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Pbio 3080 Ohio University > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is closed root maturation

A

all 3 regions arise from the same initials

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2
Q

what is primary growth?

A

the upward growth of a plant though the apical meristem

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3
Q

what is lateral growth?

A

the outward growth of plants through the vascular cambium.

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4
Q

what is a cambium?

A

a tissue that does outward growth.

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5
Q

what is the vascular cambium?

A

the meristimatic tissue that gives rise to xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside.

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6
Q

what tissues are in the periderm?

A

cork, cork cambium

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7
Q

What are the Functions of stems?

A
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8
Q

The leaf trace gap is below what structure in a stem?

A

The Bud Primordium

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9
Q

What line of cells in a stem run from the Bud primordial through the leaf?

A

The Leaf Trace

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10
Q

What are Auxiliary buds?

A

buds in the axis of leaves and shoots

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11
Q

What is the main difference between long and short shoots (besides length)?

A

The possession of leaves and other external structures.

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12
Q

Modopodial branching branches in what style?

A

alternating

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13
Q

sympodial branching branches in what style?

A

randomly

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14
Q

what is the main difference between sympodial and monopodial branching?

A

the initial shoot is redirected laterally in sympodial branching whereas it continues up directly in monopodial branching.

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15
Q

what is the function of the endodermis?

A

to prevent water from leaking into the vascular cylander

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16
Q

where is the pith located?

A

in the center of the shoot.

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17
Q

T/F a pith can break down and be pulled apart into a cavity?

A

True

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18
Q

the vascular cambium is what meristem?

A

the lateral meristem

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19
Q

the vascular ccambium has 2 “faces”. what are the two “faces” of the cambium?

A

the xylem and phloem

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20
Q

the vascular cambium divides periclinal or anticlinaly?

A

Periclinally

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21
Q

why do pants have ray cells?

A

the lateral movement of water and photosynthates in the plant.

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22
Q

what are the two types of initials in the vascular cambium?

A

Fusiform initial, and the ray initial

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23
Q

what do fusiform initials give rise to?

A

xylem and phloem

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24
Q

fusiform and ray initials are what to each other?

A

perpendicular

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25
Q

non storied cambium has what?

A

strongly overlapping ends

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26
Q

Storied cambium are arranged at what?

A

horizontal tiers

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27
Q

what species lost the vascular cambium?

A

austrobaliales, magnoliids, eudicots.

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28
Q

the arrangement of parenchyma cells in xylem are one of 3 types, what are those types?

A

Apotracheal (randomly grouped), banded pattern, and paratracheal.

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29
Q

T/F Initials do not make new derivatives on either side.

A

F, initials give rise to derivatives and new initials on both sides.

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30
Q

what structure associated with transporting water and nutrients is not associated with xylem?

A

vessel elements

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31
Q

what is an intafascicular cambium?

A

a cambium that develops in the vascular bundles to provide structure.

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32
Q

what tissue is in betweent the phloem and the epidermis?

A

the cortex

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33
Q

what is in betwen the cortex and the epedermis?

A

periderm

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34
Q

Storied cambium are arranged at what?

A

horizontal tier

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35
Q

what is xylem that has been produce by the vascular cambium called?

A

secondary xylem

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36
Q

what is a soft wood?

A

a wood from a gymnosperm

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37
Q

in soft woods their rays are mostly uniseriate, this means what?

A

They are only one cell layer wide.

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38
Q

Resin canals do what in a plant?

A

they are multicellular sclerids that excrete and create resin for the cell.

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39
Q

rays can consist of

A

Parenchyma (homocellular) and Tracheids (Heterocellular)

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40
Q

what are hard woods

A

Angiosperms, or wood that has vessel elemens.

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41
Q

are late or early wood vessels newly made vessels?

A

Late

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42
Q

Ring porous wood is what?

A

Banded

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43
Q

Diffuse porous wood is what?

A
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44
Q

can hollow trees still be alive?

A

yes

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45
Q

What is reaction wood?

A

Branch or stem that grows to counteract the force of an inclined position.

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46
Q

there are 2 types of reaction wood, what are they?

A

Tension wood and compression wood

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47
Q

What is Tension wood?

A

Tension wood is found in angiosperms and creates force that move the tree up.

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48
Q

what is compression wood?

A

wood that is found on the underside to support the bend

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49
Q

what are the 3 parts of secondary growth in palms?

A

Central Cylinder, cortex, and pseudobark.

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50
Q

T/F in monocots the vascular cambium can make vascular bundles on either side.

A

True

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51
Q

the cortex is (inside/outside) of the vascular cyander

A

outside

52
Q

Beets have what kind of secondary growth?

A

Anamolus

53
Q

In beets what is the unique production of the pericycle.

A

the storage roots

54
Q

the secondary xylem and phloem are produced by what?

A

the vascular cambium

55
Q

the primary xylem and phloem are created by what?

A

the apical meristem

56
Q

angiosperm wood is called

A

hardwood

57
Q

of the vascular cambium the xylem is on the _______ and the phloem is on the _______.

A

Inside // outside

58
Q

what are vascular rays?

A

xylem and phloem rays that share the same initial.

59
Q

the periderm is outside what tissue?

A

the cortex

60
Q

what are the three types of phloem rays?

A

Biseriate, multiseriate, uniseriate

61
Q

uniseriate phloem rays are found in what?

A

Gymnosperms

62
Q

the conducting phloem is near what in the cell?

A

the vascular cambium

63
Q

generally speaking is there more conducting or non-conducting phloem in older perenialls?

A

non-conducting

64
Q

depending on the plant how long can phloem be used?

