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ENVI 101 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

Memorize by Test 1 on 9/20

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1
Q

Environmental Science

A

The study of the natural and “built” worlds (i.e. the technological, social, and cultural world)

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2
Q

Biotic vs Abiotic

A

Living vs Nonliving

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3
Q

Ecosystem Services

A

Resources provided by the environment that benefit people
Ex: trees providing oxygen, thermoregulation, food, lumber
Ex 2: water providing hydration, transportation, habitats

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4
Q

Inherent vs Instrumental Value

A

Belief that something has intrinsic value and should therefore be protected vs belief that something has value based on its usefulness to people

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5
Q

Stewardship

A

How we take care of something, particularly our resources and land

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6
Q

Environmental Justice and issues relating to it

A

Combines civil rights and environmental justice
Issues relating to this: Hazardous waste landfills tend to be located in poor communities, increasing their exposure to toxic substances

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7
Q

Preservation vs Conservation

A

Leaving the land untouched and preserving its natural beauty vs protecting the land while sustainably getting resources from it

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8
Q

National parks vs National Forests

A

Established to enjoy the outdoors through camping or hiking without using the resources from the land vs protects the land but allows for more use of it through sustainable logging

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9
Q

John Muir

A

Preservationist that helped found various national parks, such as Yellowstone

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10
Q

Gifford Pinchot

A

First chief of the US Forest Service

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11
Q

Aldo Leopold

A

Wrote Sand County Almanac, which says that people should protect nature and be one with it rather than try to conquer it

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12
Q

Rachel Carson

A

Wrote Silent Spring, which was about the negative effects of chemicals such as DDT on the environment

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13
Q

Bill McKibbon

A

Created 350.org, which aims to get college students involved with the topic of climate change

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14
Q

Van Jones

A

Served as Obama’s advisor on green jobs, which are focused on energy efficiency such as solar panels

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15
Q

Wangari Maathi

A

Founded the green belt movement in Kenya in 2004, which focused on reforestation and employing women

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16
Q

Greta Thunberg

A

Focused on getting younger generations involved in environmental protection by having students strike in the name of climate change

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17
Q

Sustainable Development

A

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

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18
Q

Tragedy of the Commons

A

Concept created by Garrett Hardin that says that when there are no limitations to resource access, people will act in their own self-interest and use as much of said resource as they can
Proposed solution: state regulations and private property laws

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19
Q

Elinor Ostrom

A

Pushed back against Garrett Hardin’s ideas by saying that it’s possible to share our resources without the use of regulations, aka “managing the common”

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20
Q

What tends to happen as a country gets wealthier?

A

Water contamination goes down, urban air pollution goes up then back down, greenhouse gas emissions go up

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21
Q

Science

A

A way of knowing and discovering how nature works

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22
Q

Scientific Method

A

Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion

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23
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable explanation for an observation

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24
Q

Scientific Theory

A

Explanation supported by a lot of evidence

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25
Q

What are the different types of graphs?

A

Bar graphs (averages + differences b/w categories), Scatterplots (relationships across two variables), Line graphs (particular factor over time)

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26
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Tells you how much variability there is in the data

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27
Q

What is reliable science?

A

Peer Reviewed (peers makes sure that your methods are valid), scientific consensus, well documented methods (transparency)

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28
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

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29
Q

Element

A

A substance that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions

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30
Q

Atoms include:

A

Positive protons, neutral neutrons, and negative electrons

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31
Q

Atomic number vs Mass number

A

Shows the number of protons vs shows the number of protons and neutrons

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32
Q

Isotopes

A

Variations of elements caused by different numbers of neutrons, and therefore have different masses

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33
Q

Molecules

A

Two or more atoms chemically bonded together

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34
Q

Organic Molecules

A

Carbon-based molecules

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35
Q

Ions

A

Electrically charged atoms or molecules, caused by a gain or loss of electrons

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36
Q

What are the 4 different kinds of polymers?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

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37
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars made up of monosaccharides that serve as the primary source of energy

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38
Q

Lipids

A

Hydrophobic fats that serve as a store of energy

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39
Q

Proteins

A

Made up of amino acids
Can provide structure to cells, transport oxygen, or break down other polymers (enzymes)

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40
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Nucleotides that store genetic material in DNA and RNA, as well as contain information for how to built specific proteins

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41
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work
Can be Kinetic (in motion) or Potential (stored)

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42
Q

Energy Efficiency

A

How much work results from each unit of energy

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43
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

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44
Q

How does energy move through an ecosystem? What processes are involved?

