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head and neck anatomy > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Facial muscle different compared to other muscules?

A

muscles attached directly to the skin

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2
Q

Because facial muscles are attached directly to skin it gives them what characteristic?

A

makes them very mobile

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3
Q

Smiling takes how many muscles?

A

17

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4
Q

frowning takes how many muscles ?

A

43

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5
Q

Contraction means? and what does it cause?

A

the muscle fibers shorten; causes movement

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6
Q

relaxation means? what does it cause?

A

decrease tension in muscle fibers; does not cause movement

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7
Q

origination part of the muscle ? also called?

A

also called arise; end of muscle that is attached to the structure that hardly moves

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8
Q

insertion part of the muslce?

A

end of muscle that is attached to the structure that moves

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9
Q

how do muscles work?

A
  • muscle receives signal from bran (via nerve supply)

- muscle contracts (movement in direction of origin)

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10
Q

general rule about muscles (not always)

A

muscles are pared and one side will contract while the other will relaxed (facial expressions)

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11
Q

What is the big muscle rule?

A

compound words (styloglossus) 1st part of the work is point of origin, and 2nd part is point of insertion
ex Stylo-origin-styloid process
Glossus -insertion-tongue

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12
Q

labii means?

A

lip

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13
Q

anguli

A

Angle

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14
Q

nasi

A

nose

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15
Q

bucci

A

cheek

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16
Q

superioris

A

upper

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17
Q

inferioris

A

lower

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18
Q

masticate

A

chew

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19
Q

what is fascia?

A

thin layer of connective tissue that covers, supports, or connects muscles or inner organs of the body

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20
Q

what is the sphincter muscle?

A

a muscle that surrounds and closes an orifice (opening)

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21
Q

Orbiculars oris (origin and insertion)

A
  • Origin- (facial modiolus) encircles mouth with no bony attachments
  • insertion- in the skin of the lips at the commissures, upper lip, and philtrum
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22
Q

what is the action of the orbicularis oris?

A

closing lips (pressing together), tightening and thinning, (pursing) rolling inward between the teeth (grimace), and thrusting outward (pouting/kissing)

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23
Q

Zygomaticus major origin and insertion

A

Origin- zygomatic bone, lateral to minor

Insertion- skin at the ipsilateral labial commissure at facial modiolus

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24
Q

Action of the Zygomaticus major

A

elevates labial commissure; smiling

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25
Q

zygomaticus minor origin and insertion

A

origin- body of zygomatic bone

insertion- skin of upper lip

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26
Q

action of the zygomaticus minor

A

elevates upper lip, assist in smiling

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27
Q

levator anguli oris origin and insertion

A

Origin- canine fossa of the maxilla, superior to the root of the maxillary canine
insertion- skin at the ipsilateral labial commissure

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28
Q

action of the levator anguli oris

A

elevates the labial commissure when smiling

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29
Q

levator labii superioris origin and insertion

A

origin- infraorbital rim of maxilla

insertion- skin of upper lip within labial commissure at facial modiolus

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30
Q

action of levator labii superioris

A

elevates upper lip

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31
Q

Levator labii superioris alaeque Nasi origin and insertion

A

origin- frontal process of the maxilla

insertion- skin of ala or nose and upper lip

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32
Q

action of the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

A

elevates upper lip and ala of the nose, dilates naris (sneering)

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33
Q

risorius origin and insertion

A

origin- fascia superficial to the masseter

insertion- skin at ipsilateral labial commissure a facial modiolus

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34
Q

action of the risorius

A

stretch the lips laterally, retracting the labial commissure and widening the mouth; produces grimace

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35
Q

buccinator origin and insertion

A

origin- alveolar process of the maxilla and mandible, Pterygomandibular raphe
insertion- skin at the labial commissure, in and around the orbicularis oris

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36
Q

action of the buccinator

A

pulls each labial commissure laterally and shortens the cheek vertically and horizontally; keeps food pushed back onto the occlusal surfaces of teeth as people chew; provides infants the suction of nursing

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37
Q

location of the pterygomandibular raphe

A

extends from the hamulus and attaches at the posterior end of the mandibles mylohyoid line

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38
Q

Depressor anglui oris origin and insertion

A

origin- inferior border of the mandible

insertion- skin at the ipsilateral labial commissure of facial modiolus; when frowning

