test 3 Flashcards
what is a microphyll?
a small leaf on big leaf
what is a megaphyll?
a big leaf
what is an enation?
a small extension of a leaf, this will continue to become a microphyll
enations have a single/double vascular trace
single
megaphylls have evolved at least_____Times!
Four
what are tendrils?
tendrils are derivatives of leaves or stems that attatch to other surfaces and support the plant.
the way to tell how a tendril formed is from what?
the buds.
cladophylls, what are they?
they are leaf-like branches
cacti don’t have leaves they have…
cladophylls
what are thorns?
modified branches that arise from the leaf axis
do cacti have thorns?
no
the thorn arises from what?
the auxillary bud
spines are what?
a dry, har, nonphotosynthetic, modified leaf that pokes stuff
are spines on cacti?
yes
the apical meristems in cactus that make spines are called what?
areoles
what are prickles!?
small, slender, and sharp outgrowths from the cortex, periderm, and epidermis.
are prickles associated with nodes?
no
what organ are tubers modified from?
the stem
what are tubers?
tubers are modified stems that are used for energy storage
what are the “eyes” of potato?
axullary buds
what are rhizomes?
underground stems
what are stolons?
stems that grow along the soil surface and asexually reproduce
fragaria is what?
strawberry
bulbs are what?
stems surrounded by fleshy leaves?
what are corms?
a storage stem.
what is a hypocotyl?
the stem like area that is situated below the cotlyedons
what is a prop root?
a root that props a plant above the ground
what are myrosin cells?
cells that protect plants by having a seperation of two chemicals (glucosinolate) and (myrosin) these combine when eaten and then create a “burning” sensation.
what are stinging hairs?
trichomes that when they penetrate the skin and breaks, then they inject shit into you
what is the important chemical in stinging hairs?
histamine
what are nectaries?
glands that produce nectar
what are the key ingrediants in nectar?
sucrose, glucosse, and fructose
what are the two main types of nectaries?
floral nectaries and extrafloral nectaries
T/F Gymnosperms have nectaries
true
in angiosperms there are nectaries in_________
the petals
in monocots nectaries are associated with what structures?
tepals, septals, perigonal nectaries and widespread.
what is a septum?
a division in the carpel
where are nectaries?
in the septum
T/F trichomes cannot secrete nectar
False
what are sporophytes?
plants that make spores in sporangia
gametophytes are what?
plants that make gametes in archegonia and antherdia.
what are archegonia?
a structure that makes an egg.
what are antheridia?
a structure that makes sperm
what are embryophytes?
plants that have an embryo
what are tracheophytes?
plants that have tracheary elements
what are spermatophytes?
plants that have seeds
what are anthercerotophyta?
the hornworts
T/F plant sperm can’t move just like fully grown plants.
False
what is the foot of the sporophyte?
an organ that is embedded into the maternal tissue and connects the sporophyte and the gametophyte
what do the sporangia do?
make spores
what is the difference of gametophytes and sporophytes?
sporophytes do not need sexual reproduction
in hornworts how do spores get released?
the sporangium is slowly “unzipped” and revealed until all the spores fly out.
what does the foot do for a sporophyte?
it sequesters resources from the rest of the plant and moves it into the gametophyte.
what are paraphysis?
sterile structures at the top of the gametophyte and protect the develping gametes
what is a capsule?
a form of a sporangium with a jar and cap
what is the operculum?
the cap of a capsule sporangium
what is the peristome?
the teeth of a toothed sporangium
what is an archagoniaphore?
a structure that bears archigonia
what is an antheridiaphore?
a structure that holds antheridia
what are elaters?
structures that twist up and then release their pressure to force out spores
lycopodiaceae are what?
homosporus
what is homospory?
all the sproes are the same
what is heterospory?
spores are different
what plants are homosporus?
ferns, equisetophytes, some lychophytes (ancestral)
what plants are hetersporous?
few ferns, some lycophytes, and seed plants
what is a microspore?
a spore that develops into a microgametophyte
what is a megaspore?
a spore that develops into a megagametophyt
T/F Lycophytes require an aquatic habitat to reproduce
False
what are the two clades of ferns?
the eusporangiate and the leptosporangiate ferns
most ferns are ____sporous?
homosporus
ferns disperse spores how?
by flinging them with the sporangia
what is a false indusium?
a fold over of the leaf that covers/holds spores
what is a tubular indusia?
an indusia that is formed on stalks
what is an indusia?
a thin membrane covering that covers the sorus on a fern.
the prothallus is what?
a gametophyte
archegonia and antheridia mature at different rates to brevent what?
intragametophytic selfing
monilophyte sperm need what to complete the life cycle?
water
what is the alternation of generations?
the alternation of sporophyte to gametophyte and back in plant life cycles
does the life cycle of a plant, on a fundamental level ever drastically change?
no
in the life cycle of a plant what two stages are there?
sporophytic and gametophytic
what is the creation of the zygote called?
fertilization
in seed plants the spores germinate into what?
seeds
out of the 4 megaspores how many are going to continue on?
1
where does the sporophyte get its nutrients inside a tree?
the gametophyte (seed coat)
what is the main (large structure) “phytage” of a seed plant?
a sporophyte
mieosis always produces what?
spores
what is the order of parts in the carpel?
the stigma on top, the stlye next (stalk), then the ovary
what is the order of parts on a stamen?
the anther then the filament
what is the order of the sepals and petals?
petals then sepals
what is the order of floral whorls?
carpel, stamen, petal, sepal.
what is at the base of the flower?
the recepticle
the parianth is what?
the non reproductive structures of a flower (the sepals and petals)
what are petals and sepals called if you cannot tell which is a petal and which is a sepal?
a tepal
what is the callyx?
the collection of sepals
what are sepals?
a member of the outwer whorl (calyx) of a flower
what is the corrola?
the car….nah its the whorl if petals
what are petals?
the inner whorl of non fertile parts surrounding the fertal organs of a flower, suaually soft in texture and colored conspicuously
petals have evolved more than once, from what organs did they evolve?
from sepals the first time and from stamens the second time
stamen have how many vascular bundles?
1
sepals have how man vascular bundles?
5
what is a fused corolla?
petals that are all one petal that cups
what is extrorse anther?
pollen ont he outside
what is an introrse anther?
pollen in the inside
what is a latrorse anther?
pollen laterally
what is porisidal anther?>
it opens up and releases the pollen
what are the main five parts of pollen?
the apertures, the exine, the intine, the generative cell an d vegetative cell
what are aperatrues?
the place where the pollen tube will emerge and the response to the environment.
what is exine?
a wall constructed of sporopollenin
what is an intine?
a wall composed of cellulose and pectin
what is a generative cell?
a cell that gives rise to two sperm cells
what is a vegetative cell?
acell that produces pollen tubes
what are staminodes?
infertile stamens
what is pseudanthium?
inflorescence of many flowers that acts as a single attractive unit.
asteraceae are called what?
composites
what are “composite” flowers?
a plant that consists of many flowers.
each individual flower in a composition flower is called a florett,
