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Pbio 3080 Ohio University > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

this is the flashcards I have made for the first test of Dr.Shnek's pbio 3080 class. This is not made by Dr.Shnek, this is made by a student in his class to study, and not an A+ student at that, it did work a bit on the first test though.

1
Q

The division of the apical meristem into two independently functioning axes.

A

Dichotomous branching

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2
Q

Ginkophyta and what derive from the same common ancestor?

A

Cyadophyta

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3
Q

Coniferophyta and what derive from the same common ancestor?

A

Gnetophyta

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4
Q

Angiosperms and what derive from the same common ancestor?

A

Coniferophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkophyta, Cyadophyta.

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5
Q

In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Eudicots?

A

8

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6
Q

In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Austrobaileyales?

A

3

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7
Q

In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Magnoliids?

A

5

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8
Q

In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Monocots?

A

6

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9
Q

In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Nymphales?

A

2

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10
Q

In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Amborellales

A

1

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11
Q

In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Chloranthales?

A

4

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12
Q

In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Ceratophyllales?

A

7

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13
Q

What are the two major groups of Eudicots?

A

Rosids and Asterids

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14
Q

what are the three basic organs of spermatophytes?

A

Roots, Shoots, Leaves.

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15
Q

What is a vascular plant that does not produce wood called?

A

Herb

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16
Q

What is another name for Herbs?

A

Forbs

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17
Q

What are herbaceous trailing or climbing plants called?

A

Vines

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18
Q

What are WOODY climbing or trailing plants called?

A

Liana’s

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19
Q

What is a woody plant that has no distinct main axis or has branches persisting on its main axis to its base called?

A

a SHRUB

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20
Q

What is a woody plant that is at least 5 feet high that has branching above the main axis?

A

a TREE

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21
Q

What is a plant that is lacking clearly defined roots and shoots?

A

A thalloid.

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22
Q

What are the three body types of bryophytes?

A

Mosses, Hornworts, liverworts.

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23
Q

The Leaf-like structure of a fern is called what?

A

a frond

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24
Q

what structure on a fern contains the spores?

A

Sori

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25
Q

Name three or more innovations plants had to make in their transition to land.v

A

Alteration of generations, 3 dimensional tissues, Waxy cuticle, Rhizoids, Relationship with myccorhizal fungi, Multicellular gametangia. Sporangia with a sterile jacket, spores with sporopollenin, stomata.

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26
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

The cell is the basic unit of biological structure and function.

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27
Q

what are the three functions of the plasma membrane?

A

Transports substances in and out of the cell, coordinates synthesis and assembly of cellulose, transduces hormonal and environmental signals.

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28
Q

What is a TEM microscope?

A

a Transmitted Electron Microscope.

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29
Q

How many layers does the secondary cell wall contain?

A

3

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30
Q

Name 2 plastids

A

Etioplast, Chromoplast, Chloroplast, Leucoplast, Amyloplast, Elaioplast, Proteinoplast.

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31
Q

The four main shapes that chloroplasts are found in are

A

Cup, star, ribon, oval

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32
Q

Leucoplasts are,

A

a storage plastid for carbohydrates and fatty acids.

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33
Q

what is a single membrane organelle that can have multiple vacuoles?

A

a tonoplast

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34
Q

What is an inter-cellular space?

A

an non-organelle occupied space in the cell.

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35
Q

What are the 3 general tissue types found in vascular plants.

A

Ground, Dermal, Vascular

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36
Q

What general cell type is living at maturity and has a thin cell wall?

A

Parenchyma

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37
Q

What cell is living at maturity and has a thick cell wall?

A

Collenchyma

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38
Q

What cell is dead at maturity and has a thick cell wall?

A

Sclerenchyma

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39
Q

What tissue type is composed of only one type of tissue cell in it’s entirety?

A

Simple tissues

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40
Q

What tissue type contains multiple types of tissues within it?

A

Complex tissues

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41
Q

Name 3 functions of parenchyma cells

A

Synthesis, Storage, Transport, Boundry, Meristematic, Secretory, Protection, photosynthesis

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42
Q

What pair of cells controls the opening and closing of stomatal pores?

A

The Gaurd cell’s

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43
Q

T/F, Parenchyma can only have one function at a time.

A

False

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44
Q

What is the main function of collenchyma cells?

A

Photosynthesis

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45
Q

From what cell is collenchyma derived?

A

Parenchyma

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46
Q

T/F, Red Algae had a pseudo parenchyma

A

True

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47
Q

What cell tissue type has chambers within it to store gas and is used as a flotation device?

A

Aerenchyma

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48
Q

What tissue cell type is the main component of cell walls?

A

Collenchyma

49
Q

Why are collenchyma cells typically longer than parenchyma cells?

A

To be used as a flexible support in the plant.

50
Q

T/F Collenchyma have lignin

A

False, Collenchyma need to be flexible in order to preserve structure.

51
Q

What are the four types of collenchyma in plants?

A

Angular, Annular, Lemellar, Lacunar

52
Q

What Type of Collenchyma has the largest cell wall at the corners of each cell?

A

Angular

53
Q

What type of Collenchyma looks like bricks in a wall?

A

Lamellar

54
Q

What type of Collenchyma have generally thick cell walls.

A

Annular

55
Q

What type of collenchyma looks like it is stacked on top of each other?

A

Lacunar

56
Q

What places in a plant are collenchyma cells commonly found?

A

Leaves and Stems

57
Q

T/F Collenchyma cells can remove the cell wall thickening to increase growth?

A

True

58
Q

T/F Sclerenchyma have a lignified secondary cell wall

A

True

59
Q

Name one type of sclerenchyma cell

A

Fibers, Sclerids, Tracheary elements.