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39
Q

action of the depressor anguli oris

A

depresses the labial commissure when frowning

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40
Q

depressor labii inferioris origin and insertion

A

origin- inferior border of the mandible

insertion- skin of the lower lip

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41
Q

action of the depressor labii inferioris

A

depresses the lower lip, exposing the mandibular incisors

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42
Q

mentalis origin and insertion

A

origin- mandible near the midline

insertion- skin of the chin

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43
Q

action of the mentalis

A

raising the chin, causing the displaced lower lip to protrude, narrowing the oral vestibule

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44
Q

what is the modiolus

A 
fibers of muscles meet:
-depresser anguli oris
-levator anguli oris
-obicularis oris
-zygomaticus major
-buccinator 
(CREATES DIMPLES)
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45
Q

Describe mandible at rest

A
  • teeth not in occlusion (not touching)

- held in place by gravity and muscles of matistification

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46
Q

what are the different movements of the mandible?

A
  • hinge
  • gliding
  • side to side grinding
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47
Q

Hinge movements?

A
  • depression- lowers the mandible (opens mouth)

- elevation- raises the mandible (closes mouth)

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48
Q

Gliding movements?

A
  • protrusion- forward movement of mandible

- retraction- backward movement of mandible

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49
Q

when is protrusion and retraction possible ?

A

only possible when mouth is slightly open

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50
Q

side to side grinding movements?

A
  • right lateral excursion- deviation of mandible to right

- left lateral excursion- deviation of mandible to left

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51
Q

all muscles acting on mandible are?

A
  • paired (right and left)
  • movement is not from single pair but from group of muscles
  • pairs act at same time
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52
Q

how does the mouth open?

A

depressor muscles contract

elevator muscles relax

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53
Q

how does mouth close?

A

elevator muscles contract

depressor muscles relax

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54
Q

masseter (superficial head) muscles origin and insertion

A
  • origin- anterior 2/3 of lower border of zygomatic arch (zygomatic process of maxilla)
  • insertion- lateral surface of the angle of mandible
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55
Q

function of the masseter (superficial head)?

A

elevate mandible (hinge)

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56
Q

masseter (deep head) origin and insertion

A

origin- posterior 1/3 and medial surface of zygomatic arch

-insertion- lateral surface of ramus

57
Q

function of masseter (deep head)

A

elevates mandible

58
Q

temporalis origin and insertion

A
  • Found in Temporal Fossa
  • Origin-Frontal, parietal, temporal, & sphenoid bones & temporal fascia
  • Insertion-Coronoid Process & Anterior Border of Ramus
59
Q

function of temporalis

A

all muscles contract: elevation of mandible

posterior contracts :retrusion of mandible (hinge and gliding)

60
Q

medial pterygoid origin and insertion (superficial and deep)

A
  • Origin (deep)- between pterygoid plates
  • superficial -Lateral surface of pyramid process of palatine bone and maxillary tuberosity
  • Insertion-Medial surface of ramus& angle of Mandible
61
Q

function of medial pterygoid

A

•Function-Elevates Mandible (Hinge

62
Q

lateral pterygoid (superior head) origin and insertion

A

•Origin-Infratemporal surface of infratemporal crest of great wing of Sphenoid
–Insertion-Anterior surface of neck of mandibular condyle at pterygoid fovea of mandible and anterior margin of TMJ disc and capsule

63
Q

function of lateral pterygoid (superior head)

A

Draws condyle forward (protrusion) & depresses mandible–Hinge, gliding, and side to side grinding

64
Q

lateral pterygoid (inferior head) origin and insertion

A

Origin-Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
–Insertion-Anterior surface of neck of mandibular condyle at pterygoid fovea of mandible and anterior margin of TMJ disc and capsule

65
Q

function of lateral pterygoid (inferior head)

A

–Function-Draws condyle forward (protrusion) & depresses mandible–Hinge, Gliding, & Side to Side grinding

66
Q

suprahyoid muscles location and function

A
  • Above the hyoid bone
  • Assist lateral pterygoid in depressing the mandible
  • Elevate hyoid bone when mouth opens
  • Assist temporalis in retracting the mandible
67
Q

geniohyoid origin insertion, and action

A

Origin- genial tubercles
insertion- body of hyoid
action: elevates and protrudes the hyoid bone or depresses the mandible

