Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
what is a neuron?
A
is the cellular component of the nervous system and is composed of a cell body and neural processes
2
Q
what is a nerve?
A
is a bundle of neural
processes outside the central
nervous system and in the
peripheral nervous system.
3
Q
define the nervous system
A
an extensive intricate network of neural structures that activates, coordinates, and controls all functions of the body
4
Q
what does the nervous system cause/allow in the body?
A
- muscles to contract
- sensations to be perceived
5
Q
the nervous system does what?
A
stimulates glands to secrete and regulates many other systems (vascular and digestive)
6
Q
Define synapse
A
the junction between
two neurons or between a neuron
and an effector organ, where neural
impulses are transmitted.
7
Q
A nerve allows information to be
A
carried to and from the brain, which is
the central information center.
8
Q
An accumulation of neuron cell
bodies outside the central nervous
system is a
A
ganglion
9
Q
afferent nerve or sensory nerve carries information
A
from the
periphery of the body to the brain (or spinal cord).
10
Q
examples of sensory information?
A
taste
pain
proprioception
11
Q
efferent nerve or motor nerve carries information
A
away from the
brain (or spinal cord) to the periphery of the body.
12
Q
efferent nerve carries information to
A
the muscles in order to activate them, often in response to information received by way of the
afferent nerves
13
Q
2 main divisions of nervous system?
A
central and peripheral
14
Q
One of the major divisions of the
nervous system, includes
both the brain and spinal cord.
A
the central nervous system (CNS)
15
Q
The system of membranes is the
A
meninges
16
Q
three layers of menings
A
dura mater- outermost
arachnoid mater- middle
pia mater-innermost
17
Q
describe where subarachnoid space is found and what is found it in
A
underneath arachnoid mater; contains cerebrospinal fluid
18
Q
CNS surround by what?
A
bone
skull or vertebrae
and membrane layers (mennings)
19
Q
Dura mater also surrounds and supports?
A
the large venous channels (dural sinuses) carrying blood from the brain toward the heart such as the cavernous sinus in the head
20
Q
major divisions of the brain?
A
the cerebrum,
the cerebellum,
the brainstem,
the diencephalon
21
Q
largest division of the brain?
A
cerebrum
22
Q
cerebrum consist of how many cerebral hemispheres?
A
2 cerebral hemispheres
23
Q
function of longitudinal fissure?
A
separates right & left cerebral hemispheres (a fissure is a deep groove
24
Q
function of Central Sulcus
A
separates frontal & parietal lobes (a sulcus is also a groove, but not as deep as a fissure)
25
Precentral Gyrus location
-located on frontal lobe anterior to central sulcus (gyrus is brain tissue that protrudes between grooves)
26
Postcentral gyrus location
located on parietal lobe posterior to central sulcus
27
Corpus Callosum
inferior to longitudinal fissure broad band of nerve fibers that joins the right and left cerebral hemisphere
28
Cerebral Lobes
named according to the bone in the skull to which they are most closely related
29
2nd largest division of brain?
cerebellum
30
location of cerebellum?
posterior cranial fossa (inferior to occipital lobes
31
function of cerebellum?
muscle coordination and maintenance of equilibrum
32
injury of cerebellum results in?
lose of coordination- can still perform movement but not very well
33
division of the brainstem
medulla
pons
midbrain
34
part of brainstem closest to spinal cord
medulla
35
what connects the medulla with the cerebellum and with higher brain centers?
pons
36
what includes relay stations for hearing, vision, and motor pathways?
midbrain
37
what part of the brain is superior to brainstem?
diencephalon
38
what does the diencephalon include?
primarily the thalamus and hypothalmus
39
thalamus serves as?
central relay point for incoming nerve impulses (pain, pressure, temperature, touch)
40
where do sensations go after leaving the thalamus?
postcentral gyrus in cerebrum
41
function of hypothalamus
regulates homeostasis (thirst, hunger, body temp, water balance, blood pressure)
42
hypothalamus located?
directly above pituitary gland
43
where is pituitary gland located?
