Test 2 Flashcards
Facial muscle different compared to other muscules?
muscles attached directly to the skin
Because facial muscles are attached directly to skin it gives them what characteristic?
makes them very mobile
Smiling takes how many muscles?
17
frowning takes how many muscles ?
43
Contraction means? and what does it cause?
the muscle fibers shorten; causes movement
relaxation means? what does it cause?
decrease tension in muscle fibers; does not cause movement
origination part of the muscle ? also called?
also called arise; end of muscle that is attached to the structure that hardly moves
insertion part of the muslce?
end of muscle that is attached to the structure that moves
how do muscles work?
- muscle receives signal from bran (via nerve supply)
- muscle contracts (movement in direction of origin)
general rule about muscles (not always)
muscles are pared and one side will contract while the other will relaxed (facial expressions)
What is the big muscle rule?
compound words (styloglossus) 1st part of the work is point of origin, and 2nd part is point of insertion
ex Stylo-origin-styloid process
Glossus -insertion-tongue
labii means?
lip
anguli
Angle
nasi
nose
bucci
cheek
superioris
upper
inferioris
lower
masticate
chew
what is fascia?
thin layer of connective tissue that covers, supports, or connects muscles or inner organs of the body
what is the sphincter muscle?
a muscle that surrounds and closes an orifice (opening)
Orbiculars oris (origin and insertion)
- Origin- (facial modiolus) encircles mouth with no bony attachments
- insertion- in the skin of the lips at the commissures, upper lip, and philtrum
what is the action of the orbicularis oris?
closing lips (pressing together), tightening and thinning, (pursing) rolling inward between the teeth (grimace), and thrusting outward (pouting/kissing)
Zygomaticus major origin and insertion
Origin- zygomatic bone, lateral to minor
Insertion- skin at the ipsilateral labial commissure at facial modiolus
Action of the Zygomaticus major
elevates labial commissure; smiling
zygomaticus minor origin and insertion
origin- body of zygomatic bone
insertion- skin of upper lip
action of the zygomaticus minor
elevates upper lip, assist in smiling
levator anguli oris origin and insertion
Origin- canine fossa of the maxilla, superior to the root of the maxillary canine
insertion- skin at the ipsilateral labial commissure
action of the levator anguli oris
elevates the labial commissure when smiling
levator labii superioris origin and insertion
origin- infraorbital rim of maxilla
insertion- skin of upper lip within labial commissure at facial modiolus
action of levator labii superioris
elevates upper lip
Levator labii superioris alaeque Nasi origin and insertion
origin- frontal process of the maxilla
insertion- skin of ala or nose and upper lip
action of the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
elevates upper lip and ala of the nose, dilates naris (sneering)
risorius origin and insertion
origin- fascia superficial to the masseter
insertion- skin at ipsilateral labial commissure a facial modiolus
action of the risorius
stretch the lips laterally, retracting the labial commissure and widening the mouth; produces grimace
buccinator origin and insertion
origin- alveolar process of the maxilla and mandible, Pterygomandibular raphe
insertion- skin at the labial commissure, in and around the orbicularis oris
action of the buccinator
pulls each labial commissure laterally and shortens the cheek vertically and horizontally; keeps food pushed back onto the occlusal surfaces of teeth as people chew; provides infants the suction of nursing
location of the pterygomandibular raphe
extends from the hamulus and attaches at the posterior end of the mandibles mylohyoid line
Depressor anglui oris origin and insertion
origin- inferior border of the mandible
insertion- skin at the ipsilateral labial commissure of facial modiolus; when frowning
action of the depressor anguli oris
depresses the labial commissure when frowning
depressor labii inferioris origin and insertion
origin- inferior border of the mandible
insertion- skin of the lower lip
action of the depressor labii inferioris
depresses the lower lip, exposing the mandibular incisors
mentalis origin and insertion
origin- mandible near the midline
insertion- skin of the chin
action of the mentalis
raising the chin, causing the displaced lower lip to protrude, narrowing the oral vestibule
what is the modiolus
fibers of muscles meet: -depresser anguli oris -levator anguli oris -obicularis oris -zygomaticus major -buccinator (CREATES DIMPLES)
Describe mandible at rest
- teeth not in occlusion (not touching)
- held in place by gravity and muscles of matistification
what are the different movements of the mandible?
- hinge
- gliding
- side to side grinding
Hinge movements?
- depression- lowers the mandible (opens mouth)
- elevation- raises the mandible (closes mouth)
Gliding movements?
- protrusion- forward movement of mandible
- retraction- backward movement of mandible
when is protrusion and retraction possible ?
only possible when mouth is slightly open
side to side grinding movements?