60
Q

What are the two types of fiber cells found in and near the xylem?

A

Xylery and Extraxylery

61
Q

What types of fibers undergo cellular division after the creation of the secondary cell wall?

A

Septate Fibers

62
Q

What sclerenchyma fibers are hydroscopic?

A

Gelatinous Fibers

63
Q

What type of sclerenchyma is a short cell with angular shapes?

A

Sclerids

64
Q

What is a lumen?

A

space bounded by the plant cell wall

65
Q

Name 2 of the six sclereid types

A

Brachysclereids, Macrosclereids, Osterosclereids, Astrosclereids, Trichosclereids, Filiform Sclereids

66
Q

What are the 3 main functions of sclereids?

A

Transportation, Support, Protection

67
Q

What type of Sclereid, is found in seed coats and is elongated?

A

Macrosclereids

68
Q

What type of Slclereid is star-shaped?

A

Asterosclereids

69
Q

What type of sclereids are isodiametric and somewhat elongated and found in most parts of the plant?

A

Brachysclereids

70
Q

what type of sclereid is elongated and fiber-like?

A

Filiform Sclereids

71
Q

What type of sclereid is thin-walled and hair-like?

A

Trichosclereid

72
Q

what two processes control the movement of water through a land plant?

A

Evaporation, and root pressure

73
Q

T/F Xylem but not Phloem are associated with secondary growth

A

False, Both are associated with secondary growth

74
Q

Primary Xylem is produced in what kind of growth in what part of the plant?

A

Primary, apical meristem

75
Q

This structure produces both xylem and phloem

A

The procambium

76
Q

What three cell types are found in xylem?

A

Tracheary elements, Fibers, Parenchyma

77
Q

What do Tracheids lack?

A

Perforations

78
Q

What do vessel elements have that tracheids do not?

A

Perforations

79
Q

What are the conducting cells of the xylem?

A

Tracheary elements

80
Q

Name one of the types of thickening in xylem

A

Annular, Spiral, Sclariform, Reticulate, Pitted (simple), Pitted (bordered)

81
Q

What do the pit membrane and the taurus do to help the cell?

A

These structures block the inflow of water and allow the outflow

82
Q

What is the area that surrounds the taurus called?

A

The Margo

83
Q

Are pits found in all tracheary elements in the xylem?

A

Yes

84
Q

what are the 3 thickening functions?

A

Waterflow, Prevent Embolism, Prevent Implosion

85
Q

what are the names of the four thickening types in tracheary elements?

A

Angular, Helical, Scleriform, Pitted

86
Q

What parts of a growing tracheary element are not in a fully grown tracheary element?v

A

The Tonoplast, Primary Wall, and nucleus

87
Q

Name a difference of a treacheary element and a vessel element?

A

The Vessel element has perforations and Lacks both a primary and secondary cell wall

88
Q

Name the defining characteristic of a simple perforation plate

A

it has a single opening

89
Q

Name the defining characteristic of a sclariform plate

A

ladder-like

90
Q

Name the defining characteristic of a foraminate perforation plate

A

Circular openings

91
Q

Name the defining characteristic of a Reticulate Perforation plate

A

it is net-like

92
Q

What is hydraulic connectivity?

A

A measure of the water of movement through a material

93
Q

What are the four types of fibers?

A

Libriform Fibers, Trachead Fibers, Septate Fibers, Gelatinous Fibers

94
Q

What are the outgrowths in contact cells in vessels called?

A

Tyloses

95
Q

Is protoxylem or metaxylem the closest to the cell wall?

A

Metaxylem

96
Q

Tracheids evolved into what

A

Vessel elements and Fibers

97
Q

What are the 3 main stele types?

A

Protostele, Eustele, Siphonostele

98
Q

T/F a protostele has a pith

A

False

99
Q

There are two different types of siphonostele’s what is the differentiation between them?

A

The presence of leaf gaps

100
Q

A Eustele is defined by what?

A

Stem bundles

101
Q

Roots are closest to what other organ in the plant?

A

the stem

102
Q

Xylem and Phloem make up what in plants?

A

The Vascular system

103
Q

What is the MAIN function of phloem?

A

The transportation of photosynthates

104
Q

phloem is called what because information travels along it?

A

the information super-highway

105
Q

Xylem on the ____ and Phloem is on the ____.

A

Outside, Inside

106
Q

Phloem is produced by what growth type in the apical meristems?

A

Primary

107
Q

What is the name of the cell that is attached to the Sieve-tube elements?

A

A Companion Cell

108
Q

What structure helps prevent the loss of photosynthates when the phloem is damaged?

A

Sieve Plates

109
Q

Sieve Tube member’s have what structure to connect them to their companion cells?

A

A Branched Plasmodesmata

110
Q

What is the cell that is similar to a companion cell that attaches to sieve cells?

A

An Albuminous Cell

111
Q

What are the 5 main functions of roots?

A

Anchorage, Absorption, Hormone Production, Storage, and Symbiotic Tissues

112
Q

What is the function of the excreted Mucigel Shiethe generated by the root?

A

lubricant, absorption,
interaction of media with microbes

113
Q

What cell’s excrete the Mucigel Shieth?

A

Border Cells

114
Q

What are the 3 main regions of a root’s structure?

A

Region of maturation, Region of elongation, and the apical meristem.

115
Q

T/F, Vessel elements in roots are the Widest in the plant.

A

True

116
Q

What are Root Spurs?

A

Endogenous meristematic regions that rapidly elongate when water becomes available

117
Q

The Root system Does/Does not have to be connected to the vascular system of a plant.

A

Does

118
Q

T/F Roots are an example of convergent evolution?

A

True

Pbio 3080 Ohio University (5 decks)

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