A

Photosynthesis- light energy into chemical energy (performed by producers)
Cellular Respiration- chemical energy from plants into energy needed for life processes (releases heat)

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45
Q

Autotrophic vs Heterotrophic

A

producers vs eats other organisms

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46
Q

What percentage of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next?

A

10%

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47
Q

Evolution

A

The process by which organisms change genetically over time

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48
Q

Natural Selection

A

Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce under the specific environmental conditions that they live

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49
Q

Fitness

A

Ability to survive and reproduce

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50
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of the same species living together in a particular place at a particular time

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51
Q

Gene Pool

A

Collection of alleles in a population

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52
Q

Allele

A

Variation or form of a gene

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53
Q

Genotype vs Phenotype

A

The genetic code or sequence of nucleotides vs the observable expression of a gene

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54
Q

Mutations

A

Random changes in genetic information, that often don’t affect fitness

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55
Q

Evolutionary/Phylogenetic Tree

A

Groups organisms based off of similar characteristics and common evolutionary ancestry

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56
Q

Adaptations

A

Traits that allows a species to survive in its environment

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57
Q

What are the different kinds of Selection?

A

Directional- favoring one extreme version of a gene over the other
Stabilizing- favoring the intermediate version of a gene
Disruptive- favoring both extremes of a gene based off the niches available

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58
Q

What are two examples of natural selection?

A

Peppered moths
Insects developing resistance to insecticides

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59
Q

Ecological Niche

A

How an organism interacts with its environment

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60
Q

Generalists vs Specialists

A

Organisms that can live in or tolerate a wide range of habitats and environmental conditions vs organisms that occupy a narrow ecological niche and can only live under very specific conditions

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61
Q

Endemic Species

A

Only found in one particular area
Ex: lemurs

62
Q

Indicator Species

A

Organisms that are sensitive to changes in the environment, therefore their survival or loss can be an indicator of any potential problems with the area
Ex: lichens

63
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

Species with similar ecological niches divide their resources
Ex: birds occupying different branches/areas on the same tree

64
Q

Ecosystem

A

Includes abiotic and biotic factors

65
Q

Community

A

Includes only the biotic factors in an area

66
Q

Interspecies Interactions

A

Occur between different species

67
Q

Competition

A

When two organisms use similar resources and have to fight for them, negatively affecting both species
Ex: hyenas + cultures fighting over dead animal

68
Q

Herbivory

A

Consumption of plants by animals
Plants have developed thorns and poor taste/smell to counteract it

69
Q

Predation

A

Predator vs prey

70
Q

What are some examples of predator defenses?

A

Cryptic coloration, flashing coloration, chemical defenses, speed, armor/spikes, traveling in groups, mimicry

71
Q

Cryptic Coloration vs Flashing Coloration

A

Camouflage patterns vs patterns that are meant to disorientate predators, such as “eyespots” on butterflies

72
Q

Aposematism

A

Warning colorations that signal to other animals that they’re poisonous

73
Q

Mimicry

A

When an edible species (the mimic) resembles another species that is inedible or poisonous (the model)

74
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

When the mimic isn’t poisonous, but the predator avoids them anyway cause they look like the inedible model

75
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A

When species have similar color patterns and are all poisonous (ex: tropical frogs)

76
Q

Coevolution

A

When one or more species reciprocally influence each other’s evolution

77
Q

Parasitism

A

When a parasite obtains nourishment from a host through a prolonged/close relationships
Exo. = outside (tick)
Endo. = inside (heartworm)

78
Q

What do parasites do to their hosts that might lower their fitness?

A

Lead to stunted growth, negatively affect their ability to mate, weakens them and makes them more susceptible to diseases

79
Q

What defenses have animals developed against parasites?

A

Inflammatory responses, scabs, cysts, and grooming

80
Q

Mutualism

A

When species interact in a way that benefits both of them
Ex: bees and flowers/pollen

81
Q

Commensalism

A

When species interact in a way that benefits one of them but has no effect on the other

82
Q

What is an example of commensalism?

A

Epiphytes- plants that attach to the trunks or branches of other plants and grow on them, allowing them to get more sunlight and rainfall without affecting the fitness of the plant they’re growing on

83
Q

Keystone Species

A

When a species play a key role in its ecosystem, sometimes in a way that is disproportionate to their population
Ex: gray wolf

84
Q

What happened in Yellowstone when gray wolves were reintroduced?

