test 3 study guide Flashcards
phonological knowledge
linking letters to sounds
orthographic knowledge
quickly identifying words
morphological knowledge
identifying prefixes ans suffixes
phonemic awareness
helps children recognize that sounds can be put together to form words
phonological awareness
awareness of phonological structure/sound structure of words
6 critical literacy areas
phonological awareness
spelling
reading comprehension
reading fluency
vocabulary
writing
onset
first sound/sounds in a word
rime
sounds that follow rime
3 types of linguistic knowledge that lead to spelling expertise
phonological knowledge
orthographic knowledge
morphological knowledge
acquisition of literacy begins when?
Infancy
5 ways sound units can be manipulated
matching
blending
segmenting
substituting
deleting
interlanguage
period of time from the time learner uses second language productively to the time the learner reaches competence level of native speaker
fossilization
when second language “errors” remain firmly entrenched despite strong proficiency in first language
code-switching
alternation between two languages in a single discourse
language loss
losing language skills due to not using them
transfer
process in which communication behavior from the first language carries over to second language
can occur across all areas of language
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
CALP
-Context reduced form of communication, using more formal forms of oral and written language
-relies on oral or written linguistic cues for meaning due to no shared reality
-characterized by specialized vocabulary, grammar, and discourse patterns
IDEA testing procedures
-tests given in first language/mode of communication
-usage of variety of data collection methods and tools (do not rely on single procedure)
-materials should yield valid and reliable information
simultaneous language acquisition
languages acquired simultaneously since infancy
minimal interference occurs
sequential language acquisition
one language is learned then a second is learned later in life
results in diversity in rates of acquisition
common language spoken in US
Spanish
Arabic
Chinese
Vietnamese
Portuguese
Creole
Russian
Hattian
Hmong
Somali
When an Interpreter is used in assessment report….
the form must specify that service of an interpreter was used
Children with underlying DLD have these difficulties with language:
-reduced vocabulary
-difficulty learning new words
-reduced lexical diversity in narrative samples
-difficulties with cognitive underpinnings
silent period
initial stage of second language acquisition when the person is focusing on comprehension of language, may not be speaking
hearing
ability to receive, process, and interpret sounds
decibels
sounds of intensity
measures loudness (dB)
Conductive Hearing Loss
hearing loss due to damage of ear canal, ear drum, or middle ear’s bones
usually caused by ear infection
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
hearing loss due to missing/damaged sensory cells in cochlea
Mixed Hearing Loss
when bone-conduction thresholds are poorer than 280 dB
hearing loss and air conduction thresholds are elevated by another 10 dB or more (air-bone gap present)
4 major ways that hearing loss affects children
-delayed receptive and expressive communicative skills
-learning problems in academic achievement
-social isolation
-later vocational choices and success
what does the outer ear consist of
ear drum and ear canal
What difficulties do children with hearing loss have when they do not receive intervention
poor educational and economic achievement which results in adults who are underemployed and at risk for legal and social problems
3 bones in the middle ear
malleus
incus
stapes
5 signs of hearing loss
-asking for repetition
-misunderstanding what is being said
-speech problems
-watches to see other’s actions
-appears inattentive
-fatigued at end of day
-withdraws from situations that require careful listening
what do babies in utero hear?
low frequency sounds (vowels) of mother’s voice
they are able to differentiate between mother’s voice and another person’s voice
