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head and neck anatomy > test 4 > Flashcards

test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The vascular system of the head and neck, as is the case in the rest of the body, consists of

A

an arterial blood supply, a capillary network, and venous drainage.

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2
Q

An artery is

A

the component of the vascular system that arises from the heart, carrying blood away from it.

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3
Q

Each artery starts as a large vessel and branches into smaller vessels called?

A

arteriole

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4
Q

Each arteriole branches into even smaller vessels until it becomes

A

a network of capillaries.

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5
Q

each capillary is smaller than an arteriole but can supply blood to a larger tissue are area bc

A

there are so many of them

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6
Q

A vein is

A

another component of the vascular system.

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7
Q

a vein travels

A

to the heart and carries blood

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8
Q

valves are in the veins are

A

mostly absent in the head and neck area, unlike in the rest of the body

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9
Q

smaller veins are called?

A

venule

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10
Q

venules drain?

A

capillaries of the tissue area

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11
Q

venules coalesce to become?

A

larger veins

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12
Q

superficial veins found ?

A

immediately deep to the skin

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13
Q

deeper veins usually accompany

A

larger arteries in a more protected location within the tissue

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14
Q

larger network of blood vessels called?

A

plexus

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15
Q

head and neck are contain what type of important plexuses?

A

venous plexuses

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16
Q

blood vessels communicate with each other by a connecting channels among vessels by

A

anastomosis

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17
Q

what are venous sinuses?

A

blood filled spaces between two layers of tissue

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18
Q

venous networks connected by?

A

anastomoses

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19
Q

For the left side of the body, the common carotid and subclavian arteries arise

A

directly from the aorta

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20
Q

For the right side of the body, the common carotid and subclavian arteries are both branches from

A

the brachiocephalic artery

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21
Q

The brachiocephalic artery is a direct branch of the

A

aorta

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22
Q

does the common carotid artery have branches?

A

no it is branchless

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23
Q

how does the common carotid artery end?

A

by dividing into the internal and external carotid arteries at about the level of the laryn

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24
Q

Just before the common carotid artery bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries

A

it exhibits a swelling, the carotid sinus

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25
Q

subclavian artery arises?

A

lateral to the common carotid artery

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26
Q

The internal carotid artery is a division that travels

A

superiorly in a slightly lateral position (in relationship to the external carotid artery) after leaving the common carotid artery

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27
Q

internal carotid artery supplies?

A

intracranial structures and is the source of ophthalmic artery which supplies eye, orbit, and lacrimal gland

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28
Q

external carotid artery begins?

A

superior border of the thyroid cartilage, at the termination of the common carotid artery and the carotid sheath.

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29
Q

external carotid artery travels

A

ls superiorly in a more medial position (in relationship to the internal carotid artery) after arising from the common carotid artery

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30
Q

external carotid artery supplies?

A

extracranial tissue of the head and neck, including the oral cavity.

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31
Q

sets of branches of the external carotid artery?

A

anterior, medial, posterior, and terminal (named bc of location)

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32
Q

how many branches does the anterior branch from the external carotid artery have? name them..

A

3: superior thyroid, lingual, and facial branches

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33
Q

branches of the superior thyroid artery (anterior branch of the external carotid artery)

A

four branches: the infrahyoid artery, the sternocleidomastoid branch, the superior laryngeal artery, and the cricothyroid branch

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34
Q

lingual artery arises from? (anterior branch from the external carotid artery)

A

superior to the superior thyroid artery at the level of the hyoid bone

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35
Q

lingual artery travels (anterior branch of the external carotid artery)

A

anteriorly to the apex of the tongue by the way of its inferior surface

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36
Q

lingual artery supplies?

A

the tissue superior to the hyoid bone including the suprahyoid muscles and floor of the mouth

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37
Q

sublingual artery supplies?

A

the mylohyoid muscle, sublingual salivary gland, and mucous membranes of the floor of the mouth.

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38
Q

facial artery/external maxillary artery belongs to which branch?

A

final anterior branch from the external carotid artery

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39
Q

facial artery arises?

A

slightly superior to the lingual artery as it branches off anteriorly; however, sometimes the facial and lingual arteries share a common trunk

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40
Q

path of the facial artery

A

complicated path as it runs medial to the mandible, over the submandibular salivary gland, and then around the mandible’s inferior border to its lateral side

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41
Q

from the inferior border of the mandible facial artery runs

A

anteriorly and superiorly near the angle of the mouth and along the side of the nose.