in the hypophyseal fossa
44
location of spinal cord
runs along the dorsal side of the body and links the brain to the rest of the body
45
Cerebrospinal Fluid is?
fluid that surrounds the brain & spinal cord; acts as a protective shock absorber; produced, circulated, & reabsorbed by the ventricles of the brain, which are cavities in the interior of the brain
46
Peripheral nervous system includes?
all the nerves stretching their pathway among the CNS and the receptors, muscles, and glands
47
PNS further divided into?
afferent nervous system
| efferent nervous system
48
afferent nervous system or sensory nervous system carries?
which carries information from receptors to the brain or spinal cord
49
the efferent nervous system or motor nervous system carries?
carries information from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands
50
somatic nervous system SNS
- efferent division and afferent of pns
- motor:all nerves controlling the muscular system and
- sensory:external sensory receptor
51
SNS involves?
both receptors and effectors
52
autonomic nervous system ANS
s the other subdivision of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system
53
autonomic fibers are what type of nerves?
efferent nerves
54
nerves chains of autonomic fibers?
the first nerve carries autonomic fibers to a ganglion, where they terminate near the cell bodies of the second nerve
55
which nerve system actions without conscious control as the caretaker of the body?
autonomic nervous system
56
The sympathetic nervous system involved in?
is involved in “fight-or-flight responses” such as the shutdown of salivary gland secretion with certain medications.
57
The parasympathetic nervous system is involved in ?
“rest-or-digest” responses such as the stimulation of salivary gland secretion
58
how many pairs of cranial nerves ? apart of what system?
12 important part of PNS
59
cranial nerves connected where?
brain at its base and pass through the skull by fissures or foramina
60
cranial nerves are what types of nerves?
can be afferent, efferent, or both
61
which are used to designate cranial nerves?
both roman numerals and anatomic terms
62
First Cranial Nerve?
- (I) Olfactory Nerve
- sensory (afferent)
- smell
- enters perforations in cribriform plate
- joins olfactory bulb in the brain
- nasal olfactory mucosa
63
2nd Cranial nerve?
- (II) Optic Nerve
- sensory (afferent)
- retina of eye
- enters optic canal of sphenoid bone from retina
64
3rd cranial nerve
- (III) oculomotor nerve
- motor (efferent)
- 1 muscles move eyeball and smooth m.
- Lies in lateral wall of cavernous sinus
- exits superior orbital fissure of sphenoid on way to orbit
65
4th cranial nerve
- (IV) trochlear nerve
- motor (efferent)
- 1 eye muscle and proprioception
- runs in lateral wall of the cavernous sinus
- exits superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone on its way to the orbit
66
5th cranial nerve
- trigeminal nerve
- both efferent/afferent
- motor=mastication/cranial muscles
- sensory=teeth, tongue, oral cavity, skin of face and head
67
3 nerve divisions of sensory roots (trigeminal)
- ophthalmic
- maxillary
- mandibular
68
6th cranial nerve
- (VI) abducens nerve
- motor (efferent)
- one eye muscle
- exits: superior orbital fissure of sphenoid
69
7th cranial nerve
- (VII) Facial Nerve
- (motor)=facial expression, sublingual and submandibular salivary glands; lacrimal gland, and minor salivary glands
- sensory=skin around ear and 2/3 anterior of tongue for taste
- internal acoustic meatus
- exits stylomastoid foramen
70
8th cranial nerve
- (VIII) vestibulocochlear nerve
- afferent nerve
- hearing and balance
- inner ear
- enters internal acoustic meatus
71
9th Cranial Nerve
- IX Glossopharyngeal
- both
- Motor: pharyngeal and stylopharyngeus muscle, parotid gland and mucosa of pharynx
- Afferent: skin around ear, mucosa of middle ear and pharynx; taste for posterior tongue (gag reflex)
- passes through jugular foramen
72
10th Cranial Nerve
- X Vagus
- Motor: large component of soft palate, pharynx, and larynx; parasympathetic: many organs in thorax and abdomen: thymus gland, heart, and stomach;
- Afferent: small amount of skin around ear and taste sensation for epiglottis;
- passes through jugular foramen
73
11th Cranial nerve
- XI Accessory
- Motor Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle and muscles of soft palate and pharynx
- muscles of neck
- exits through jugular foramen
74
12th Cranial Nerve
- XII Hypoglossal
- Motor: Somatic efferent nerve for intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles; (muscles of tongue)
- exits through hypoglossal canal in occipital bone
75
facial nerve both sensory and motor fibers attach to brain where?