- right lateral excursion- deviation of mandible to right
- left lateral excursion- deviation of mandible to left
all muscles acting on mandible are?
- paired (right and left)
- movement is not from single pair but from group of muscles
- pairs act at same time
how does the mouth open?
depressor muscles contract
elevator muscles relax
how does mouth close?
elevator muscles contract
depressor muscles relax
masseter (superficial head) muscles origin and insertion
- origin- anterior 2/3 of lower border of zygomatic arch (zygomatic process of maxilla)
- insertion- lateral surface of the angle of mandible
function of the masseter (superficial head)?
elevate mandible (hinge)
masseter (deep head) origin and insertion
origin- posterior 1/3 and medial surface of zygomatic arch
-insertion- lateral surface of ramus
function of masseter (deep head)
elevates mandible
temporalis origin and insertion
- Found in Temporal Fossa
- Origin-Frontal, parietal, temporal, & sphenoid bones & temporal fascia
- Insertion-Coronoid Process & Anterior Border of Ramus
function of temporalis
all muscles contract: elevation of mandible
posterior contracts :retrusion of mandible (hinge and gliding)
medial pterygoid origin and insertion (superficial and deep)
- Origin (deep)- between pterygoid plates
- superficial -Lateral surface of pyramid process of palatine bone and maxillary tuberosity
- Insertion-Medial surface of ramus& angle of Mandible
function of medial pterygoid
•Function-Elevates Mandible (Hinge
lateral pterygoid (superior head) origin and insertion
•Origin-Infratemporal surface of infratemporal crest of great wing of Sphenoid
–Insertion-Anterior surface of neck of mandibular condyle at pterygoid fovea of mandible and anterior margin of TMJ disc and capsule
function of lateral pterygoid (superior head)
Draws condyle forward (protrusion) & depresses mandible–Hinge, gliding, and side to side grinding
lateral pterygoid (inferior head) origin and insertion
Origin-Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
–Insertion-Anterior surface of neck of mandibular condyle at pterygoid fovea of mandible and anterior margin of TMJ disc and capsule
function of lateral pterygoid (inferior head)
–Function-Draws condyle forward (protrusion) & depresses mandible–Hinge, Gliding, & Side to Side grinding
suprahyoid muscles location and function
- Above the hyoid bone
- Assist lateral pterygoid in depressing the mandible
- Elevate hyoid bone when mouth opens
- Assist temporalis in retracting the mandible
geniohyoid origin insertion, and action
Origin- genial tubercles
insertion- body of hyoid
action: elevates and protrudes the hyoid bone or depresses the mandible
mylohyoid origin, insertion, and action
origin- mylohyoid line of mandible
insertion- body of hyoid bone
action-elevates the hyoid bone or depresses the mandible, forms floor of mouth and helps elevate tongue
digastric anterior belly origin and insertion and action
Origin-intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle (attached to hyoid bone)
–Insertion-digastric fossa on medial surface of mandible
-Action: elevates the hyoid bone or depresses the mandible
digastric posterior belly origin and insertion
Origin-mastoid notch medial to Mastoid Process
Insertion-intermediate tendon of digastric muscle
-Action: elevates the hyoid bone or depresses the mandible
stylohyoid origin and insertion and action
origin- styloid process of the temporal bone
insertion- body of hyoid bone
action: elevates and retracts the hyoid bone
infrahyoid muscles location , origin, insertion, and function?
- Below hyoid bone
- Origin-Sternum & Clavicle
- Insertion-Lower surface of hyoid bone
- Function-Contraction of suprahyoid muscles causes hyoid bone to elevate–THEREFORE, infrahyoid muscles must also contract & pull hyoid bone downward (DEPRESS) so that the suprahyoid & lateral pertygoid muscles can depress the mandible
Sternohyoid origin, insertion, and action
- O: poster and superior surfaces of sternum
- I: body of hyoid bone
- A: depresses the hyoid
omohyoid origin and insertion and action
O: inferior: scapula——superior: inferior belly via intermediate tendon,
-I: inferior belly –superior belly via intermediate tendon, superior belly –lateral border of hyoid bone
A: depresses hyoid bone
thyrohyoid insertion and origin
- O: thyroid cartilage,
- I: body of greater cornu of hyoid bone
- A: depresses hyoid bone and raises thyroid cartilage and larynx
Sternothyoid origin insertion, and action
- Origin: posterior surface of sternum,
- I: thyroid cartilage
- A: depresses the thyroid cartilage and larynx
What are they infrahyoid muscles?
sternothyroid
sternohyoid
omohyoid
thyrohyoid
what are the extrinsic tongue muscles and what do they control?