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42
Q

where does facial artery terminate?

A

medial canthus

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43
Q

major branches of facial artery?

A

the ascending palatine, the glandular branches, the submental, the inferior labial, the superior labial, and the angular

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44
Q

1st branch of the facial artery? (anterior branch of external carotid artery)

A

ascending palatine

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45
Q

what is the terminal branch of the facial artery

A

angular artery

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46
Q

how many branches does the medial branch of external carotid artery have? name them

A

just one; the small ascending pharyngeal artery

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47
Q

ascending pharyngeal artery arises?

A

arises close to the origin of the external carotid artery and cannot be seen in most lateral views of the head and neck

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48
Q

branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery

A

many small branches that include the pharyngeal branch and meningeal branch

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49
Q

what are the posterior branches of the external carotid artery?

A

occipital and posterior auricular

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50
Q

terminal branches of the external carotid artery?

A

superficial temporal and maxillary

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51
Q

which branch is the smallest of the terminal branches?

A

superficial temporal artery is the smaller of the 2

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52
Q

branches of the superficial temporal artery

A

several branches including the transverse facial artery, the middle temporal artery, the frontal branch, and the parietal branch

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53
Q

maxillary artery also called>

A

internal maxillary artery

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54
Q

what is the first part of the maxillary artery

A

mandibular part

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55
Q

first part of maxillary artery begins? (mandibular part)

A

begins at the neck of the mandibular condyle within the parotid salivary gland

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56
Q

second party of maxillary artery runs?

A

between the mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament anteriorly and superiorly through the infratemporal foss

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57
Q

middle meningeal artery supplies? Passes thru?

A

the meninges of the brain by way of the foramen spinosum, located on the inferior surface of the skull, as well as the skull bones

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58
Q

inferior alveolar artery arises from? And where?

A

arises from the maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa

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59
Q

inferior alveolar artery gives rise to? and where?

A

dental and alveolar branches in mandibular canal

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60
Q

mylohyoid artery arises?

A

from the inferior alveolar artery before the main artery enters the mandibular canal by way of the mandibular foramen

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61
Q

mental artery arises?

A

from the inferior alveolar artery and exits the mandibular canal by way of the mental foramen

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62
Q

incisive artery branches off what artery? and then does what?

A

inferior alveolar artery, remaining within the mandibular canal to divide into dental and alveolar branches

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63
Q

deep temporal arteries supplies

A

the anterior and posterior parts of the temporalis muscle

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64
Q

pterygoid arteries supplies?

A

the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles

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65
Q

masseteric artery supplies

A

masseter muscle

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66
Q

buccal artery supplies

A

the buccinator muscle and other soft tissues of the cheek

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67
Q

After traversing the infratemporal fossa, the maxillary artery enters

A

the pterygopalatine fossa, which is deep and inferior to the eye

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68
Q

Just as the maxillary artery leaves the infratemporal fossa and enters the pterygopalatine fossa as the third part (or pterygopalatine part), it gives rise to

A

it gives rise to the posterior superior alveolar artery.

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69
Q

posterior superior alveolar artery enters where to give rise to dental and alveolar branches?

A

the posterior superior alveolar foramina on the maxillary tuberosity

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70
Q

what artery also branches from the third part of the maxillary artery in the pterygopalatine fossa and may share a common trunk with the posterior superior alveolar artery

A

infraorbital artery

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71
Q

after infraorbital artery gives off branches in infraorbital canal it then does what?

A

,the infraorbital artery emerges onto the face from the infraorbital foramen

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72
Q

anterior superior alveolar artery arise

A

from the infraorbital artery and gives rise to dental and alveolar branches

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73
Q

pterygopalatine fossa, the third part of the maxillary artery gives rise to

A

descending palatine artery

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74
Q

descending palatine artery travels?

A

to the palate through the pterygopalatine canal

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75
Q

descending palatine artery supplies?

A

hard and soft palates

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76
Q

descending palatine artery terminates?

A

in both the greater palatine and lesser palatine artery

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77
Q

maxillary artery ends?

