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ENVI 101 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

10/21

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1
Q

How has the US tried dealing with food and hunger?

A

Machinery, modified seeds, irrigation systems, chemicals
Strong emphasis on yield and productivity

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2
Q

How has Burkina Faso tried dealing with food and hunger?

A

Efficient use of natural resources in farming: water capture, small scale agriculture, little reliance on chemicals

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3
Q

Green Revolution

A

Occurred in the 50’s and 60’s
Focus by Westerners to help developing countries address hunger and food insecurity
Successfully increased crop yields

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4
Q

Norman Borlaug

A

Helped develop new varieties of agricultural products in the Green Revolution

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5
Q

What are some critiques of the Green Revolution?

A

Forced poor farmers to rely on chemicals
Drove farmers off their land that couldn’t afford the new tech
Concerns about water availability to support crops

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6
Q

Chronic Undernutrition

A

When people can’t grow or buy enough food to support their basic energy needs, negatively impacting their ability to live a healthy, productive life

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7
Q

Malnourishment

A

Nutritional Imbalance
Caused by lack of specific dietary components or inability to absorb nutrients

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8
Q

Macronutrients vs Micronutrients

A

Carbs, proteins, fats VS vitamins and minerals

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9
Q

Vitamin A

A

Helps with eyesight
Too little = blindness

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10
Q

Iron

A

Helps transport oxygen through blood
Too little = anemia

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11
Q

Iodine

A

Helps regulate metabolism and development
Too little = stunted growth and thyroid problems

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12
Q

Food Security

A

The ability to obtain plentiful and nutritious food on a daily basis

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13
Q

Food Deserts

A

Areas that lack access to nutritious foods like fresh produce

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14
Q

Food Swamps

A

Areas that have an overabundance of processed foods via convenience stores and fast food

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15
Q

What are some organizations in the Binghamton area trying to address food insecurity?

A

Chow, Food Pantry, vines, Bing Food Rescue, Food Bank of the Southern Tier

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16
Q

What are the 3 key food sources?

A

Wheat, rice, and corn

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17
Q

What trends can we see with meat production?

A

Global consumption of meat has doubled since the 60’s
US is the second largest producer of meat products (first is China, mainly for pork)

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18
Q

What are CAFOs? What are the concerns associated with them?

A

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
Zoonotic disease, antibiotic resistance, waste runoff, fecal contamination, greenhouse gasses

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19
Q

What trends can be seen with seafood production?

A

Shift from fisheries to aquaculture

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20
Q

Fishery

A

Commercial harvesting of wild aquatic species

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21
Q

What are the three types of fishing techniques?

A

Trawling: large net across seafloor
Purse-seine Fishing: encircling fish with a net
Long-Lining: lines with baited hooks used to catch tuna, halibut, cod, etc.

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22
Q

What are some problems associated with capture fisheries?

A

Bi-catch: unwanted fish being collected by nets and dying
Destruction of ocean floor habitats by trawling
Overfishing: not giving populations enough time to recover before fishing again

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23
Q

What is aquaculture? What are some concerns associated with it? What are some innovations to address those concerns?

A

Farming fish
Waste, relying on wild fish to feed farmed fish, disease spread
Used tide to disperse waste, using less wild fish in the food for farmed fish, using cameras to track food dispersal

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24
Q

What are farm subsidies? What are some concerns with them?

A

Government support for farmers, often through money
Funding tends to go to bigger farms with larger yields, which have bigger environmental impacts

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25
Q

What is a soil conservation program?

A

When the government pays farmers to take some of their land out of agriculture to prevent soil erosion and allow nutrient build up

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26
Q

What is soil?

A

A complex mixture of rocks, minerals/nutrients, decaying organic matter, water, air, and living organisms
Supports plant/animal life

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27
Q

What are the 3 different particle sizes in soil?

A

Sand, silt, and clay

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28
Q

What is soil texture determined by?

A

The percentage, usually by weight, of each type of soil particle present

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29
Q

What type of soil is best for plant growth? Why?

A

Loam: 40 sand, 40 silt, 20 clay
Allows water to pass through at an ideal rate

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30
Q

What is a soil profile? What are the layers in order from youngest to oldest?

A

The sequence of horizontal layers of soil, with the youngest at the top
Organic, topsoil, subsoil, parent material, bedrock

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31
Q

Organic Layer

A

Decomposed plant/animal material
Lots of carbon

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32
Q

Topsoil

A

Mineral soil from the plant material
Some organic matter

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33
Q

Subsoil

A

Mostly inorganic, broken down rock
Lots of clay

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34
Q

Parent material

A

Weathered rock on which soil is built
Sand, silt, bedrock, etc.

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35
Q

How does the carbon cycle work?

