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head and neck anatomy > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a neuron?

A

is the cellular component of the nervous system and is composed of a cell body and neural processes

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2
Q

what is a nerve?

A

is a bundle of neural
processes outside the central
nervous system and in the
peripheral nervous system.

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3
Q

define the nervous system

A

an extensive intricate network of neural structures that activates, coordinates, and controls all functions of the body

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4
Q

what does the nervous system cause/allow in the body?

A
  • muscles to contract

- sensations to be perceived

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5
Q

the nervous system does what?

A

stimulates glands to secrete and regulates many other systems (vascular and digestive)

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6
Q

Define synapse

A

the junction between
two neurons or between a neuron
and an effector organ, where neural
impulses are transmitted.

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7
Q

A nerve allows information to be

A

carried to and from the brain, which is

the central information center.

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8
Q

An accumulation of neuron cell
bodies outside the central nervous
system is a

A

ganglion

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9
Q

afferent nerve or sensory nerve carries information

A

from the

periphery of the body to the brain (or spinal cord).

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10
Q

examples of sensory information?

A

taste
pain
proprioception

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11
Q

efferent nerve or motor nerve carries information

A

away from the

brain (or spinal cord) to the periphery of the body.

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12
Q

efferent nerve carries information to

A

the muscles in order to activate them, often in response to information received by way of the
afferent nerves

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13
Q

2 main divisions of nervous system?

A

central and peripheral

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14
Q

One of the major divisions of the
nervous system, includes
both the brain and spinal cord.

A 
the central
nervous system (CNS)
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15
Q

The system of membranes is the

A

meninges

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16
Q

three layers of menings

A

dura mater- outermost
arachnoid mater- middle
pia mater-innermost

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17
Q

describe where subarachnoid space is found and what is found it in

A

underneath arachnoid mater; contains cerebrospinal fluid

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18
Q

CNS surround by what?

A

bone
skull or vertebrae
and membrane layers (mennings)

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19
Q

Dura mater also surrounds and supports?

A

the large venous channels (dural sinuses) carrying blood from the brain toward the heart such as the cavernous sinus in the head

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20
Q

major divisions of the brain?

A

the cerebrum,
the cerebellum,
the brainstem,
the diencephalon

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21
Q

largest division of the brain?

A

cerebrum

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22
Q

cerebrum consist of how many cerebral hemispheres?

A

2 cerebral hemispheres

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23
Q

function of longitudinal fissure?

A

separates right & left cerebral hemispheres (a fissure is a deep groove

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24
Q

function of Central Sulcus

A

separates frontal & parietal lobes (a sulcus is also a groove, but not as deep as a fissure)

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25
Q

Precentral Gyrus location

A

-located on frontal lobe anterior to central sulcus (gyrus is brain tissue that protrudes between grooves)

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26
Q

Postcentral gyrus location

A

located on parietal lobe posterior to central sulcus

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27
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

inferior to longitudinal fissure broad band of nerve fibers that joins the right and left cerebral hemisphere

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28
Q

Cerebral Lobes

A

named according to the bone in the skull to which they are most closely related

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29
Q

2nd largest division of brain?

A

cerebellum

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30
Q

location of cerebellum?

A

posterior cranial fossa (inferior to occipital lobes

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31
Q

function of cerebellum?

A

muscle coordination and maintenance of equilibrum

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32
Q

injury of cerebellum results in?

A

lose of coordination- can still perform movement but not very well

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33
Q

division of the brainstem

A

medulla
pons
midbrain

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34
Q

part of brainstem closest to spinal cord

A

medulla

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35
Q

what connects the medulla with the cerebellum and with higher brain centers?

A

pons

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36
Q

what includes relay stations for hearing, vision, and motor pathways?

A

midbrain

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37
Q

what part of the brain is superior to brainstem?

A

diencephalon

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38
Q

what does the diencephalon include?

A

primarily the thalamus and hypothalmus

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39
Q

thalamus serves as?

A

central relay point for incoming nerve impulses (pain, pressure, temperature, touch)

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40
Q

where do sensations go after leaving the thalamus?

A

postcentral gyrus in cerebrum

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41
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

regulates homeostasis (thirst, hunger, body temp, water balance, blood pressure)

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42
Q

hypothalamus located?

A

directly above pituitary gland

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43
Q

where is pituitary gland located?

A

in the hypophyseal fossa

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44
Q

location of spinal cord

A

runs along the dorsal side of the body and links the brain to the rest of the body

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45
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid is?