A

by becoming the sphenopalatine artery, its main terminal branch

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78
Q

sphenopalatine artery gives rise to

A

the posterior lateral nasal branches and septal branches, including a nasopalatine branch that accompanies the nasopalatine nerve through the incisive foramen on the maxillae

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79
Q

wing-like projections off side of nose

A

ala

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80
Q

external nose consist of ?

A

soft tissue and cartilage

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81
Q

Nostrils, lateral border is ala

A

nares

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82
Q

tip of nose

A

apex

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83
Q

Part of it is cartilage which connects to bony nasal septum

A

nasal septum

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84
Q

(AKA nasal aperature)-pear-shaped anterior opening of nasal caviity

A

piriform aperature

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85
Q

3 “shelves” that project inward toward the nasal septum

A

nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior)

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86
Q

inside lining of nose has hair like projection that move together in a beating pattern called?

A

cilia

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87
Q

purpose of cilia

A

trap contaminants as they enter the nasal cavity & to move them forward so that they can be blown out

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88
Q

why is nasal conchae important to cilia

A

conchae are an important part of this process because they provide a large surface area on which to trap the foreign matter

89
Q

nasal septum bony part made of

A

vomer and ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate)

90
Q

Small projection of the maxilla at the bottom of the piriform aperature

A

anterior nasal spine

91
Q

Cribiform plate of the Ethmoid located

A

on superior border of nasal cavity

92
Q

cribiform plate of ethmoid bone has small holes that?

A

open into anterior cranial fossa

93
Q

posterior nasal aperature is

A

(choana) opening at back of nasal cavity

94
Q

posterior nasal spine is

A

pointy bony projection at posterior end of hard palate

95
Q

nasolacrimal duct is

A

an opening into the nasal cavity from the eye; excess tears drain thru the lacrimal fossa through this duct & into nose-that’s why nose runs when you cry

96
Q

opening from auditory tube

A

opens into the nasal part of the pharynx; that is how you can “pop” your ears by holding your nose & blowing

97
Q

paranasal sinuses are

A

air-filled cavities in bone; paired

98
Q

purpose of paranasal sinuses?

A

–To lighten the bones of the skull
–Act as sound resonators when speaking
–Provide mucous for the nasal cavity

99
Q

names of paranasal sinuses are derived from

A

bones in which they are located

100
Q

Ostia is

A

the openings from the paranasal sinuses into the nasal cavity

101
Q

is cilia found in lining of paranasal sinuses

A

yes

102
Q

cilia in paranasal sinuses beat in direction of

A

ostia; promoting drainage of the accumulating fluids; location of the ostia do not favor drainage in the upright position (except for frontal sinus

103
Q

why can paranasal sinuses become easily infected

A

due to their openings into the nasal cavity-bacteria from the nasal cavity multiply rapidly because of the warm, moist mucosa in these sinuses& causes “sinus infection

104
Q

Sinusitis is

A

the mucosa of the sinuses become inflamed as a result of sinus infection; this blocks normal drainage of fluid causing infection to worsen; this accumulation of fluid in the sinuses is what causes feeling of pressure with sinus infection. Sinusitis is also what blocks breathing

105
Q

Maxillary Sinus occupies

A

s much of the interior of the maxilla

106
Q

largest paranasal sinuses

A

maxillary sinus

107
Q

if one side of maxillary sinus is block you may be able to

A

lay down on opposite side to promote drainage from blocked side

108
Q

ostia of maxillary sinus located?

A

near the top, which makes it difficult to drain

109
Q

maxillary sinus important in dentistry bc

A

its close proximity to maxillary teeth

110
Q

If infections occur frequently in maxillary sinus, an ear, nose, & throat specialist

A

an make an opening near base of sinus to promote better drainage

111
Q

ASA, MSA, and PSA innervate

A

maxillary teeth and maxillary sinus

112
Q

why does often sinus infection feels like toothache

A

. Normally, the maxillary sinus does not send out any PPTT info. to the brain; usually these sensations traveling along these nerves come from the max. teeth (during eating or whatever); When there is a sinus infection, the sinus sends a message of pain & pressure along these same nerves to the brain. However, since the brain normally only gets messages from the teeth, it assumes this message is also from the teeth, & the patient thinks he/she has a toothache. An x-ray will help rule toothache out; review medical history-frequent sinus infection