68
Q

mylohyoid origin, insertion, and action

A

origin- mylohyoid line of mandible
insertion- body of hyoid bone
action-elevates the hyoid bone or depresses the mandible, forms floor of mouth and helps elevate tongue

69
Q

digastric anterior belly origin and insertion and action

A

Origin-intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle (attached to hyoid bone)
–Insertion-digastric fossa on medial surface of mandible
-Action: elevates the hyoid bone or depresses the mandible

70
Q

digastric posterior belly origin and insertion

A

Origin-mastoid notch medial to Mastoid Process
Insertion-intermediate tendon of digastric muscle
-Action: elevates the hyoid bone or depresses the mandible

71
Q

stylohyoid origin and insertion and action

A

origin- styloid process of the temporal bone
insertion- body of hyoid bone
action: elevates and retracts the hyoid bone

72
Q

infrahyoid muscles location , origin, insertion, and function?

A
  • Below hyoid bone
  • Origin-Sternum & Clavicle
  • Insertion-Lower surface of hyoid bone
  • Function-Contraction of suprahyoid muscles causes hyoid bone to elevate–THEREFORE, infrahyoid muscles must also contract & pull hyoid bone downward (DEPRESS) so that the suprahyoid & lateral pertygoid muscles can depress the mandible
73
Q

Sternohyoid origin, insertion, and action

A
  • O: poster and superior surfaces of sternum
  • I: body of hyoid bone
  • A: depresses the hyoid
74
Q

omohyoid origin and insertion and action

A

O: inferior: scapula——superior: inferior belly via intermediate tendon,
-I: inferior belly –superior belly via intermediate tendon, superior belly –lateral border of hyoid bone
A: depresses hyoid bone

75
Q

thyrohyoid insertion and origin

A
  • O: thyroid cartilage,
  • I: body of greater cornu of hyoid bone
  • A: depresses hyoid bone and raises thyroid cartilage and larynx
76
Q

Sternothyoid origin insertion, and action

A
  • Origin: posterior surface of sternum,
  • I: thyroid cartilage
  • A: depresses the thyroid cartilage and larynx
77
Q

What are they infrahyoid muscles?

A

sternothyroid
sternohyoid
omohyoid
thyrohyoid

78
Q

what are the extrinsic tongue muscles and what do they control?

A
  • control “position” of the tongue

- muscles- styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus, palatoglossus

79
Q

styloglossus origin, insertion, and function?

A
  • Origin-styloid process of temporal bone
  • Insertion-(2) Side of tongue and border between body and base
  • Function-retracts tongue
80
Q

hyoglossus origin, insertion, and function

A

origin- greater horn of hyoid bone and part of body
insertion- side of tongue
function-depresses tongue

81
Q

genioglossus origin, insertion, and function

A
  • Origin-Genial Tubercles
  • Insertion-Hyoid bone and base to tongue at apex
  • Function-Protrudes tongue or depresses it into floor of mouth
82
Q

palatoglossal origin, insertion, and function

A
  • Origin-Median palatine raphe
  • Insertion-Side of Tongue
  • Function-Elevates the root of the tongue
83
Q

muscles that form the floor of the mouth?

A
  • mylohyoid -suprahyoid muscle
  • Geniohyoid-suprahyoid muscle
  • Hyoglossus-extrinsic tongue muscle
84
Q

what is the temporomandibular joint?

A

Articulation of mandibular condyle with the mandibular fossa

85
Q

does the temporal bone and mandible touch?

A

no

86
Q

joint disc (articular disc/meniscus) located?

A

between the temporal bone and mandibular condyle on each side

87
Q

what does the joint disc allow?

A

allows articulation between the 2 bones

88
Q

what divides the TMJ into 2 compartments?

A

the joint disc

89
Q

what are the 2 compartments of the TMJ called?

A

synovial cavities (upper and lower)

90
Q

what are synovial cavities filled with?

A

synovial fluid (lubrication to reduce irritation

91
Q

what is the joint capsule ?

A

thick fibrous capsule that encloses entire joint

92
Q

what are the ligaments of the temporomandibular joint?

A
  • Temporomandibular Ligament
  • Stylomandibular Ligament
  • Sphenomandibular Ligament
93
Q

Ligaments attach what?

A

bone to bone

94
Q

Tendons attach what?