pons; from there take separate routes
76
facial nerve leaves skull through?
internal acoustic meatus
77
ophthalmic division on trigeminal nerves exits; type; function
- through superior orbital fissure
| - sensory: receives PPTT for upper part of face
78
maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (V2) exits; type for what
- exits foramen rotundum
| - sensory-receives PPTT from middle part of face
79
anterior superior alveolar nerve (ASA) type; function to what
sensory-maxillary sinus, maxillary incisors and canines, facial gingiva area
80
middle superior alveolar nerve type and function for
sensory; from maxillary sinus, maxillary premolar, mesiobuccal root of max. 1st molar, buccal gingiva
81
posterior superior alveolar nerve type; function for
-sensory for maxillary molars (3rd, 2nd, palatal, and distobuccal roots of 1st) buccal gingiva and maxillary sinus
82
posterior superior alveolar nerve very close to ?
pterygoid plexus of veins
83
pterygopalatine ganglion branches
- pharyngeal
- greater palatine
- lesser palatine
- nasopalatine
- posterior superior lateral nasal
84
lesser palantine nerve type and function for
sensory from tonsils and mucosa of soft palate
85
greater palatine nerve
sensory from posterior 2/3 of hard palate and lingual gingiva (canines, premolars, and molars)
85
pharyngeal (type; from)
sensory for pharynx
86
nasopalatine type and function for
sensory from anterior 1/3 hard palate (lingual gingiva of maxillary incisors)
87
posterior superior lateral nasal nerve type and function
nasopharynx and nasal conchae
88
zygomatic nerve
zygomaticofacial- skin over zygoma
| zygomaticotemporal
89
mandibular nerve is sensory or motor branches?
both
90
inferior alveolar nerve; type and function; travels thru
-sensory
-travels thru mandibular foramen
-receives from mandibular premolars and molar teeth
(MOST IMPORTANT IN DENTISTRY)
91
Inferior alveolar nerve continues as?
incisive nerve
92
incisive nerve type and function from
sensory from mandibular incisors, canines, and facial/buccal gingiva
93
mental nerve type and function
sensory from mucosa membranes and skin of lower lip and chin
94
lingual nerve type and function for
sensory for anterior 2/3 of tongue (PPTT only), lingual mandibular gingiva, mucosa for floor (travels along lateral surface of tongue)
95
auriculotemporal nerve; type function for
parotid branch: sensory for parotid gland (NOT secretion)
96
long buccal nerve: type and function for
sensory from buccal gingiva of mandibular premolars and molars, buccal mucosa, and skin of lower cheek
97
masseteric nerve type and function
masseter: motor
| TMJ- sensory
98
nerve to lateral pterygoid muscle
motor to both heads
99
anterior and posterior deep temporal type and function for
motor to temporalis muscle
100
medial pterygoid nerve
motor to medial pterygoid muscle
101
mylohyoid nerve type and function for
motor: mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of digastric (branch of inferior alveolar nerve) (may have some sensory fibers)
102
nerve to tensory veli palatini muscle
motor(mandibular) to muscle of soft palate called tensor veli palatini
103
trigeminal neuralgia (as tic douloureux)
- often unknown
- tumor or blood vessel pressing on trigeminal nerve
- involves afferent nerves
104
symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia? More frequent in? Triggered by?
facial pain (one side)
- electric current
- more frequent in women over 40
- episodes triggered by light touch or cold around mouth, talking, eating, brushing
105
treatments for trigeminal neuralgia
seizure meds- block nerve
- microvascular decompression
- gamma knife radiosurgery
106
facial nerve travels thru what bone?