113
Q

Relationship of floor of maxillary sinus to roots of maxillary teeth

A

often, the floor of the max. sinus dips down around the tips of max. posterior roots. Therefore, periapical infection of a max. post. tooth may involve the max. sinus

114
Q

dilacerated roots means

A

curved

115
Q

maxillary sinus may also

A

dip between roots of a maxillary molar`

116
Q

when maxillary posterior teeth are extracted what happens to maxillary sinuses

A

they tend to enlarger and fill in space where roots were

117
Q

Blood supply to max. sinus

A

anterior , middle, & posterior superior alveolar branches of max. artery

118
Q

Nerve supply to maxillary sinus

A

anterior, middle, & posterior superior alveolar nerves of max. division of trigeminal

119
Q

Frontal sinus located

A

in frontal bone just above the orbital cavity; infections here cause pressure & pain just above the eye

120
Q

Ethmoid air cells is

A

numerous, small sinus compartments located in the ethmoid bone

121
Q

infection in ethmoid air cells difficult to treat bc

A

so many small compartments; when infected, pain & pressure in nasal are

122
Q

Sphenoid sinus (another paranasal sinus) located

A

in sphenoid bon

123
Q

infection in sphenoid sinus causes

A

s pressure that is hard to localize but is deep in midline of head

124
Q

Infections in ethmoid air cells or sphenoid sinus can be dangerous due to close proximity to:

A

Cavernous sinus-one of the venous dural sinuses that are located in brain tissue (will discuss these in next unit)
2.Optic nerve-cranial nerve responsible for sig

125
Q

The veins of the head and neck start out as small venules and become

A

larger as they near the base of the neck on their way to the heart

126
Q

The veins of the head and upper neck are usually

A

symmetric in their coverage on each side of the body but have a greater variability in location than do the arteries, anastomosing freely

127
Q

Veins are also generally larger and

A

more numerous than arteries in the same tissue area

128
Q

internal jugular vein drains

A

the brain as well as most of the other tissue of the head and neck

129
Q

external jugular vein drains

A

only a small part of the extracranial structures

130
Q

internal jugular vein and external jugular vein have many

A

anastomoses

131
Q

facial vein drains

A

into the internal jugular vein.

132
Q

facial vein begins? With junction with?

A

at the medial canthus of the eye with the junction of two veins from the frontal region, the supratrochlear vein and supraorbital vein.

133
Q

The supraorbital vein also anastomoses with

A

the ophthalmic veins

134
Q

ophthalmic veins drain

A

the orbit

135
Q

anastomosis of ophthalmic veins provides direct communication with

A

cavernous sinus

136
Q

anastomosis and one-way direction of blood flow may allow cavernous sinus to become..

A

fatally infected through the spread of dental infection

137
Q

the facial vein receives branches from

A

the same areas of the face that are supplied by the facial artery

138
Q

The facial vein anastomoses with

A

the deep veins such as the pterygoid plexus of veins in the infratemporal fossa and with the large retromandibular vein before joining the internal jugular vein at the level of the hyoid bone

139
Q

submental vein drains

A

the tissue of the chin as well as the submandibular region

140
Q

superior labial vein drains

A

the upper lip

141
Q

inferior labial vein drains

A

lower lip

142
Q

sublingual vein that drains

A

the floor of the mouth

143
Q

dorsal lingual veins drains

A

dorsal surface of the tongue

144
Q

describe deep lingual vein; drains?

A

highly visible branching blue; noted during an intraoral examination ; drains ventral surface of the tongue

145
Q

lingual veins drain into?

A

indirectly into the facial vein or directly into the internal jugular vein

146
Q

lingual veins may join to form

A

single vessel or may empty into larger vessels separately

147
Q

lingual veins are important clinically bc

A

they are capable of rapid and direct topical drug absorption

148
Q

retromandibular vein forms

A

the external jugular vein from a part of its route

149
Q

The retromandibular vein is formed from

A

from the merger of the superficial temporal vein and maxillary vein

150
Q

The retromandibular vein emerges from

A

the parotid salivary gland and courses inferiorly

151
Q

retromandibular vein and its beginning venules drain

A

areas similar to those supplied by the superficial temporal and maxillary arteries

152
Q

retromandibular vein usually divides into 2 parts where?