A

fluid that surrounds the brain & spinal cord; acts as a protective shock absorber; produced, circulated, & reabsorbed by the ventricles of the brain, which are cavities in the interior of the brain

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46
Q

Peripheral nervous system includes?

A

all the nerves stretching their pathway among the CNS and the receptors, muscles, and glands

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47
Q

PNS further divided into?

A

afferent nervous system

efferent nervous system

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48
Q

afferent nervous system or sensory nervous system carries?

A

which carries information from receptors to the brain or spinal cord

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49
Q

the efferent nervous system or motor nervous system carries?

A

carries information from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands

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50
Q

somatic nervous system SNS

A
  • efferent division and afferent of pns
  • motor:all nerves controlling the muscular system and
  • sensory:external sensory receptor
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51
Q

SNS involves?

A

both receptors and effectors

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52
Q

autonomic nervous system ANS

A

s the other subdivision of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system

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53
Q

autonomic fibers are what type of nerves?

A

efferent nerves

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54
Q

nerves chains of autonomic fibers?

A

the first nerve carries autonomic fibers to a ganglion, where they terminate near the cell bodies of the second nerve

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55
Q

which nerve system actions without conscious control as the caretaker of the body?

A

autonomic nervous system

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56
Q

The sympathetic nervous system involved in?

A

is involved in “fight-or-flight responses” such as the shutdown of salivary gland secretion with certain medications.

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57
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is involved in ?

A

“rest-or-digest” responses such as the stimulation of salivary gland secretion

58
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves ? apart of what system?

A

12 important part of PNS

59
Q

cranial nerves connected where?

A

brain at its base and pass through the skull by fissures or foramina

60
Q

cranial nerves are what types of nerves?

A

can be afferent, efferent, or both

61
Q

which are used to designate cranial nerves?

A

both roman numerals and anatomic terms

62
Q

First Cranial Nerve?

A
  • (I) Olfactory Nerve
  • sensory (afferent)
  • smell
  • enters perforations in cribriform plate
  • joins olfactory bulb in the brain
  • nasal olfactory mucosa
63
Q

2nd Cranial nerve?

A
  • (II) Optic Nerve
  • sensory (afferent)
  • retina of eye
  • enters optic canal of sphenoid bone from retina
64
Q

3rd cranial nerve

A
  • (III) oculomotor nerve
  • motor (efferent)
  • 1 muscles move eyeball and smooth m.
  • Lies in lateral wall of cavernous sinus
  • exits superior orbital fissure of sphenoid on way to orbit
65
Q

4th cranial nerve

A
  • (IV) trochlear nerve
  • motor (efferent)
  • 1 eye muscle and proprioception
  • runs in lateral wall of the cavernous sinus
  • exits superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone on its way to the orbit
66
Q

5th cranial nerve

A
  • trigeminal nerve
  • both efferent/afferent
  • motor=mastication/cranial muscles
  • sensory=teeth, tongue, oral cavity, skin of face and head
67
Q

3 nerve divisions of sensory roots (trigeminal)

A
  • ophthalmic
  • maxillary
  • mandibular
68
Q

6th cranial nerve

A
  • (VI) abducens nerve
  • motor (efferent)
  • one eye muscle
  • exits: superior orbital fissure of sphenoid
69
Q

7th cranial nerve

A
  • (VII) Facial Nerve
  • (motor)=facial expression, sublingual and submandibular salivary glands; lacrimal gland, and minor salivary glands
  • sensory=skin around ear and 2/3 anterior of tongue for taste
  • internal acoustic meatus
  • exits stylomastoid foramen
70
Q

8th cranial nerve

A
  • (VIII) vestibulocochlear nerve
  • afferent nerve
  • hearing and balance
  • inner ear
  • enters internal acoustic meatus
71
Q

9th Cranial Nerve

A
  • IX Glossopharyngeal
  • both
  • Motor: pharyngeal and stylopharyngeus muscle, parotid gland and mucosa of pharynx
  • Afferent: skin around ear, mucosa of middle ear and pharynx; taste for posterior tongue (gag reflex)
  • passes through jugular foramen
72
Q

10th Cranial Nerve

A
  • X Vagus
  • Motor: large component of soft palate, pharynx, and larynx; parasympathetic: many organs in thorax and abdomen: thymus gland, heart, and stomach;
  • Afferent: small amount of skin around ear and taste sensation for epiglottis;
  • passes through jugular foramen
73
Q

11th Cranial nerve

A
  • XI Accessory
  • Motor Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle and muscles of soft palate and pharynx
  • muscles of neck
  • exits through jugular foramen
74
Q

12th Cranial Nerve

A
  • XII Hypoglossal
  • Motor: Somatic efferent nerve for intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles; (muscles of tongue)
  • exits through hypoglossal canal in occipital bone
75
Q

facial nerve both sensory and motor fibers attach to brain where?

