Peripheral Nervous System

Question 1

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 1

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Question 2

How many neurons make up an autonomic pathway, and what are they called

Answer 2

2, preganglionic and postganglionic

Question 3

Where do the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons lie

Answer 3

the spinal cord

Question 4

Where do pre and post ganglionic neurons synapse

Answer 4

Ganglion

Question 5

What is a ganglion

Answer 5

cluster of cell bodies outside of the CNS

Question 6

Where are the sympathetic chain ganglia

Answer 6

just outside of the spinal cord, the point between where the dorsal root and ventral roots come together and before where the dorsal and ventral rami split

Question 7

What is the collateral ganglia

Answer 7

It’s when the preganglionic neuron passes the chain ganglia without synapsing and synapses later.

Question 8

What hormone is released by the parasympathetic preganglionic neuron

Answer 8

Acetylcholine

Question 9

What hormone is released by the parasympathetic postganglionic neuron

Answer 9

Acetylcholine

Question 10

What hormone is released by the sympathetic preganglionic neuron

Answer 10

Acetylcholine

Question 11

What hormone is released by the parasympathetic postganglionic neuron

Answer 11

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

Question 12

What is a cholinergic receptor

Answer 12

receptors for ACH

Question 13

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors

Answer 13

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

Question 14

What is a nicotinic receptor

Answer 14

receptors at the synapse between pre and postganglionic neurons, they open cation channels (Na & K)

Question 15

What is a muscarinic receptor

Answer 15

receptors between parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, they initiate cell signaling cascades

Question 16

What is an adrenergic receptor

Answer 16

Receptor for norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 17

What are the two types of adrenergic receptors

Answer 17

alpha and beta

Question 18

what are the subtypes of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

Answer 18

alpha 1 and alpha 2

Beta 1 and Beta 2

Question 19

nicotinic receptor steps

Answer 19

1. ACH binds to receptor
2. Na and K channel opens
3. Na diffuses into the cell

Question 20

Muscarinic receptor steps (heart)

Answer 20

1. ACH binds to receptor
2. G-protein subunits break off
3. G-protein binds to K channel, opening it
4. K diffuses out of the cell

Question 21

What is the phrase for the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 21

Fight or flight

Question 22

What is the phrase for the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 22

Rest and digest

Question 23

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart

Answer 23

Increases heart rate
increases conduction velocity
increases force of contraction

Question 24

What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart

Answer 24

decrease heart rate
decreases conduction velocity
decreases force on contraction

Question 25

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the blood vessels

Answer 25

vasoconstriction (except to brain, none) | vasodialiation with epinephrine

Question 26

What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the blood vessels

Answer 26

none

Question 27

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the stomach, intestines

Answer 27

decreased motility, inhibits secretion, and contracts sphincters

Question 28

What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the stomach, intestines

Answer 28

increased motility, promotes secretion, and relaxes sphincters

Question 29

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the lungs

Answer 29

inhibits secretions and causes relaxation

Question 30

What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the lungs

Answer 30

promotes secretions and causes contraction

Question 31

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the adrenal medulla

Answer 31

stimulates renin release

Question 32

What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the adrenal medulla

Answer 32

none

Question 33

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the liver

Answer 33

stimulates glycogenolysis and glucogenesis

Question 34

What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the liver

Answer 34

none

Question 35

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the adipose tissue

Answer 35

stimulates lipolysis

Question 36

What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the adipose tissue

Answer 36

none

Question 37

What is a sympathetic agonist

Answer 37

drug that mimics the effects of Norepinephine

Question 38

What is a sympathetic antagonist

Answer 38

drug that blocks the effects of Norepinephrine

Question 39

What is a parasympathetic agonist

Answer 39

drug that mimics the effects acetylcholine

Question 40

What is a parasympathetic antagonist

Answer 40

drug that blocks the effects of acetylcholine

Question 41

What does the somatic nervous system refers to

Answer 41

The innervation of skeletal muscle

Question 42

What is a reflex

Answer 42

a response to stimulus that occurs without conscious effort

Question 43

what are the two kinds of reflexs

Answer 43

innate and conditioned

Question 44

What is an innate reflex

Answer 44

a reflex that we are born with (not learned)

Question 45

what is a conditioned reflex

Answer 45

a reflex that is the result of practice and learning

Question 46

What are the 5 components of the reflex arc

Answer 46

1. sensory receptor 2. afferent pathway 3. integrating center 4. efferent pathway 5. effector

Question 47

what is the strecth reflex and how does it work

Answer 47

monosynaptic reflex, the streching muscle causes the receptor (muscle spindle) which detects lengthening or shortening of a muscle. this fires causing the strecthed muscle to contract (shorten again) it also inhibits the contraction of the opposing muscles

Question 48

What is the withdrawl and crossed extensor reflex and how does it work

Answer 48

when a painful stimulus occurs, like stepping on a tack, the receptor sends a message up to the CNS then it comes back down and causes the (foot) to withdraw from the painful stimulus. The other leg is stimulated (crossed extensor reflex) to extend and provide the support that would have been provided by the other leg.