A

Anterior and posterior. Divides inferior to the parotid salivary gland

153
Q

anterior division of retromandibular vein joins

A

facial vein

154
Q

posterior division of retromandibular vein continues its inferior course

A

on the surface of the SCM muscle

155
Q

posterior auricular vein drains

A

the lateral scalp posterior to the ear

156
Q

posterior retromandibular veins joins posterior auricular vein and becomes?

A

external jugular vein

157
Q

superficial temporal vein drains

A

lateral scalp

158
Q

superficial temporal vein is located

A

superficially in skin covering the temporal region and can sometimes be noted on a patient during an extraoral examination.

159
Q

superficial temporal vein goes on to drain into and form the

A

retromandibular vein, along with the deeper maxillary vein

160
Q

maxillary vein is deeper than

A

superficial temporal vein

161
Q

maxillary vein begins within

A

infratemporal fossa by collecting blood from the pterygoid plexus of veins, while accompanying the maxillary artery

162
Q

Through the pterygoid plexus, the maxillary vein receives

A

middle meningeal, posterior superior alveolar, inferior alveolar veins, and other veins such as those from the nasal cavity and palate, which are served by the maxillary artery

163
Q

after receiving middle meningeal, posterior superior alveolar, inferior alveolar veins, maxillary vein merges with?

A

merges with the superficial temporal vein

164
Q

after maxillary vein merges with the superficial temporal vein it drains into and forms?

A

retromandibular vein

165
Q

The pterygoid plexus of veins is? located?

A

a collection of small anastomosing vessels located around the pterygoid muscles and surrounding the second part (or pterygoid part) of the maxillary artery on each side of the face within the infratemporal fossa

166
Q

pterygoid plexus anastomoses with ?

A

facial and retromandibular veins

167
Q

pterygoid plexus of veins protects?

A

protects the maxillary artery from being compressed during mastication; by either filling or emptying, the pterygoid plexus can accommodate changes in volume within the infratemporal fossa that occur when the mandible undergoes movement

168
Q

the pterygoid plexus of veins drains

A

the veins from the deep parts of the face and then drains into the maxillary vein.

169
Q

The middle meningeal vein drains

A

blood from both the dura mater of the meninges (not the arachnoid or pia mater) and the bones of the cranial vault into the pterygoid plexus of veins

170
Q

if posterior superior alveolar block is incorrectly administered its a possibility of piercing?

A

pterygoid plexus of veins or possibly the nearby maxillary artery

171
Q

Some parts of the pterygoid plexus of veins are near

A

maxillary tuberosity, reflecting the drainage of dental tissue into the vascular plexus.

172
Q

pterygoid plexus draiins which alveolar vein

A

posterior superior alveolar vein

173
Q

posterior superior alveolar vein formed by

A

merging of its dental and alveolar branches

174
Q

inferior alveolar vein forms from?

A

merging of its dental branches, alveolar branches, and mental branches in the mandible

175
Q

inferior alveolar vein drains into

A

the pterygoid plexus of veins

176
Q

The mental branches of the inferior alveolar vein enter

A

mental foramen

177
Q

before inferior alveolar vein enters mental foramen it does what?

A

drains the chin area on the outer surface of the mandible, where they anastomose with branches of the facial vein.

178
Q

The venous sinuses in the brain are located

A

in the meninges (within dura mater)

179
Q

meninges are

A

Connective tissue coverings which enclose the brain and spinal cord; filled with cerebrospinal fluid & therefore, provide a shock absorber between the CNS & bone

180
Q

dura mater is

A

outer layer-dense connective tissue that lines the inside of the cranium

181
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

between dura& cerebrospinal fluid (Between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater there is a space filled with cerebrospinal fluid called the Subarachnoid space.

182
Q

pia mater

A

closely adhere to surface of brain, across gyri& into sulci and fissures

183
Q

Dura mater is further divided into

A

fibrous dura(periosteal dura) on outside & meningeal layer, the inner layer of dura

184
Q

In most places the 2 layers of dura mater are

A

side by side with no spaces in between.

185
Q

areas with spaces in between 2 layers of dura mater are?

A

venous dural sinuses

186
Q

dural sinuses are channels

A

by which blood is conveyed from the cerebral veins into the veins of the neck, particularly the internal jugular vein

187
Q

The venous sinus most important to dental care is? located?