A

Moves through and is stored in land/soil, living things like plants, water/ocean, and the atmosphere

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36
Q

How does carbon move back and forth between the atmosphere and other things?

A

Photosynthesis (air to plants)
Cellular Respiration (living things to air)

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37
Q

How have humans altered the carbon cycle?

A

Releasing historically stored carbon back into the atmosphere
Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, tilling too often

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38
Q

What two nutrients do plants need for growth?

A

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

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39
Q

Where is the majority of Nitrogen?

A

In the atmosphere, of which it makes up about 78%

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40
Q

How do plants capture Nitrogen?

A

Lightning strikes
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil or attached to their root nodules

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41
Q

Where is the majority of Phosphorus?

A

Phosphate ions contained in rocks

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42
Q

How do phosphate ions get released from rocks?

A

Being dissolved by water that’s running over the rock

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43
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

When runoff from farms deposits excessive amounts of nutrients into water bodies, leading to dense plant growth, a lack of oxygen in the water, and the death of animal life

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44
Q

What is erosion? Why is it a problem with conventional farming?

A

When the topsoil is moved away by wind or water
Overturning = exposing soil and losing top layers of it faster

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45
Q

Why do farmers till their land?

A

To distribute air and moisture throughout the soil so seeds can grow better
Can be problematic if done too often

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46
Q

What was the Dust Bowl?

A

Overtilling of land + severe droughts + wind = dust storms
Intensified the Great Depression and led to migration westward
Left millions of acres of farmland useless

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47
Q

What were the effects of the Dust Bowl on agriculture?

A

Creation of Soil Erosion Service and Prairie States Forestry Project
Both dedicated to preventing soil erosion

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48
Q

What is excessive irrigation?

A

When farmers pump too much water out of the ground to water their crops

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49
Q

What are the effects of excessive irrigation?

A

Soil Salinization: accumulation of salt in upper layers of soil = stunted plant growth
Waterlogging: accumulation of underground water = rising water table = dead plants

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50
Q

What do the different kinds of pesticides target?

A

Insecticides = insects, herbicides = weeds, fungicides = fungi, rodenticides = rodents

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51
Q

What are the advantages of synthetic pesticides?

A

Customizable purpose, effective, improve crop yields and quality, expand food supply, affordable (in US)

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52
Q

What are the disadvantages of synthetic pesticides?

A

Genetic resistance if overused, non-target organisms may be impacted, residue on produce, health concerns for people spraying, pesticide drift, environmental pollution

53
Q

How can we restore soil according to Zelikova?

A

Feed the microbes (increase the diversity of life in the soil)
Leads to more carbon in the soil, which can: serve as a carbon sink and lead to better water infiltration, retention, and higher nutrient content

54
Q

How can we conserve topsoil?

A

Terracing, Contour Planting, Strip-cropping with a cover crop, Alley cropping/Agroforestry

55
Q

Terracing vs Contour Planting

A

Converting a sloped piece of land into broad terraces vs planting perpendicular to a sloped piece of land
Both help prevent water erosion

56
Q

Strip-cropping with a cover crop

A

Planting every other row of crops with a nitrogen-fixing cover crop such as clover
This acts as a natural fertilizer and keeps more soil covered

57
Q

Alley Cropping

A

AKA Agroforestry
Planting trees between rows of crops to create a wind break, prevent soil erosion (trees have dense root structures), and encourage biodiversity by creating habitats for birds

58
Q

How can we restore soil fertility?

A

Organic (carbon-based) fertilizers such as animal/green manure and compost
Crop Rotation: switching out the crops you’re planting and/or area you’re planting on

59
Q

Biological Controls

A

Using a living thing such as natural predators, parasites, or disease-causing bacteria and viruses to address pest problems

60
Q

What are some potential problems with Biological Controls?

A

Can’t control the population, risk that the biological control becomes the pest, difficult to apply/mass produce, time lags

61
Q

Integrated Pest Management

A

Crops and pests are evaluated as part of the ecosystem
Trying biological and cultivation (crop rotation) controls before using small amounts of synthetic pesticides

62
Q

Hydroponics

A

Growing plants without soil by exposing their roots to a nutrient-rich water solution

63
Q

What are the benefits of Hydroponics?

A

Can happen year-round, water conservation, no runoff, efficient light, no chemicals, repurposing abandoned spaces

64
Q

What is a major drawback of Hydroponics?

A

Needing a lot of electricity to power the lights

65
Q

Aquaponic System

A

Like hydroponics, but adds fish into the system
Waste from the fish is used to help the plants grow

66
Q

Organic Agriculture

A

Uses integrated pest management to promote biodiversity and nutrient cycles without the use of chemicals like hormones, antibiotics, pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, and/or genetic modification

67
Q

What are some ways to promote sustainable agriculture in your local community?