- control “position” of the tongue
- muscles- styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus, palatoglossus
styloglossus origin, insertion, and function?
- Origin-styloid process of temporal bone
- Insertion-(2) Side of tongue and border between body and base
- Function-retracts tongue
hyoglossus origin, insertion, and function
origin- greater horn of hyoid bone and part of body
insertion- side of tongue
function-depresses tongue
genioglossus origin, insertion, and function
- Origin-Genial Tubercles
- Insertion-Hyoid bone and base to tongue at apex
- Function-Protrudes tongue or depresses it into floor of mouth
palatoglossal origin, insertion, and function
- Origin-Median palatine raphe
- Insertion-Side of Tongue
- Function-Elevates the root of the tongue
muscles that form the floor of the mouth?
- mylohyoid -suprahyoid muscle
- Geniohyoid-suprahyoid muscle
- Hyoglossus-extrinsic tongue muscle
what is the temporomandibular joint?
Articulation of mandibular condyle with the mandibular fossa
does the temporal bone and mandible touch?
no
joint disc (articular disc/meniscus) located?
between the temporal bone and mandibular condyle on each side
what does the joint disc allow?
allows articulation between the 2 bones
what divides the TMJ into 2 compartments?
the joint disc
what are the 2 compartments of the TMJ called?
synovial cavities (upper and lower)
what are synovial cavities filled with?
synovial fluid (lubrication to reduce irritation
what is the joint capsule ?
thick fibrous capsule that encloses entire joint
what are the ligaments of the temporomandibular joint?
- Temporomandibular Ligament
- Stylomandibular Ligament
- Sphenomandibular Ligament
Ligaments attach what?
bone to bone
Tendons attach what?
muscle to bone
what happens when left lateral ptergoid contracts?
pulls mandible down, forward, and to the right
what happens when right lateral pterygoid contracts?
pulls mandible down, forward, and to the left
what happens when both lateral pterygoid muscles contract?
they cancel each other out and just move down and forward (hinge and gliding motions)
why does the condyle move forward during chewing?
the mandibular fossa and tympanic portion of the temporal bone are very thin and cannot bear the tremendous force exerted during mastication
when the condyle moves forward taking stress off other structures what structure bears the force
the articular tubercle
define TMD
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders- characterized by chronic joint tenderness
- can be in one or both joints
- swelling, muscles spasms, difficult joint movement
what are suggestions for alleviated TMD pain?
o 3 times a day moist heat (20) then ice 30 secs then heat again 10 mins; increase blood flow which removes metabolic waste products that create pain
o Soft diet rest muscles
o Low stress diet – increase vitamin B and C for tissue repair, decrease sugar, caffeine and meat
Grinding of teeth called?
bruxism
acute disorder that occurs when patient opens mouth too wide
subluxation
what happens when subluxation occurs?
patient opens mouth, condyle glides too far forward unable to close mouth; will not go back into position because levator muscles are pulling upward as well as posteriorly and condyle gets trapped anterior to articular eminence
what is crepitus?
popping, clicking, or crunching of disc derangement (disc caught between condyle and articular eminence
temporary fix for subluxation
guide mandible back into position
permanent treatment for subluxation
avoid opening too wide; surgery
what is referred pain?
pain is caused by different structure in body
soft palate important for ?
speech sounds
3 parts of pharynx
nasal pharynx
oral pharynx
laryngeal pharynx
5 muscle pairs in soft palate
- palatoglossal
- palatopharyngeal muscle
- uvula
- levator veli palatini
- tensor veli palatini
what do muscles of the soft palate do?
o Muscles move the soft palate up and back to contact posterior throat wall and seal off nasal cavity from oral cavity
o They also narrow the space between 2 palatine tonsils, called fauces
Palatoglossal muscle (location, origin, insertion, action)
-forms palatoglossal fold (anterior)
-O: posterior of median palatine raphe
-I: lateral part of tongue
A: during contraction pulls the sides of tongue up and back and soft palate down on the lateral edges
Palatopharyngeal (location, origin, insertion, action)
-forms palatopharyngeal (posterior)
-O: soft palate
-I: wall of the laryngopharynx and on the thyroid cartilage
A: moves palate posteroinferiorly and the posterior pharyngeal wall anteriorly to help close off the nasopharynx during swallowing
Uvula (location, origin, insertion, action)
- tissue that hangs down from the posterior part of the soft palate
- Formed by 2 small bands of muscle that originate from the posterior end of the hard palate and run back and down in the soft palate
- When the muscles contract, the uvula shortens and broadens and the soft palate is moved up against the posterior throat wall
Levator Veli Palatini (location, origin, insertion, action)
- O: from the petrous part of the temporal bone (inferior surface of temporal bone)
- I: median palatine Raphe
- raises soft palate and helps bring it into contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall to close off nasopharynx during speech and swallowing
Tensor Veli Palatini (location, origin, insertion, action)
- O: auditory tube and inferior surface of sphenoid bone
- I: into median palatine raphe
- A: Contraction tenses and lowers soft palate
the pharynx has how many groups of muscles?
