Test 1 Flashcards
this is the flashcards I have made for the first test of Dr.Shnek's pbio 3080 class. This is not made by Dr.Shnek, this is made by a student in his class to study, and not an A+ student at that, it did work a bit on the first test though.
The division of the apical meristem into two independently functioning axes.
Dichotomous branching
Ginkophyta and what derive from the same common ancestor?
Cyadophyta
Coniferophyta and what derive from the same common ancestor?
Gnetophyta
Angiosperms and what derive from the same common ancestor?
Coniferophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkophyta, Cyadophyta.
In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Eudicots?
8
In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Austrobaileyales?
3
In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Magnoliids?
5
In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Monocots?
6
In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Nymphales?
2
In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Amborellales
1
In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Chloranthales?
4
In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Ceratophyllales?
7
What are the two major groups of Eudicots?
Rosids and Asterids
what are the three basic organs of spermatophytes?
Roots, Shoots, Leaves.
What is a vascular plant that does not produce wood called?
Herb
What is another name for Herbs?
Forbs
What are herbaceous trailing or climbing plants called?
Vines
What are WOODY climbing or trailing plants called?
Liana’s
What is a woody plant that has no distinct main axis or has branches persisting on its main axis to its base called?
a SHRUB
What is a woody plant that is at least 5 feet high that has branching above the main axis?
a TREE
What is a plant that is lacking clearly defined roots and shoots?
A thalloid.
What are the three body types of bryophytes?
Mosses, Hornworts, liverworts.
The Leaf-like structure of a fern is called what?
a frond
what structure on a fern contains the spores?
Sori
Name three or more innovations plants had to make in their transition to land.v
Alteration of generations, 3 dimensional tissues, Waxy cuticle, Rhizoids, Relationship with myccorhizal fungi, Multicellular gametangia. Sporangia with a sterile jacket, spores with sporopollenin, stomata.
What is the cell theory?
The cell is the basic unit of biological structure and function.
what are the three functions of the plasma membrane?
Transports substances in and out of the cell, coordinates synthesis and assembly of cellulose, transduces hormonal and environmental signals.
What is a TEM microscope?
a Transmitted Electron Microscope.
How many layers does the secondary cell wall contain?
3
Name 2 plastids
Etioplast, Chromoplast, Chloroplast, Leucoplast, Amyloplast, Elaioplast, Proteinoplast.
The four main shapes that chloroplasts are found in are
Cup, star, ribon, oval
Leucoplasts are,
a storage plastid for carbohydrates and fatty acids.
what is a single membrane organelle that can have multiple vacuoles?
a tonoplast
What is an inter-cellular space?
an non-organelle occupied space in the cell.
What are the 3 general tissue types found in vascular plants.
Ground, Dermal, Vascular
What general cell type is living at maturity and has a thin cell wall?
Parenchyma
What cell is living at maturity and has a thick cell wall?
Collenchyma
What cell is dead at maturity and has a thick cell wall?
Sclerenchyma
What tissue type is composed of only one type of tissue cell in it’s entirety?
Simple tissues
What tissue type contains multiple types of tissues within it?
Complex tissues
Name 3 functions of parenchyma cells
Synthesis, Storage, Transport, Boundry, Meristematic, Secretory, Protection, photosynthesis
What pair of cells controls the opening and closing of stomatal pores?
The Gaurd cell’s
T/F, Parenchyma can only have one function at a time.
False
What is the main function of collenchyma cells?
Photosynthesis
From what cell is collenchyma derived?
Parenchyma
T/F, Red Algae had a pseudo parenchyma
True
What cell tissue type has chambers within it to store gas and is used as a flotation device?
Aerenchyma
What tissue cell type is the main component of cell walls?
Collenchyma
Why are collenchyma cells typically longer than parenchyma cells?
To be used as a flexible support in the plant.
T/F Collenchyma have lignin
False, Collenchyma need to be flexible in order to preserve structure.
What are the four types of collenchyma in plants?
Angular, Annular, Lemellar, Lacunar
What Type of Collenchyma has the largest cell wall at the corners of each cell?
Angular
What type of Collenchyma looks like bricks in a wall?
Lamellar
What type of Collenchyma have generally thick cell walls.
Annular
What type of collenchyma looks like it is stacked on top of each other?
Lacunar
What places in a plant are collenchyma cells commonly found?
Leaves and Stems
T/F Collenchyma cells can remove the cell wall thickening to increase growth?
True
T/F Sclerenchyma have a lignified secondary cell wall
True
Name one type of sclerenchyma cell
Fibers, Sclerids, Tracheary elements.