A

the paired cavernous sinus located on the lateral surface of the body of the sphenoid bone

188
Q

Each cavernous sinus communicates by

A

anastomoses with its contralateral sinus and also with the pterygoid plexus of veins and superior ophthalmic vein, which anastomoses with the facial vein as discussed earlier

189
Q

paired intercavernous sinuses, with an anterior and a posterior position, connect

A

the two cavernous sinuses across the midline

190
Q

what cranial nerves and artery pass through the blood-filled space of the cavernous sinus

A

The internal carotid artery and certain cranial nerves (III, IV, V1, V2, and VI)

191
Q

cavernous sinus important to dental professionals why?

A

cavernous sinus may be involved with the spread of dental (or odontogenic) infection

192
Q

fatal results of cavernous sinus can include?

A

cavernous sinus thrombosis

193
Q

internal jugular vein drains most of

A

the structures of the head and neck

194
Q

internal jugular vein originates in? leaves through?

A

the cranial cavity and leaves the skull through the jugular foramen

195
Q

internal jugular vein receives many tributaries including veins from?

A

the lingual, sublingual, and pharyngeal areas as well as the facial vein.

196
Q

internal jugular vein runs

A

with the common carotid artery and its branches as well as the vagus nerve in the carotid sheath

197
Q

Within the carotid sheath, the deep cervical group of lymph nodes forms

A

a chain along the internal jugular vein

198
Q

The internal jugular vein descends in

A

the neck to merge with the subclavian vein.

199
Q

The posterior division of the retromandibular vein becomes

A

the external jugular vein

200
Q

The external jugular vein continues the descent _____ along the neck

A

inferiorly

201
Q

external jugular vein terminates in the

A

subclavian vein

202
Q

The anterior jugular vein drains into? before it joins?

A

the external jugular vein (or directly into the subclavian vein) before it joins the subclavian vein

203
Q

The anterior jugular vein begins

A

inferior to the chin

204
Q

anterior jugular vein descends near

A

the midline within the superficial fascia, receiving branches from the superficial cervical structures

205
Q

Only one anterior jugular vein may be present, but

A

usually two veins are present, anastomosing with each other through a jugular venous arch

206
Q

Usually the external jugular vein is visible as it crosses

A

the large SCM muscle

207
Q

On each side of the body, the external jugular vein joins

A

the subclavian vein from the arm, and then the internal jugular vein merges with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein

208
Q

he brachiocephalic veins unite to form

A

the superior vena cava and then travel to the heart

209
Q

Because the superior vena cava is on the right side of the heart, the brachiocephalic veins are

A

asymmetric

210
Q

The right brachiocephalic vein is short and

A

vertical in placement

211
Q

the left brachiocephalic vein is long and

A

horizontal in placement

212
Q

route of blood from heart to teeth and back (right maxillary central)

A

Blood travels from heart-Ascending aorta-Brachiocephalic trunk-Common carotid artery-External carotid artery-Maxillary artery-Infraorbital artery-Anterior Superior Alveolar branch-Thru apical foramen to pulp of right maxillary central

213
Q

Route of Blood from Heart to Teeth (Right Max Central) and Back

A

Dental branches of the Posterior Superior Alveolar Vein-Pterygoid plexus of veins-Maxillary vein-Retromandibular vein-Internal jugular vein-Jugular foramen-Internal jugular vein descends the neck in the carotid sheath -Blood goes through brachiocephalic vein and then back to heart

214
Q

The narrowing and blockage of the arteries can cause

A

pathologic changes that impact the head and neck with dental care

215
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

a buildup of fatty arterial plaque, which consists of mainly cholesterol, as well as calcium, clotting proteins, and other substances

216
Q

when atherosclerosis happens in arteries leading to heart the result is

A

cardiovascular disease

217
Q

Blood vessels may also become compromised in certain disease processes such as? and may lead to?

A

high blood pressure, infection, trauma, or endocrine pathology; leading to vascular lesions

218
Q

one of lesions leading from blood vessels being compromised?

A

a clot or thrombus that forms on the inner vessel wall

219
Q

a thrombus may dislodge from

A

the inner vessel wall and travel as an embolus

head and neck anatomy (5 decks)

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