A

Buying local (supports the local economy and reduces the amount of greenhouse gases needed for transportation)
Participating in community-supported agriculture (CSAs)

68
Q

The Food System

A

Production (growing, harvesting, packing), processing, distribution, marketing, purchasing, consumption, waste

69
Q

What environmental factors influence a farmer’s decision to crop a certain crop?

A

Climate, soil types, plant and animal species, plant diseases

70
Q

What economic/financial factors influence a farmer’s decision to crop a certain crop?

A

Cost of seed, regulation costs, profit loss from environmental pressures, harvesting costs, marketing and transportation costs, market value, agreements with companies

71
Q

What social factors influence a farmer’s decision to crop a certain crop?

A

Demand for product, origin or DNA modifications, nutritional profile, quality, appearance, taste
Overall Consumer Interests

72
Q

Crossbreeding

A

Combining two sexually compatible species to create a variety of a crop with the desired traits of the parents
Occurs over several years through trial and error

73
Q

What is an example of a crop created through crossbreeding?

A

Galaxy Suite: tomato with a variety of colors, textures, and flavors
Created to please customers (social goals)

74
Q

Transgenesis

A

Genetic Engineering and GMOs
Adding new genes (from any species) to the genome of a plant
Must be done in a lab
New crop has about 1 to 4 new genes

75
Q

What is an example of a crop created using transgenesis?

A

Purple tomato: higher antioxidant levels and longer shelf life
Created to influence nutritional value and quality (social goals)

76
Q

Gene editing

A

Changing the genome within a particular organism using enzymes like CRISPR

77
Q

What is CRISPR

A

A protein from a bacteria that is able to edit the DNA of other organisms
Used to find and edit the genes within a plant in gene editing

78
Q

What is an example of a crop created with gene editing?

A

Tomatoes with higher vitamin D
Influenced a gene responsible for making the enzyme that turns provitamin D into cholesterol
Aimed to change nutritional value (social goals)

79
Q

What are some other examples of crops that were genetically modified? What were they modified to have?

A

Corn, cotton, and soybeans
Made to be herbicide tolerant and insect resistant

80
Q

What are some additional factors that may influence a farmer’s decision to grow a crop?

A

Changing public perception about transgenesis (GMOs)
Changing public policies and labeling requirements

81
Q

What is biodiversity and what are the 3 kinds?

A

The variety of life
Genetic, Species, and Ecological

82
Q

Why should we care about biodiversity?

A

Species provide vital ecosystem, economic, medicinal, and recreational services
Existence Value

83
Q

What is existence value?

A

The importance that people place on a species just knowing that it exists
Wanting to protect an animal just because we want it to exist

84
Q

What are some threats to biodiversity?

A

Extinction: elimination of species (natural process sped up by human involvement)
Habitat Destruction: deforestation, dams, oil/gas drilling, trawling
Invasive Species

85
Q

What are invasive species

A

Non-native species that outcompete native populations for food, disrupt ecosystem services, transmit diseases, and lead to economic losses

86
Q

What are some examples of invasive species?

A

Zebra mussels, round goby, emerald ash borer, spotted lanternfly, autumn olive

87
Q

What can be done about invasive species?

A

Increase research funding, surveys, increasing inspection of imported goods, educating the public

88
Q

What can be done about biodiversity in general?

A

International treaties, policies, pollinator gardens, seed banks, botanical gardens, zoos and aquariums

89
Q

What’s an example of an international treaty about biodiversity?

A

UN Convention on Biological Diversity
Goals: reduce rate of biodiversity loss, share use of genetic resources, prevent spread of invasive species

90
Q

What’s an example of a policy about biodiversity?

A

Endangered Species Act: list of endangered and threatened species, which are illegal to import, export, or hunt
Also protects habitats with these species

91
Q

What’s some controversy surrounding the endangered species act?

A

Can hinder development projects
Can become a problem for ranchers when animals such as wolves are on the list

92
Q

What is captive breeding and its challenges?

A

Trying to build up animal populations for release into the wild
Challenges:
reliance on human caretakes, expensive, difficult to build large enough numbers for natural survival, doesn’t address habitat destruction

93
Q

How do seed banks and botanical gardens support biodiversity?

A

Preserves genetic information in seeds
Preserves various plant species

94
Q

What are some important milestones in the history of National Parks?

A

Unitarian Christianity, Transcendentalism, Hot Springs Reservation, Nation’s Park, Yosemite Act, Yellowstone, Antiquities Act, Organic Act

95
Q

What changes do we see in forested land globally?

A

General decrease in percentage of forests everywhere except North America (which is experiencing an increase in forests due to reforestation and importing lumber)

96
Q

What services do forests provide?