A

from 1-10+ years

65
Q

there is a lot ____ phloem made very year than xylem.

A

less

66
Q

inner bark is…

A

the secondary phloem

67
Q

outerbark is…

A

the periderm

68
Q

what lines a resin duct?

A

epithelical cells

69
Q

phloem rays in conifers are what?

A

uniserate

70
Q

the phellogen creates what two tissues?

A

the phellem and phalloderm

71
Q

T/F the phelloderm is in every vascular plant?

A

False, it is absent from some plants.

72
Q

what are phelloids?

A

nonsuberized cells that are part of the phellem.

73
Q

T/F phelloids can differentiate into sclerids

A

True

74
Q

what are the thick-walled stone cells in the phellem, commonly found in pears?

A

Brachysclereids

75
Q

unlike the vascular cambium, the initials of the cork cambium is comprised of ______ cell shape(s)

A

a single

76
Q

the periderm froms in what 4 places in the cell?

A

the subepidermal layer, the epidermis, the cortex, and the phloem.

77
Q

lenticels form under what?

A

stomata

78
Q

what is the order of the would periderms repair.

A

they becom lignified then become suberized

79
Q

why is lignin made first in wound periderms?

A

because disease does not like lignin.

80
Q

what is wood?

A

secondary xylem

81
Q

is the secondary phleoem active in long distance food transport? T/F

A

True

82
Q

what plant type has a star-shaped vascular cylander?

A

eudicots

83
Q

what is the function of leaves?

A

primarily the function is photosynthesis though they also store water, protect the plant, regulate gas exchange

84
Q

go find and look at the development of leaf primordium in monoccots.

A

cool, good job, click 5 and move on.

85
Q

what are the two areas of primary growth?

A

Root apical meristem, shoot apical meristem

86
Q

what are the two areas of secondary growth?

A

vascular cambium, cork cambium

87
Q

what are the 3 leaf meristems?

A

plate meristem, intercalary meristem, apical meristem.

88
Q

Lobes have what that is different from normal cellular division?

A

a rapid cellular devision.

89
Q

what is the phyllome?

A

the collectiono of leaves across a plant.

90
Q

what is a spiral pattern in leaf arrangement?

A

a plant with leaves in a spiral pattern.

91
Q

what is the distichous pattern in phyllotaxis?

A

-180 degrees apart

92
Q

what is the of phyllotaxis

A

the orientation of leaves on a plant.

93
Q

what are whorled leaves?

A

3 or more leaves that come out of the same node.

94
Q

leaves consist of two main parts, what are they?

A

the lamina (the blade) the petiole (the structure).

95
Q

sessile leaves are what?

A

they are leaves that lack a petiole

96
Q

what is a sheath on a leaf?

A

a lamina that wraps around the stem

97
Q

what is a stipule?

A

paired appendages at the base of the leaf

98
Q

There are different kinds of leaves in plants, what is a simple leaf?

A

a leaf with a lamina and somethimes but not always a petiole

99
Q

a leaf is defined through what?

A

an axillary bud

100
Q

what are axillary buds?

A

a bud that is at the base of the leaf where it branches off from the stem.

101
Q

what is a compound leaf?

A

a leaf that is devided into leaflets.

102
Q

what is a central rachis?

A

a central axis of a leaf that has leaflets attatched to it.

103
Q

what is a palmately compound leaf?

A

cannabis leaf

104
Q

T/F in a plant like box eldar sometimes the leaf will engulf the axillary bud.

A

True

105
Q

what is a pinnately compound leaf?

A

a leaf that has a rachis and many leaflets without any buds.

106
Q

what does sclerophyllous mean?

A

Leather-like

107
Q

Sclerophyllous leaves have what defining characteristics?

A

Often longer lived, greater investment of tissues, and dry adapted leaves.

108
Q

leaves in ferns are called what?

A

fronds.

109
Q

fronds have sori on them, what are sori?

A

they are capsules of spores that are located on the fronds of ferns.

110
Q

fronds originate from what structure?

A

Rhyzomes

111
Q

what is an adaxial surface of a structure?

A

the part of the structure that faces the axis of growth.

112
Q

what is the abaxial surface of a leaf?

A

the side of a structure that faces away from the axis of growth.

113
Q

google the difference of spongy and regular mesophyll and fill in this question on the notecards.

A

good job!

114
Q

the adaxial side has what in comparison to the abaxial side?

A

a thicker cuticle, more trichomes, fewer stomata.

115
Q

trichomes do what for the adaxial surface of a leaf?

A

they can reflect sunlight from the adaxial surface of the leaf to prevent some dessecation.

115
Q

trichomes do what for the adaxial surface of a leaf?

A

they can reflect sunlight from the adaxial surface of the leaf to prevent some dessecation.

116
Q

what are mesopytes?

A

plants that live in mesic areas

117
Q

xerophytes are what?

A

plants that originate in desert or desert like environments

118
Q

what is the unique feature of the stomata in xerophytes?

A

stomatal crypts

119
Q

xerophytes have a very thick what that gives them a very waxy feel?

A

cuticle

120
Q

in xerophytes there is a boundry called what over the palisade mesophyll?

A

upper multiple epidermis

121
Q

what are hydrophytes?

A

plants that live in water

122
Q

why do hydrophytes have so much intracellular space?

A

to have the gasses to float on the water

123
Q

the stomata are where in hydrophytes?

A

at the adaxial surface of the plant

124
Q

what is heterophyte?

A

where plants have heteromorphic leaves

Pbio 3080 Ohio University (5 decks)

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