A

pons; from there take separate routes

76
Q

facial nerve leaves skull through?

A

internal acoustic meatus

77
Q

ophthalmic division on trigeminal nerves exits; type; function

A
  • through superior orbital fissure

- sensory: receives PPTT for upper part of face

78
Q

maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (V2) exits; type for what

A
  • exits foramen rotundum

- sensory-receives PPTT from middle part of face

79
Q

anterior superior alveolar nerve (ASA) type; function to what

A

sensory-maxillary sinus, maxillary incisors and canines, facial gingiva area

80
Q

middle superior alveolar nerve type and function for

A

sensory; from maxillary sinus, maxillary premolar, mesiobuccal root of max. 1st molar, buccal gingiva

81
Q

posterior superior alveolar nerve type; function for

A

-sensory for maxillary molars (3rd, 2nd, palatal, and distobuccal roots of 1st) buccal gingiva and maxillary sinus

82
Q

posterior superior alveolar nerve very close to ?

A

pterygoid plexus of veins

83
Q

pterygopalatine ganglion branches

A
  • pharyngeal
  • greater palatine
  • lesser palatine
  • nasopalatine
  • posterior superior lateral nasal
84
Q

lesser palantine nerve type and function for

A

sensory from tonsils and mucosa of soft palate

85
Q

greater palatine nerve

A

sensory from posterior 2/3 of hard palate and lingual gingiva (canines, premolars, and molars)

85
Q

pharyngeal (type; from)

A

sensory for pharynx

86
Q

nasopalatine type and function for

A

sensory from anterior 1/3 hard palate (lingual gingiva of maxillary incisors)

87
Q

posterior superior lateral nasal nerve type and function

A

nasopharynx and nasal conchae

88
Q

zygomatic nerve

A

zygomaticofacial- skin over zygoma

zygomaticotemporal

89
Q

mandibular nerve is sensory or motor branches?

A

both

90
Q

inferior alveolar nerve; type and function; travels thru

A

-sensory
-travels thru mandibular foramen
-receives from mandibular premolars and molar teeth
(MOST IMPORTANT IN DENTISTRY)

91
Q

Inferior alveolar nerve continues as?

A

incisive nerve

92
Q

incisive nerve type and function from

A

sensory from mandibular incisors, canines, and facial/buccal gingiva

93
Q

mental nerve type and function

A

sensory from mucosa membranes and skin of lower lip and chin

94
Q

lingual nerve type and function for

A

sensory for anterior 2/3 of tongue (PPTT only), lingual mandibular gingiva, mucosa for floor (travels along lateral surface of tongue)

95
Q

auriculotemporal nerve; type function for

A

parotid branch: sensory for parotid gland (NOT secretion)

96
Q

long buccal nerve: type and function for

A

sensory from buccal gingiva of mandibular premolars and molars, buccal mucosa, and skin of lower cheek

97
Q

masseteric nerve type and function

A

masseter: motor

TMJ- sensory

98
Q

nerve to lateral pterygoid muscle

A

motor to both heads

99
Q

anterior and posterior deep temporal type and function for

A

motor to temporalis muscle

100
Q

medial pterygoid nerve

A

motor to medial pterygoid muscle

101
Q

mylohyoid nerve type and function for

A

motor: mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of digastric (branch of inferior alveolar nerve) (may have some sensory fibers)

102
Q

nerve to tensory veli palatini muscle

A

motor(mandibular) to muscle of soft palate called tensor veli palatini

103
Q

trigeminal neuralgia (as tic douloureux)

A
  • often unknown
  • tumor or blood vessel pressing on trigeminal nerve
  • involves afferent nerves
104
Q

symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia? More frequent in? Triggered by?

A

facial pain (one side)

  • electric current
  • more frequent in women over 40
  • episodes triggered by light touch or cold around mouth, talking, eating, brushing
105
Q

treatments for trigeminal neuralgia

A

seizure meds- block nerve

  • microvascular decompression
  • gamma knife radiosurgery
106
Q

facial nerve travels thru what bone?

