Test 2 Flashcards
what is closed root maturation
all 3 regions arise from the same initials
what is primary growth?
the upward growth of a plant though the apical meristem
what is lateral growth?
the outward growth of plants through the vascular cambium.
what is a cambium?
a tissue that does outward growth.
what is the vascular cambium?
the meristimatic tissue that gives rise to xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside.
what tissues are in the periderm?
cork, cork cambium
What are the Functions of stems?
The leaf trace gap is below what structure in a stem?
The Bud Primordium
What line of cells in a stem run from the Bud primordial through the leaf?
The Leaf Trace
What are Auxiliary buds?
buds in the axis of leaves and shoots
What is the main difference between long and short shoots (besides length)?
The possession of leaves and other external structures.
Modopodial branching branches in what style?
alternating
sympodial branching branches in what style?
randomly
what is the main difference between sympodial and monopodial branching?
the initial shoot is redirected laterally in sympodial branching whereas it continues up directly in monopodial branching.
what is the function of the endodermis?
to prevent water from leaking into the vascular cylander
where is the pith located?
in the center of the shoot.
T/F a pith can break down and be pulled apart into a cavity?
True
the vascular cambium is what meristem?
the lateral meristem
the vascular ccambium has 2 “faces”. what are the two “faces” of the cambium?
the xylem and phloem
the vascular cambium divides periclinal or anticlinaly?
Periclinally
why do pants have ray cells?
the lateral movement of water and photosynthates in the plant.
what are the two types of initials in the vascular cambium?
Fusiform initial, and the ray initial
what do fusiform initials give rise to?
xylem and phloem
fusiform and ray initials are what to each other?
perpendicular
non storied cambium has what?
strongly overlapping ends
Storied cambium are arranged at what?
horizontal tiers
what species lost the vascular cambium?
austrobaliales, magnoliids, eudicots.
the arrangement of parenchyma cells in xylem are one of 3 types, what are those types?
Apotracheal (randomly grouped), banded pattern, and paratracheal.
T/F Initials do not make new derivatives on either side.
F, initials give rise to derivatives and new initials on both sides.
what structure associated with transporting water and nutrients is not associated with xylem?
vessel elements
what is an intafascicular cambium?
a cambium that develops in the vascular bundles to provide structure.
what tissue is in betweent the phloem and the epidermis?
the cortex
what is in betwen the cortex and the epedermis?
periderm
Storied cambium are arranged at what?
horizontal tier
what is xylem that has been produce by the vascular cambium called?
secondary xylem
what is a soft wood?
a wood from a gymnosperm
in soft woods their rays are mostly uniseriate, this means what?
They are only one cell layer wide.
Resin canals do what in a plant?
they are multicellular sclerids that excrete and create resin for the cell.
rays can consist of
Parenchyma (homocellular) and Tracheids (Heterocellular)
what are hard woods
Angiosperms, or wood that has vessel elemens.
are late or early wood vessels newly made vessels?
Late
Ring porous wood is what?
Banded
Diffuse porous wood is what?
can hollow trees still be alive?
yes
What is reaction wood?
Branch or stem that grows to counteract the force of an inclined position.
there are 2 types of reaction wood, what are they?
Tension wood and compression wood
What is Tension wood?
Tension wood is found in angiosperms and creates force that move the tree up.
what is compression wood?
wood that is found on the underside to support the bend
what are the 3 parts of secondary growth in palms?
Central Cylinder, cortex, and pseudobark.
T/F in monocots the vascular cambium can make vascular bundles on either side.
True
the cortex is (inside/outside) of the vascular cyander
outside
Beets have what kind of secondary growth?
Anamolus
In beets what is the unique production of the pericycle.
the storage roots
the secondary xylem and phloem are produced by what?
the vascular cambium
the primary xylem and phloem are created by what?
the apical meristem
angiosperm wood is called
hardwood
of the vascular cambium the xylem is on the _______ and the phloem is on the _______.
Inside // outside
what are vascular rays?
xylem and phloem rays that share the same initial.
the periderm is outside what tissue?
the cortex
what are the three types of phloem rays?
Biseriate, multiseriate, uniseriate
uniseriate phloem rays are found in what?