A

muscle to bone

95
Q

what happens when left lateral ptergoid contracts?

A

pulls mandible down, forward, and to the right

96
Q

what happens when right lateral pterygoid contracts?

A

pulls mandible down, forward, and to the left

97
Q

what happens when both lateral pterygoid muscles contract?

A

they cancel each other out and just move down and forward (hinge and gliding motions)

98
Q

why does the condyle move forward during chewing?

A

the mandibular fossa and tympanic portion of the temporal bone are very thin and cannot bear the tremendous force exerted during mastication

99
Q

when the condyle moves forward taking stress off other structures what structure bears the force

A

the articular tubercle

100
Q

define TMD

A

Temporomandibular Joint Disorders- characterized by chronic joint tenderness

  • can be in one or both joints
  • swelling, muscles spasms, difficult joint movement
101
Q

what are suggestions for alleviated TMD pain?

A

o 3 times a day moist heat (20) then ice 30 secs then heat again 10 mins; increase blood flow which removes metabolic waste products that create pain
o Soft diet rest muscles
o Low stress diet – increase vitamin B and C for tissue repair, decrease sugar, caffeine and meat

102
Q

Grinding of teeth called?

A

bruxism

103
Q

acute disorder that occurs when patient opens mouth too wide

A

subluxation

104
Q

what happens when subluxation occurs?

A

patient opens mouth, condyle glides too far forward unable to close mouth; will not go back into position because levator muscles are pulling upward as well as posteriorly and condyle gets trapped anterior to articular eminence

105
Q

what is crepitus?

A

popping, clicking, or crunching of disc derangement (disc caught between condyle and articular eminence

106
Q

temporary fix for subluxation

A

guide mandible back into position

107
Q

permanent treatment for subluxation

A

avoid opening too wide; surgery

108
Q

what is referred pain?

A

pain is caused by different structure in body

109
Q

soft palate important for ?

A

speech sounds

110
Q

3 parts of pharynx

A

nasal pharynx
oral pharynx
laryngeal pharynx

111
Q

5 muscle pairs in soft palate

A
  • palatoglossal
  • palatopharyngeal muscle
  • uvula
  • levator veli palatini
  • tensor veli palatini
112
Q

what do muscles of the soft palate do?

A

o Muscles move the soft palate up and back to contact posterior throat wall and seal off nasal cavity from oral cavity
o They also narrow the space between 2 palatine tonsils, called fauces

113
Q

Palatoglossal muscle (location, origin, insertion, action)

A

-forms palatoglossal fold (anterior)
-O: posterior of median palatine raphe
-I: lateral part of tongue
A: during contraction pulls the sides of tongue up and back and soft palate down on the lateral edges

114
Q

Palatopharyngeal (location, origin, insertion, action)

A

-forms palatopharyngeal (posterior)
-O: soft palate
-I: wall of the laryngopharynx and on the thyroid cartilage
A: moves palate posteroinferiorly and the posterior pharyngeal wall anteriorly to help close off the nasopharynx during swallowing

115
Q

Uvula (location, origin, insertion, action)

A
  • tissue that hangs down from the posterior part of the soft palate
  • Formed by 2 small bands of muscle that originate from the posterior end of the hard palate and run back and down in the soft palate
  • When the muscles contract, the uvula shortens and broadens and the soft palate is moved up against the posterior throat wall
116
Q

Levator Veli Palatini (location, origin, insertion, action)

A
  • O: from the petrous part of the temporal bone (inferior surface of temporal bone)
  • I: median palatine Raphe
  • raises soft palate and helps bring it into contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall to close off nasopharynx during speech and swallowing
117
Q

Tensor Veli Palatini (location, origin, insertion, action)

A
  • O: auditory tube and inferior surface of sphenoid bone
  • I: into median palatine raphe
  • A: Contraction tenses and lowers soft palate
118
Q

the pharynx has how many groups of muscles?

A

2

119
Q

functions of the 2 groups?

A

One group constricts the pharynx and another group elevates and dilates the pharynx

120
Q

what are the 3 constrictor muscles?

A

Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle, Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle, and Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle

121
Q

all constrictor muscles have what in common?