2
functions of the 2 groups?
One group constricts the pharynx and another group elevates and dilates the pharynx
what are the 3 constrictor muscles?
Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle, Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle, and Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle
all constrictor muscles have what in common?
all have same insertion into the median palatine raphe (overlap each other)
Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle (origin, insertion, action)
O: Hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate, mandible, and pterygomandibular
I:into the base of the skull in front of the foramen magnum and raphe into the median
A: raises the pharynx and larynx and help drive food inferiorly into the esophagus during swallowing
Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle (origin, insertion, action)
-Origin: hyoid bone and stylohyoid ligament
-Inserts into the median raphe
A: raises the pharynx and larynx and help drive food inferiorly into the esophagus during swallowing
Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle (origin, insertion, action)
-Origin: thyroid and cricoid cartilage of larynx
-Inserts into the median raphe
A: raises the pharynx and larynx and help drive food inferiorly into the esophagus during swallowing
what soft palate muscle can also lift pharynx? why is it necessary?
palatopharyngeal muscle; to receive food to be swallowed
muscles of pharynx that elevate and dilate?
palatopharyngeal
stylopharyngeal
salpingopharyngeal
stylopharyngeal muscle (origin, insertion, action)
- Origin is based of styloid process on medial side
- Inserts into lateral and posterior pharyngeal wall
- muscle elevates and simultaneously widens the pharynx
primary dilator of the pharynx?
stylopharyngeal muscle
Salpingopharyngeal Muscle (origin, insertion, action)
- Origin at the end of the auditory tube in the lateral wall of the nasal pharynx
- Fibers run downward, blending in the palatopharyngeal muscle and the lateral pharyngeal wall
- Contraction lifts the pharyngeal wall during swallowing
what are the actions involved in speaking
- When we speak we pull the soft palate up and back to contract the posterior pharyngeal wall
- This is accomplished primarily by the levator veli palatini and the muscles of the uvula
what happens if soft palate is unable to adapt well to posterior pharyngeal wall?
speech will have nasal sound
actions involved in swallowing?
-Tongue moves up and back
-Muscles of soft palate raise posterior end of soft palate to contact posterior pharyngeal wall
This narrows the facues, pressing them against the sides of the tongue, sealing off the oral pharynx from the oral cavity
Elevators and dilators lift and widen the pharynx to receive the food
Constrictors compress the upper part of the oral pharynx and push the bolus down into laryngeal pharynx
Some pharyngeal muscles elevate the thyroid cartilage of the larynx with assistance from the thyrohyoid and a number of other muscles
Epiglottis shelters the laryngeal opening and food moves into the upper end of the esophagus
Upper half of the esophagus is a voluntary skeletal muscle, so a person can move down the esophagus before movement is taken over by involuntary smooth muscle, creating wavelike constrictions of the digestive tube know as peristaltic contractions
what are the cervical muscles?
- sternocleidomastoid muscle
- platysma
- trapezius muscle
Sternocleidomastoid muscles (origin, Insertion, Action)
- Primary muscular landmark of the neck during extraoral examination
- Origin: medial part of the clavicle and the sternums superior and lateral surfaces
- Insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone and thin aponeurosis into lateral half of superior nuchal line on occipital bone
- Action: when one of the muscles contracts, the neck bends to the same side, when both muscles contract, the head will flex at the neck and extend forward
Platysma (origin, Insertion, Action)
- Broad thin sheet of muscle in subcutaneous tissue of neck (considered muscle of facial expression)
- Origin: lowers portion of the clavicle
- Insertion: ipsilateral corner of the mouth
- Action: wrinkles skin in neck, assists in depression the mandible, draws down lower lip and angle of mouth
Trapezius Muscle
origin, Insertion, Action
- Origin: external surface of occipital bone at superior nuchal line and posterior midline of cervical and thoracic regions
- Insertion: lateral third of the clavicle and parts of the scapula
- Action: lift the clavicle and scapula, as in shrugging shoulders; when acting together, extend the head; when acting individually, rotate head
orbicularis oculi muscle (origin, insertion, and action)
- O: orbital rim, nasal process of frontal bone, and frontal process of maxilla
- I: skin at lateral canthus
- A: closes eyelids
nerve supply for masseter?
masseteric nerve, branch of mandibular nerve (or third division) of the 5 cranial/trigeminal nerve