Gymnosperms
the conducting phloem is near what in the cell?
the vascular cambium
generally speaking is there more conducting or non-conducting phloem in older perenialls?
non-conducting
depending on the plant how long can phloem be used?
from 1-10+ years
there is a lot ____ phloem made very year than xylem.
less
inner bark is…
the secondary phloem
outerbark is…
the periderm
what lines a resin duct?
epithelical cells
phloem rays in conifers are what?
uniserate
the phellogen creates what two tissues?
the phellem and phalloderm
T/F the phelloderm is in every vascular plant?
False, it is absent from some plants.
what are phelloids?
nonsuberized cells that are part of the phellem.
T/F phelloids can differentiate into sclerids
True
what are the thick-walled stone cells in the phellem, commonly found in pears?
Brachysclereids
unlike the vascular cambium, the initials of the cork cambium is comprised of ______ cell shape(s)
a single
the periderm froms in what 4 places in the cell?
the subepidermal layer, the epidermis, the cortex, and the phloem.
lenticels form under what?
stomata
what is the order of the would periderms repair.
they becom lignified then become suberized
why is lignin made first in wound periderms?
because disease does not like lignin.
what is wood?
secondary xylem
is the secondary phleoem active in long distance food transport? T/F
True
what plant type has a star-shaped vascular cylander?
eudicots
what is the function of leaves?
primarily the function is photosynthesis though they also store water, protect the plant, regulate gas exchange
go find and look at the development of leaf primordium in monoccots.
cool, good job, click 5 and move on.
what are the two areas of primary growth?
Root apical meristem, shoot apical meristem
what are the two areas of secondary growth?
vascular cambium, cork cambium
what are the 3 leaf meristems?
plate meristem, intercalary meristem, apical meristem.
Lobes have what that is different from normal cellular division?
a rapid cellular devision.
what is the phyllome?
the collectiono of leaves across a plant.
what is a spiral pattern in leaf arrangement?
a plant with leaves in a spiral pattern.
what is the distichous pattern in phyllotaxis?
-180 degrees apart
what is the of phyllotaxis
the orientation of leaves on a plant.
what are whorled leaves?
3 or more leaves that come out of the same node.
leaves consist of two main parts, what are they?
the lamina (the blade) the petiole (the structure).
sessile leaves are what?
they are leaves that lack a petiole
what is a sheath on a leaf?
a lamina that wraps around the stem
what is a stipule?
paired appendages at the base of the leaf
There are different kinds of leaves in plants, what is a simple leaf?
a leaf with a lamina and somethimes but not always a petiole
a leaf is defined through what?
an axillary bud
what are axillary buds?
a bud that is at the base of the leaf where it branches off from the stem.
what is a compound leaf?
a leaf that is devided into leaflets.
what is a central rachis?
a central axis of a leaf that has leaflets attatched to it.
what is a palmately compound leaf?
cannabis leaf
T/F in a plant like box eldar sometimes the leaf will engulf the axillary bud.
True
what is a pinnately compound leaf?
a leaf that has a rachis and many leaflets without any buds.
what does sclerophyllous mean?
Leather-like
Sclerophyllous leaves have what defining characteristics?
Often longer lived, greater investment of tissues, and dry adapted leaves.
leaves in ferns are called what?
fronds.
fronds have sori on them, what are sori?
they are capsules of spores that are located on the fronds of ferns.
fronds originate from what structure?
Rhyzomes
what is an adaxial surface of a structure?
the part of the structure that faces the axis of growth.
what is the abaxial surface of a leaf?
the side of a structure that faces away from the axis of growth.
google the difference of spongy and regular mesophyll and fill in this question on the notecards.
good job!
the adaxial side has what in comparison to the abaxial side?
a thicker cuticle, more trichomes, fewer stomata.
trichomes do what for the adaxial surface of a leaf?
they can reflect sunlight from the adaxial surface of the leaf to prevent some dessecation.
trichomes do what for the adaxial surface of a leaf?
they can reflect sunlight from the adaxial surface of the leaf to prevent some dessecation.
what are mesopytes?
plants that live in mesic areas
xerophytes are what?
plants that originate in desert or desert like environments
what is the unique feature of the stomata in xerophytes?
stomatal crypts
xerophytes have a very thick what that gives them a very waxy feel?
cuticle
in xerophytes there is a boundry called what over the palisade mesophyll?
upper multiple epidermis
what are hydrophytes?
plants that live in water
why do hydrophytes have so much intracellular space?
to have the gasses to float on the water
the stomata are where in hydrophytes?
at the adaxial surface of the plant
what is heterophyte?
where plants have heteromorphic leaves
