test 4 Flashcards
what is centrepetal development?
development moving toward the center.
what is centerfugal development?
development moving away from the center.
what is connation?
the fusion of like parts
what is adnation?
the fusion of unlike parts
what is a pengilus flower?
a flower that hangs upside-down.
what is an erect flower?
a flower that stands up straight
what is the corona?
a composite structure of petals and stamen.
what are staminal corona?
tissues that lack a true identity
in milkweed what whorl consists of the horn and the hood?
the corona
what is the gynostegium?
fused androecial and gynoecial tissues.
what is herkogamy?
the separation of sexes in space
what are the types of symmetry in flowers?
radial, disymmetry, asymmetry, bilateral symmetry.
what is a bracteol?
a brach that grows out from right below a flower.
what is the capitulum?
many small structures that are whorled that are individual flowers.
What is Cleistogamy
there are flowers that are made that never open.
what is the testa?
the seed coat
what is the hilum?
a space on the seed in which the finiculus is removed from
what is the retention of the megaspores?
the major evolution of seeds as megasporangium no longer releases megaspores.
in the evolution of seeds to how many are megaspores reduced to?
1
how many integument layers are in gymnosperms?
1
how many archegonia are in an ovule?
2
flowers always develop into what?
Fruits
what is a fruit?
a seed bearing structure of a plant that is meant to be eaten.
what is a seed?
a hard coat that protects and helps to propigate a seedling.
what is a dry fruit?
a fruit that is dry at maturity
what is a fleshy fruit?
a fruit that is not dry at maturity and has edible “flesh”
what are simple fruits?
fruits that are derived from a single carpel, and are free from other carpels at maturity.
there are seven fruit types of simple fruits, what are they?
achene, berry, capsule, follicle, legume, schizocarp, and pome.
what is an achene?
a dry, indehiscent fruit containing one seed.
what is indehiscence?
a seed that doesent open on their own.
what are achenes?
nuts, caryopsis, utricle, and synconium.
what are nut-achenes?
a hard, dry, indehiscent fruit that is formed from two or more carpels that fuse to make one seed.
what are caryopsis achenes?
a dry, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit in which the seed coat is closely fused to the fruit wall.
what is an utricle achene??
a small bladdery, more or less inflated achene.
what is a berry?
a usually fleshy or pulpy indehiscent fruit with the seeds surrounded by the more or less fleshy tissue of the pericarp
what is the order of carps in a fruit?
the endocarp, mesocarp, and exocarp which are all a part of the pericarp.
what are 3 kinds of berry’s?
a drupe, pepo, and hesperidium
what is a drupe berry?
a succlulent fruit having the seeds enclosed by a stony endocarp.
what is a hesperidium berry?
a berry as in some rusea, check out the def. on the slid
what is a pepo berry?
a berry with a thick exocarp.
capsule?
in an angiosperm a suually dried fruit that is composed of…
silique?
a dry fruit composed of two fused carpesl which dehisce from two valves.
what is a legume?
a fruit of some fabaceae, formed from one carpel and dehiscent along one or both sides, explosively or not, sometimes also used for other fruits in the family wheather dehiscent or indhiscent, winged or not, splitting transversly or not.
what is a pome?
a fruit consisting of a fleshy enlargdd receptacle and a tough central core.
a schizocarp?
a dry dehiscent fruit formed from more than one carpel and breaking apart septicidally into 1-carpellate units when ripe.
what are multiple fruits?
fruits on a common axis derived from the ovaries of several flowers.
what is a synconium?
a multiple fruit formed from an invaginated axis with a hollow center and lined with achenes.
subgenus cerris is within what supergenus?
genus quercus
genes quercus is devided into 5 sections, what are those sections?
quercus, lobatae, protobalanus, virentes, ponticae.
crris is devided into 3 sections, what are they?
cerris, ilex, and cyclobalanopsis.
quercus leaves are simle and alternate with rounded lobes T/F?
True
red oaks (lobatae) have hwat kind of lobed leaves?
pointy
oaks are what kind of ecious?
monecious
oak flowers are…
imperfect and incomplete
oaks are pollinated by?
wind
male flowers have how many stamen?
6-9
white oaks fertilization occurs how many months after pollination?
1-2 months
red oaks fertilize how many months after pollination?
13-15
white oaks germinate shortly after alling or have shorter periods of dormancy. Do red oaks do this too?
no
what is masting?
seed production that is highly variable between years and is synchronized within a population
there are two differernt types of masting, what are they?
flower masting and fruit masting
what is flowermasting?
variation in seed prodcution and caused by variable flowering between years
hat is fruit maturation masting?
flowering more consistent between years, variation in whether fruit fully develops or is aborted.
what is the phenological synchrony hyposthesis?
homogeneous microclimates dead to synchronous flowring/phenology, higher pollen availibility, and a larger seed crop.
individual variation in acorn producting is based on what?
the mean number of acorns and CV calculated from 21 years of seed data.
what is polyploidy?
the heritable condition of possessing more than 2 sets of chromosomes
what are the two types of polyploidy?
allopolyploidya nd autoplolyploid
allopolyploid is what?
a dobuling of chromosomes from a cross between two different species
what is autopolyploid?
the doubling of chromosmewithin an individual organsim
how can polyploid effect ogransims?
it can effect the mophological, physiologica, and biochemical processes
what things speceifically can polyplid effect?
increase flower size, increase flowers per inflorescence, reduced internode length, increased stomatal gaurd and pollen grian size, and larger leaves.
more DNA in a cell=
Bigger cell
there are 2 types of aperatures, what are they?
pores and fissures
if there is 1 pore it is…
monoPORate
if there is 2 fissures it is
diCOLPate
3 fissures and pores is
triCOLPORate
there are how many species of violets?
664 species
violets are what kind of lateral?
bilateralq