A

Decreased elk population, increased vegetation, increased grizzly population (more berry-producing shrubs), more song bird species (more trees), more beavers (more trees) = more wetlands, less soil erosion in the river

85
Q

Trophic Cascade

A

When a top predator has a significant effect on lower trophic levels

86
Q

Ecosystem Engineers

A

When an organism or species causes important physical changes within its ecosystem
Ex: beavers building dams

87
Q

Species Diversity

A

The number and abundance of the different kinds of species living in area, measured through richness (the number of species) and evenness (the abundance of each)

88
Q

Ecological Succession

A

When species gradually change over time in response to environmental conditions

89
Q

Primary vs Secondary Succession

A

Occurs in an area where no biotic community previously existed vs occurs in an area that was previously occupied by a biotic community, which was disrupted in some way

90
Q

Pioneer Species

A

Modify the environment by breaking down rock, making them the first step to primary ecological succession by starting the soil formation process

91
Q

Exponential vs Logistic Population growth

A

Accelerating growth of a population in a way that’s fast, abundant, and not sustainable vs booming growth that eventually levels off when the population reaches their carrying capacity

92
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The max number of individuals that an environment can support

93
Q

Density Dependent Factors

A

Competition for food, water, and space; diseases; predation

94
Q

Density Independent Factors

A

Changes in temperature or climate, destruction of habitat through natural disasters (droughts, fires, floods) or through human involvement (ex: spraying pesticides)

95
Q

R-Strategists vs K-Strategists

A

Produce large numbers of offspring but provide few resources to support or raise them vs producing relatively few young but investing a lot of time and resources into raising them

96
Q

Survivorship Curve types

A

Type 1- most individuals die late in life
Type 2- age doesn’t affect probability of death
Type 3- most individuals die at a young age

97
Q

How do we calculate population change?

A

Immigration - Emigration and Births - Deaths

98
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

When there’s a variety of genes within a population or a species, making them more adaptable to environmental changes

99
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Gradual changes in gene frequencies over time due to random events

100
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

Drastic reduction in a population size due to diseases, hunting, habitat destruction, etc.

101
Q

Gene Flow

A

The movement of genes between populations, occurring through corridors or migration routes that can be obstructed by border walls

102
Q

Metapopulation

A

The collection of populations or geographically separate units that have occasional gene flow between them

103
Q

Weather

A

temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, cloudiness, etc. at a specific place and time

104
Q

Climate

A

Long term averages or patterns of weather

105
Q

Biomes

A

Large/broad eco regions with different climates and distinctive soil, precipitation, vegetation, wildlife, etc.

106
Q

What factors influence climate?

A

Solar energy (surface temperature), Earth’s rotation (the seasons and cycles of day/night), global patterns of air and water movement, atmospheric gasses, Earth’s surface features (mountains, water, etc.)

107
Q

Hadley cells

A

Large atmospheric circulations where air rises at the equator and sinks at medium latitudes (about 30 degrees north or south)

108
Q

How do Hadley cells work?

A

Air is colder the further it is from the equator (due to less direct solar rays)
Colder air is denser, so it moves towards the equator and pushes the warm air upwards
Warm air, which holds more moisture, rises and cools, leading to rain
The air hits the stratosphere and moves back outwards until it sinks

109
Q

What is the effect of Hadley cells?

A

Rainforests at the equator and deserts at about 30 degrees north and south

110
Q

What are the three groupings of plant life?

A

Grasses- photosynthetic tissue (no stems or support)
Shrubs- plants with multiple, woody stems, but no central trunk; less than 4 meters in height
Trees- central trunk and support system; increased height

111
Q

Tropical Rainforest

A
  • Warm throughout the year
  • Almost constant rainfall
112
Q

Tropical seasonal forests

A
  • Has dry and wet seasons
  • Trees shed their leaves during the dry season
113
Q

Tropical Savannas or Grasslands

A
  • Mainly grass with sparse trees
  • Warmer temperatures
  • Overall low precipitation
  • Larger herbivores
114
Q

Deserts

A
  • Rare or unpredictable rainfall
  • Nocturnal animals
  • Drought resistant plants
115
Q

Temperate Grasslands

A
  • Mild conditions or temps
  • Nutrient-rich soil (generally where humans farm)
  • Mainly grass
116
Q