What are the two types of fiber cells found in and near the xylem?
Xylery and Extraxylery
What types of fibers undergo cellular division after the creation of the secondary cell wall?
Septate Fibers
What sclerenchyma fibers are hydroscopic?
Gelatinous Fibers
What type of sclerenchyma is a short cell with angular shapes?
Sclerids
What is a lumen?
space bounded by the plant cell wall
Name 2 of the six sclereid types
Brachysclereids, Macrosclereids, Osterosclereids, Astrosclereids, Trichosclereids, Filiform Sclereids
What are the 3 main functions of sclereids?
Transportation, Support, Protection
What type of Sclereid, is found in seed coats and is elongated?
Macrosclereids
What type of Slclereid is star-shaped?
Asterosclereids
What type of sclereids are isodiametric and somewhat elongated and found in most parts of the plant?
Brachysclereids
what type of sclereid is elongated and fiber-like?
Filiform Sclereids
What type of sclereid is thin-walled and hair-like?
Trichosclereid
what two processes control the movement of water through a land plant?
Evaporation, and root pressure
T/F Xylem but not Phloem are associated with secondary growth
False, Both are associated with secondary growth
Primary Xylem is produced in what kind of growth in what part of the plant?
Primary, apical meristem
This structure produces both xylem and phloem
The procambium
What three cell types are found in xylem?
Tracheary elements, Fibers, Parenchyma
What do Tracheids lack?
Perforations
What do vessel elements have that tracheids do not?
Perforations
What are the conducting cells of the xylem?
Tracheary elements
Name one of the types of thickening in xylem
Annular, Spiral, Sclariform, Reticulate, Pitted (simple), Pitted (bordered)
What do the pit membrane and the taurus do to help the cell?
These structures block the inflow of water and allow the outflow
What is the area that surrounds the taurus called?
The Margo
Are pits found in all tracheary elements in the xylem?
Yes
what are the 3 thickening functions?
Waterflow, Prevent Embolism, Prevent Implosion
what are the names of the four thickening types in tracheary elements?
Angular, Helical, Scleriform, Pitted
What parts of a growing tracheary element are not in a fully grown tracheary element?v
The Tonoplast, Primary Wall, and nucleus
Name a difference of a treacheary element and a vessel element?
The Vessel element has perforations and Lacks both a primary and secondary cell wall
Name the defining characteristic of a simple perforation plate
it has a single opening
Name the defining characteristic of a sclariform plate
ladder-like
Name the defining characteristic of a foraminate perforation plate
Circular openings
Name the defining characteristic of a Reticulate Perforation plate
it is net-like
What is hydraulic connectivity?
A measure of the water of movement through a material
What are the four types of fibers?
Libriform Fibers, Trachead Fibers, Septate Fibers, Gelatinous Fibers
What are the outgrowths in contact cells in vessels called?
Tyloses
Is protoxylem or metaxylem the closest to the cell wall?
Metaxylem
Tracheids evolved into what
Vessel elements and Fibers
What are the 3 main stele types?
Protostele, Eustele, Siphonostele
T/F a protostele has a pith
False
There are two different types of siphonostele’s what is the differentiation between them?
The presence of leaf gaps
A Eustele is defined by what?
Stem bundles
Roots are closest to what other organ in the plant?
the stem
Xylem and Phloem make up what in plants?
The Vascular system
What is the MAIN function of phloem?
The transportation of photosynthates
phloem is called what because information travels along it?
the information super-highway
Xylem on the ____ and Phloem is on the ____.
Outside, Inside
Phloem is produced by what growth type in the apical meristems?
Primary
What is the name of the cell that is attached to the Sieve-tube elements?
A Companion Cell
What structure helps prevent the loss of photosynthates when the phloem is damaged?
Sieve Plates
Sieve Tube member’s have what structure to connect them to their companion cells?
A Branched Plasmodesmata
What is the cell that is similar to a companion cell that attaches to sieve cells?
An Albuminous Cell
What are the 5 main functions of roots?
Anchorage, Absorption, Hormone Production, Storage, and Symbiotic Tissues
What is the function of the excreted Mucigel Shiethe generated by the root?
lubricant, absorption,
interaction of media with microbes
What cell’s excrete the Mucigel Shieth?
Border Cells
What are the 3 main regions of a root’s structure?
Region of maturation, Region of elongation, and the apical meristem.
T/F, Vessel elements in roots are the Widest in the plant.
True
What are Root Spurs?
Endogenous meristematic regions that rapidly elongate when water becomes available
The Root system Does/Does not have to be connected to the vascular system of a plant.
Does
T/F Roots are an example of convergent evolution?
True