A

temporal bone

107
Q

while in temporal bone facial nerve gives off how many branches

A

3

108
Q

main trunk of facial nerve passes thru

A

stylomastoid foramen for temporal bone

109
Q

after passing through stylomastoid foramen facial nerve then does what?

A

gives off 2 branches (posterior auricular nerve and branch to digastric belly of the digastric muscle and stylohyoid muscle)

110
Q

facial nerves passes thru parotid gland doing what?

A

does not innervate but divides gland into superficial and deep lobes

111
Q

chorda tympani joins what nerve

A

lingual nerve (mandibular div. of trigeminal nerve)

112
Q

chorda tympani type and function for

A

mixed

-sensory: continues with lingual nerve; receives info on taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue (sweet, sour, salty)

113
Q

inferior alveolar nerve block numbs?

A

numbs lingual nerve, sensory portion of chorda tympani

114
Q

chorda tympani motor

A
  • branch off before reaching tongue

- regulate secretion from mandibular and sublingual glands

115
Q

3 branches of facial nerve

A
  • digastric nerve
  • stylohyoid nerve
  • 3rd travels through parotid gland an divides into 2 divisions
116
Q

digastric nerve type and function for

A

motor; posterior belly of digastric (depress mandible)

117
Q

stylohyoid nerve type and fucntion for

A

motor; stylohyoid muscle

118
Q

temporofacial branches

A

temporal
zygomatic
buccal

119
Q

zygomatic type and function

A

motor to zygomaticus major and minor

120
Q

buccal branch type and function

A

motor to levator facial muscles (levator labii superioris, orbicularis oris, levator labii superioris alaque nasi, levator anguli oris, risorius, buccinator)

121
Q

cervicofacial branches?

A

buccal
mandibular
cervical

122
Q

buccal branch type and function

A

motor to levator muscles

123
Q

mandibular branch type and function

A

motor to depressor facial muscles (depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris, mentalis)

124
Q

cervical branch type and function

A

motor to platysma

125
Q

damage to facial nerve causes?

A

facial paralysis

126
Q

what can damage to facial neve be caused by?

A
  • stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
  • cancer to parotid
  • injury to nerve
  • (common bc of superficial location)
127
Q

symptoms of facial paralysis

A
  • partial or complete paralysis of affected side
  • lateral angle of eye may droop
  • unable to close eye
  • eye infection
  • later angle of mouth droop
  • speech and eating difficultly
128
Q

bell palsy

A
  • symptoms: facial paralysis on one side, no numbness, pain in TMJ
  • unknown cause
  • temporary or permanent
  • no specific treatment
129
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) is attached to brain where?

A

medulla

130
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve efferent branches?

A
  • lesser petrosal nerve: secretion of saliva from parotid

- stylopharyngeal nerve: stylopharngeus muscle (contracts during swallowing)

131
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve sensory branches

A
  • lingual: receives PPTT sensation on bitter taste from posterior 1/3
  • pharyngeal: PPTT sensation from pharynx
  • carotid sinus: blood pressure regulation (info from chemoreceptors and pressoreceptors)
132
Q

lesions to glossopharyngeal

A
  • rare
  • damage to lingual nerve: loss of taste and PPTT posterior 1/3 tongue
  • damage to pharyngeal- loss of gag reflex
  • damge to carotid sinus: loss of cardiovascular reflex
133
Q

what is carotid sinus syndrome

A

hyperactive carotid sinus reflex (often in elderly patience)

134
Q

what can carotid sinus syndrome be triggered by

A

slight increase in BP

pressure applied externally under angle of mandible

135
Q

vagus nerve (X) attaches? Travels where after?

A
  • attaches at medulla

- descends each side of neck with carotid sheath

136
Q

how many branches of vagus nerve

A

ONLY 3 are IMPORTANT in dentistry

137
Q

3 branches that are important of vagus nerve

A
  • pharyngeal
  • superior laryngeal
  • inferior laryngeal
138
Q

pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve

A
  • sensory: PPTT sensation from pharynx

- motor: all but one muscle of soft palate (contracts during swallowing)

139
Q

superior laryngeal nerve of vagus nerve

A
  • sensory: receives bitter taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • sensory and motor to larynx
140
Q

inferior laryngeal nerve

A

sensory and motor to larynx

head and neck anatomy (5 decks)

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