Temperate Shrublands

A
  • AKA Chapparal
  • Plants here are adapted to droughts and fire
117
Q

Temperate Forests

A
  • Fairly high rainfall
  • Mild temperatures
    Two types:
  • Deciduous: trees lose their leaves seasonally
  • Coniferous: cone bearing
118
Q

Boreal Forests

A
  • Located in the high north
  • Slow-growing trees
  • Colder temps
119
Q

Arctic Tundra

A
  • High latitudes
  • No trees
  • Permafrost
  • Season with 24-hour sunlight
120
Q

Alpine Tundra

A
  • Low latitudes, high elevation
  • Extreme environment characterized by strong winds, snow, and fluctuating temps
  • Vegetation is low to the ground
  • Prone to climate change and air pollution
121
Q

Primary productivity

A

Measures the rate of biomass production through photosynthesis (basically how much plant life there is)

122
Q

Where is primary productivity the highest?

A

Swamps, marshes, tropical rainforests, temperate forests, and estuaries

123
Q

Where is primary productivity the lowest?

A

Deserts and tundras

124
Q

Environmental Health

A

External factors that cause disease, including elements of the natural, social, cultural, and technological worlds

125
Q

Disease

A

Abnormal changes in the body’s condition that impairs its ability to perform important physical or psychological functions

126
Q

Zoonotic Diseases

A

Infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans
Ex: bird flu, e-bola, covid

127
Q

Antibiotic Resistance

A

Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics is exposed to the same kind for a long period of time

128
Q

Environmental Toxicology

A

The study of toxic substances and their effects on living organisms (how they interact and transform)

129
Q

Exposure vs Response

A

How long you’re in the presence of something vs the symptoms that develop as a result of that presence

130
Q

Acute vs Chronic Exposure

A

Short term/single event vs repeated exposures over the long term

131
Q

Acute vs Chronic Responses

A

Temporary or manageable vs serious
Ex using alcohol: blacking out vs liver failure

132
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

when a particular animal or individual has a build up or increased concentration of a contaminant

133
Q

Biomagnification

A

States that those that are higher on the food chain with have higher levels of contaminants

134
Q

How do we determine toxicity? What is LD 50?

A

Test the effects of the substance using rats
LD50 = Lethal Dose in 50% of your sample population (kills half the rats)

135
Q

Risk

A

Possibility of suffering or harm

136
Q

How do we perceive risks differently?

A

If risks are unknown, unpredictable, or undetectable, people are more cautious with them
If risks are voluntary, familiar, detectable, or immediate, they are feared less or seen as less risky (even if that’s not technically true)

137
Q

Precautionary Principle

A

Placing stricter regulations on things that we perceive as posing a greater threat, though this can vary across countries
Ex: the EU banned neonicotinoids (a group of pesticides that has been shown to have a negative effect on bees) while the US didn’t

138
Q

What are the current trends with population size vs population growth rate?

A

Increasing vs Decreasing

139
Q

Environmental Impact Formula

A

Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology

140
Q

Affluence

A

Resource use

141
Q

Crude Birth Rate

A

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a given year

142
Q

Crude Death Rate

A

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given year

143
Q

Demographic Transition Model

A

As countries develop and industrialize, birth and death rates go from being very high to low

144
Q

Total Fertility Rate

A

The average number of children born to women of childbearing age in a population

145
Q

Life Expectancy

A

The average number of years someone born in a specific year is expected to live
Tends to increase as nations industrialize
Global = 72
US = 77

146
Q

Age Structure Diagrams

A

The percentage of males and females in young, middle, and old age groups in a population
If a population is growing, there is more young people than old
If a population is declining, there are more middle aged people than young/old

147
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

The number of babies out of every 1,000 births that die before their first birthday

148
Q

What factors affect birth and fertility rates?

A

Importance of children in workforce, cost of raising/educating children, availability of pension systems, urbanization, educational/employment opportunities for women, availability of reliable birth control, religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural norms

149
Q

What are some concerns associated with rapid population decline?

A

Decreased workforce leads to decreased government revenue, less public services, and a shrinking economy
Less contributions to social security and pension

150
Q

What trends do we see with the US population?

A

Decrease in births during WW2 and Great Depression, followed by a Baby Boom, a gradual decrease, and an Echo Boom

151
Q

What are some key takeaways from the correlation between reproductive choices and climate change?

A

People can see kids as future environmentalists, others see kids as taking away from time they could be spending engaging in social movements, others see it as a socio-political tool

ENVI 101 (5 decks)

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