A

Lumber, habitat, recreation, water retention, prevent soil erosion, shade, food, carbon sink

97
Q

Clearcutting

A

Cutting down all the trees in an area

98
Q

Shelterwood and Group Selection

A

Harvesting select trees in an area at specific intervals
Opens up areas of light for new trees to potentially grow, with the larger trees providing shelter for the smaller ones

99
Q

Single Tree Selection

A

Harvesting specific trees or kinds of trees

100
Q

What’s special about tropical rainforests?

A

High biodiversity and high rates of deforestation due to: palm oil, soybeans, cattle grazing, logging

101
Q

What are some ways to reduce deforestation?

A

Government regulations and third-party certifications

102
Q

Why can forest fires be beneficial?

A

Regenerates tree populations, clears out undergrowth, creates a natural barrier for future fires, gets rid of combustible material

103
Q

What are serotinous cones?

A

Open and release their seeds only when exposed to the heat of fire

104
Q

Surface fires vs Crown fires

A

Burns undergrowth and leaf litter vs a fire that spreads up to the crowns of the trees and is more difficult to control

105
Q

Prescribed burns

A

Creating a controlled fire to promote the benefits of surface fires while preventing crown fires in the future

106
Q

What are some causes of increased crown fires?

A

Climate change = longer fire seasons
Hot, dry weather = insect attacks = dead trees = combustible material
More people living in the wildland-urban interface

107
Q

Defensible Space

A

Designing the landscape around a house in a way that reduces the risk of fire reaching the home

108
Q

Grasslands

A

Occupy 27% of land’s surface area
Used for livestock grazing
Problems with overgrazing

109
Q

Rotational Grazing

A

Potential solution to overgrazing
Rotating livestock to different areas, giving grasslands time to recover

110
Q

What is “The Land Ethic”

A

Land and people are both part of a larger biotic community
We should protect the land because it has a right to exist, not because of its economic value

111
Q

National Forest System

A

Conservation
Use for logging, farming, grazing, recreation, etc.

112
Q

Bureau of Land Management

A

Large tracts of land that can be used for mining, oil extraction, and grazing with permits

113
Q

National Park Service

A

Preservation
Allows recreation like hiking, camping, fishing, + boating

114
Q

National Wildlife Refuge

A

Conserve fish, wildlife, and plants
Minimal recreation permitted: photography, birding, fishing, + some hunting

115
Q

How can communities get involved in land protection?

A

History of community displacement is changing
Guanacaste National Park: involving locals in park management

116
Q

What sorts of conflicts can be seen in protected areas in South America?

A

Drug trafficking occurring in protected areas (they’re remote and less policed)

117
Q

What conflicts can seen in protected areas in Madagascar?

A

Deforestation due to vanilla cultivation = allowing mixed-use status (cultivation with regulations)
Deforestation due to marijuana cultivation = law enforcement partnering with park management for strict enforcement (some suggest legalizing marijuana instead)

118
Q

What did Wangari Maathai do?

A

Green Belt Movement = reforestation in Kenya
Focused on providing jobs for women outside of the home

119
Q

What are coral reefs?

A

Mutualistic relationship b/w polyps (small animal) and algae
Forms in clear, warm/tropical, coastal areas
One of world’s oldest and most diverse ecosystems

120
Q

Why should we care about coral reefs?

A

Provide natural storm barrier, habitat for various organisms, spawning grounds for almost 1/3 of aquatic species, supports tourism and fishing industries

121
Q

How are coral reefs being threatened?

A

Soil runoff leads to clouded waters and less sunlight for algae
Climate change leads to rising ocean temps
Increasing ocean acidity leads to decay of protective calcium carbonate shells
Destructive fishing practices

122
Q

What is the effect of destructive processes on the coral reefs?

A

Coral bleaching - acidity and high temps leads to death of the colorful algae (hence why the coral looks white/bleached)

123
Q

How are coral reefs being restored?

A

Assisted Evolution - harvesting different coral fragments and cultivating them in underwater nurseries (in an attempted to guide evolution towards corals that can withstand new ocean conditions)

124
Q

Ecological Restoration

A

Bringing a landscape back to its former condition (ideally before human disturbance occurred)

125
Q

Rehabilitation

A

Least extreme type of restoration
Rebuilding the community to a useful, functioning state
Not concerned about returning it to its original condition

126
Q

Remediation

A

Relatively mild or nondestructive chemical, physical, or biological methods to remove pollution

127
Q

Bioremediation

A

Type of remediation where you use living things to remove toxins (ex: planting sunflowers near Chernobyl)

128
Q

Reclamation

A

Most extreme form of restoration
Involves extreme techniques to clean up severe pollution in highly degraded or barren sites (ex: Onondaga Lake project)

129
Q

What are the key components of restoration?

A

Removing physical stressors and invasive species, replanting (ideally native species), reestablishing fauna (ex: captive breeding), monitoring

ENVI 101 (4 decks)

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