waste
Waste from electronics like computers, phones, TVs, and batteries
Contains a lot of toxic materials such as mercury and lead, which can contaminate soil and groundwater if left in landfills
What did the US previously do with its e-waste and plastics? What’s happening to it now?
Shipped it to China
China banned trash imports including e-waste and plastics
Now this trash burden falls onto other nations such as India and Thailand
Composting
Type of recycling that converts organic waste to soil-enriching organic fertilizer
Anaerobic Digesters
Captures methane being released by livestock manure, sewage, and other organic waste and producing energy from it
What are the benefits of anaerobic digesters?
Reduces food waste in landfills + methane that ends up in the atmosphere
Economically beneficial to farmers, grocery stores, and energy consumers
Hazardous Waste
Any discarded material (liquid or solid) that contains substances known to be fatal, toxic, carcinogenic, ignitable/explosive, corrosive, or highly reactive
Love Canal
Area that used to be an industrial waste dump for an electrical company and was later turned into a suburb
People started getting sick
They discovered that the company had been dumping hazardous waste that contaminated the soil and groundwater
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Requires industries using hazardous chemicals to track them from “cradle to grave”
Makes them responsible for the chemicals they’re using and how they dispose of them
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
Tracks/identifies abandoned hazardous waste dumps
Comes up with plans to clean them
Compensates people for cleaning them + holds companies liable for it
EPA has access to a “superfund” to help pay for these cleanups
Phytoremediation
Type of bioremediation that uses plants to clean up toxic waste
Exs:
- Sunflowers near Chernobyl
- Bracken fern to absorb arsenic
- Genetically modified poplars (trees) that extract mercury from the soil and convert it to a less toxic form
What percentage of the world lives in cities?
56% = about 4.4 billion people
Prediction that this number with continue to grow to about 2/3
What is a city?
An urban area with more than 2,500 residents
Areas that deal with commerce, manufacturing, government, the exchange of ideas, etc.
What causes urban growth?
Natural population increases due to better sanitation, healthcare, etc.
Increased migration to cities due to both push and pull factors
What are some push factors that encourage people to move out of rural areas?
Climate change and mechanization affecting agricultural production
Fewer jobs
Social and political conflict (persecution and forced displacement)
Less affordable housing