A

all have same insertion into the median palatine raphe (overlap each other)

122
Q

Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle (origin, insertion, action)

A

O: Hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate, mandible, and pterygomandibular
I:into the base of the skull in front of the foramen magnum and raphe into the median
A: raises the pharynx and larynx and help drive food inferiorly into the esophagus during swallowing

123
Q

Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle (origin, insertion, action)

A

-Origin: hyoid bone and stylohyoid ligament
-Inserts into the median raphe
A: raises the pharynx and larynx and help drive food inferiorly into the esophagus during swallowing

124
Q

Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle (origin, insertion, action)

A

-Origin: thyroid and cricoid cartilage of larynx
-Inserts into the median raphe
A: raises the pharynx and larynx and help drive food inferiorly into the esophagus during swallowing

125
Q

what soft palate muscle can also lift pharynx? why is it necessary?

A

palatopharyngeal muscle; to receive food to be swallowed

126
Q

muscles of pharynx that elevate and dilate?

A

palatopharyngeal
stylopharyngeal
salpingopharyngeal

127
Q

stylopharyngeal muscle (origin, insertion, action)

A
  • Origin is based of styloid process on medial side
  • Inserts into lateral and posterior pharyngeal wall
  • muscle elevates and simultaneously widens the pharynx
128
Q

primary dilator of the pharynx?

A

stylopharyngeal muscle

129
Q

Salpingopharyngeal Muscle (origin, insertion, action)

A
  • Origin at the end of the auditory tube in the lateral wall of the nasal pharynx
  • Fibers run downward, blending in the palatopharyngeal muscle and the lateral pharyngeal wall
  • Contraction lifts the pharyngeal wall during swallowing
130
Q

what are the actions involved in speaking

A
  • When we speak we pull the soft palate up and back to contract the posterior pharyngeal wall
  • This is accomplished primarily by the levator veli palatini and the muscles of the uvula
131
Q

what happens if soft palate is unable to adapt well to posterior pharyngeal wall?

A

speech will have nasal sound

132
Q

actions involved in swallowing?

A

-Tongue moves up and back
-Muscles of soft palate raise posterior end of soft palate to contact posterior pharyngeal wall
 This narrows the facues, pressing them against the sides of the tongue, sealing off the oral pharynx from the oral cavity
 Elevators and dilators lift and widen the pharynx to receive the food
 Constrictors compress the upper part of the oral pharynx and push the bolus down into laryngeal pharynx
 Some pharyngeal muscles elevate the thyroid cartilage of the larynx with assistance from the thyrohyoid and a number of other muscles
 Epiglottis shelters the laryngeal opening and food moves into the upper end of the esophagus
 Upper half of the esophagus is a voluntary skeletal muscle, so a person can move down the esophagus before movement is taken over by involuntary smooth muscle, creating wavelike constrictions of the digestive tube know as peristaltic contractions

133
Q

what are the cervical muscles?

A
  • sternocleidomastoid muscle
  • platysma
  • trapezius muscle
134
Q

Sternocleidomastoid muscles (origin, Insertion, Action)

A
  • Primary muscular landmark of the neck during extraoral examination
  • Origin: medial part of the clavicle and the sternums superior and lateral surfaces
  • Insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone and thin aponeurosis into lateral half of superior nuchal line on occipital bone
  • Action: when one of the muscles contracts, the neck bends to the same side, when both muscles contract, the head will flex at the neck and extend forward
135
Q

Platysma (origin, Insertion, Action)

A
  • Broad thin sheet of muscle in subcutaneous tissue of neck (considered muscle of facial expression)
  • Origin: lowers portion of the clavicle
  • Insertion: ipsilateral corner of the mouth
  • Action: wrinkles skin in neck, assists in depression the mandible, draws down lower lip and angle of mouth
136
Q

Trapezius Muscle

origin, Insertion, Action

A
  • Origin: external surface of occipital bone at superior nuchal line and posterior midline of cervical and thoracic regions
  • Insertion: lateral third of the clavicle and parts of the scapula
  • Action: lift the clavicle and scapula, as in shrugging shoulders; when acting together, extend the head; when acting individually, rotate head
137
Q

orbicularis oculi muscle (origin, insertion, and action)

A
  • O: orbital rim, nasal process of frontal bone, and frontal process of maxilla
  • I: skin at lateral canthus
  • A: closes eyelids
138
Q

nerve supply for masseter?

A

masseteric nerve, branch of mandibular nerve (or third division) of the 5 cranial/trigeminal nerve

head and neck anatomy (5 decks)

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