Test 4 Flashcards
What hormones are released from the adrenal medulla
Epinephrine (80%) and Norepinephrine (20%)
What kinds of hormones are secreted from the adrenal gland
steroids from the cortex
catecholamines from the medulla
What is the Adrenal medulla made of, and thereby controlled by
post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons
sympathetic nervous system
What affect does Epinephrine have on the pancrease
inhibits secretion of Insulin and promotes secretion of glucagon
what affect does epinephrine have on the liver
It causes the liver to convert glycogen into glucose
What affect does epinephrine have on skeletal muscle
causes the muscle to convert glycogen into lactate, that lactate then gets converted to glucose in the liver
What is the overall affect of epinephrine
it increases blood sugar levels
what controls the release of epinephrine
the sympathetic nervous system through the neurotransmitter acetocholine
What are the three classes of Corticosteroids
Minerolocorticoloids - aldosterone
Glucocorticoroids - Cortisol
Sex Hormones - DHEA
Where do corticosteroids get secreted from
the adrenal cortex
What does cortisol do
- increase blood sugar (by increasing glucogenesis in the liver, and decreasing glucose uptake)
- increases protein degredation (especially in muscle)
- Increase in lipolysis
What regulates the secretion of Cortisol
Stress and circadian rhythm cause
hypothalamus to secrete CRH causes
Ant. Pituitary to secrete ACTH causes
increased cortisol secretion
Increased cortisol negatively feedsback to hypothalamus and Ant. Pituitary
What is Cushings Disease
Hypersecretion of cortisol
What can cause cushings disease
- hypersecretion of
CRH
ACTH
and or cortisol
What does Cushings disease cause
increased blood sugar = increased fat deposits (Moon Face) Weak Muscles Stretch marks poor wound healing Mental retardation in children
What is the common precursor for all steroid hormones
Cholesterol
What is 21 hydroxylase
The enzyme that helps form cortisol from Pregnenolone
What happens when there is a deficieny of 21 hydroxylase
Pregnenolone can’t be turned into cortisol, so most of it is turned into DHEA.
Excessive DHEA leads to excessive Adrenal Androgens.
That leads to early puberty in males and ambiguous sex development in females
What is the disease called when there is a shortage of 21 hydroxylase
congenital adrenal Hyperplasia
early puberty in males, ambiguous sex differentiaion in females
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas
digestive enzymes
what are the endocrine hormones of the pancreas
insulin
glucagon
somatostatin
What cells secrete insulin
beta cells
What cells secrete glucagon
alpha cells
What cells secrete somatostatin
delta cells