temporal bone
107
while in temporal bone facial nerve gives off how many branches
3
108
main trunk of facial nerve passes thru
stylomastoid foramen for temporal bone
109
after passing through stylomastoid foramen facial nerve then does what?
gives off 2 branches (posterior auricular nerve and branch to digastric belly of the digastric muscle and stylohyoid muscle)
110
facial nerves passes thru parotid gland doing what?
does not innervate but divides gland into superficial and deep lobes
111
chorda tympani joins what nerve
lingual nerve (mandibular div. of trigeminal nerve)
112
chorda tympani type and function for
mixed
| -sensory: continues with lingual nerve; receives info on taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue (sweet, sour, salty)
113
inferior alveolar nerve block numbs?
numbs lingual nerve, sensory portion of chorda tympani
114
chorda tympani motor
- branch off before reaching tongue
| - regulate secretion from mandibular and sublingual glands
115
3 branches of facial nerve
- digastric nerve
- stylohyoid nerve
- 3rd travels through parotid gland an divides into 2 divisions
116
digastric nerve type and function for
motor; posterior belly of digastric (depress mandible)
117
stylohyoid nerve type and fucntion for
motor; stylohyoid muscle
118
temporofacial branches
temporal
zygomatic
buccal
119
zygomatic type and function
motor to zygomaticus major and minor
120
buccal branch type and function
motor to levator facial muscles (levator labii superioris, orbicularis oris, levator labii superioris alaque nasi, levator anguli oris, risorius, buccinator)
121
cervicofacial branches?
buccal
mandibular
cervical
122
buccal branch type and function
motor to levator muscles
123
mandibular branch type and function
motor to depressor facial muscles (depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris, mentalis)
124
cervical branch type and function
motor to platysma
125
damage to facial nerve causes?
facial paralysis
126
what can damage to facial neve be caused by?
- stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
- cancer to parotid
- injury to nerve
- (common bc of superficial location)
127
symptoms of facial paralysis
- partial or complete paralysis of affected side
- lateral angle of eye may droop
- unable to close eye
- eye infection
- later angle of mouth droop
- speech and eating difficultly
128
bell palsy
- symptoms: facial paralysis on one side, no numbness, pain in TMJ
- unknown cause
- temporary or permanent
- no specific treatment
129
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) is attached to brain where?
medulla
130
glossopharyngeal nerve efferent branches?
- lesser petrosal nerve: secretion of saliva from parotid
| - stylopharyngeal nerve: stylopharngeus muscle (contracts during swallowing)
131
glossopharyngeal nerve sensory branches
- lingual: receives PPTT sensation on bitter taste from posterior 1/3
- pharyngeal: PPTT sensation from pharynx
- carotid sinus: blood pressure regulation (info from chemoreceptors and pressoreceptors)
132
lesions to glossopharyngeal
- rare
- damage to lingual nerve: loss of taste and PPTT posterior 1/3 tongue
- damage to pharyngeal- loss of gag reflex
- damge to carotid sinus: loss of cardiovascular reflex
133
what is carotid sinus syndrome
hyperactive carotid sinus reflex (often in elderly patience)
134
what can carotid sinus syndrome be triggered by
slight increase in BP
| pressure applied externally under angle of mandible
135
vagus nerve (X) attaches? Travels where after?
- attaches at medulla
| - descends each side of neck with carotid sheath
136
how many branches of vagus nerve
ONLY 3 are IMPORTANT in dentistry
137
3 branches that are important of vagus nerve
- pharyngeal
- superior laryngeal
- inferior laryngeal
138
pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
- sensory: PPTT sensation from pharynx
| - motor: all but one muscle of soft palate (contracts during swallowing)
139
superior laryngeal nerve of vagus nerve
- sensory: receives bitter taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
- sensory and motor to larynx
140
inferior laryngeal nerve
sensory and motor to larynx
