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Language Development > test 2 study guide > Flashcards

test 2 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

magical thinking

A

a child falsely believing a certain action will influence the world around them

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2
Q

divergent thinking

A

thought process allowing a child to generate a number of possible solutions

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3
Q

counterfactual reasoning

A

thinking about a situation and reflecting how it could have turned out differently

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4
Q

causal cognition

A

understanding the relationship between cause and effect

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5
Q

Theory of Mind

A

allows children to understand how others feel and that those feelings may be different than how they feel themselves

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6
Q

symbolic play

A

using an item to represent a different item

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7
Q

speech intelligibility

A

how clear/easily understood someone’s speech is to the listener

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8
Q

working memory

A

allows encoding, storing, processing, and rehearsal of information essential to language development

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9
Q

overextension

A

using perceptual characteristics of an entity to extend meaning

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10
Q

underextension

A

restricted or limited meaning of a word

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11
Q

domain specific vocabulary

A

vocabulary items specific to a specialized domain/subject

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12
Q

mental lexicon

A

mental dictionary of all words a person knows

neighborhood density-dense/sparse

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13
Q

morpheme

A

smallest unit of a word with meaning

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14
Q

stages of play

A

solitary
parallel
associative
cooperative

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15
Q

solitary play

A

birth - 24 months

caregivers are favorite toy until interest in toys emerges at 8 mos. and peaks at 2 yrs.

pretend play emerges

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16
Q

parallel play

A

24 mo. - 36 mo.

social routines appear in play; children play beside each other, but not interacting

children learn from narration of play

play is active

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17
Q

associative play

A

3 - 4 yrs.

imagination and interaction increases

sharing is learned

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18
Q

cooperative play

A

4 yrs.

assigned roles and use of different voices in play

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19
Q

infant response to adult facial expressions

A

6-12 mo.

children have the ability to understand differences in facial expressions and engage in behavior based on positive or negative faction expressions

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20
Q

formal operations stage

A

begins at

children begin to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems and use deductive reasoning (reasoning for specific information form general priciple)

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21
Q

at what age are children expected to respond to their own name

A

5 mo.

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22
Q

mirror nuerons

A

mirror the behavior of others as though the observer was acting himself

infants imitate facial expressions, although not aware of their own face

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23
Q

stages of noun phrase development in preschool ages children

A
  1. 18-25 months: single word utterances and emergence of 2 word
  2. 27-30 months: sentence production expands (mommy make yummy food)
  3. 31-34 months: sentences expand with modified and articles
  4. 35+ months: sentences include more modifiers and pronouns
24
Q

adult-like syntax is expected by what age?

A

4 years old

25
Q

syntax emerges at what age?

A

18 months old (2 word utterances)

26
Q

pragmatic functions for communications of intentions

A

-instrumental
-regulatory
-interactions
-personal

27
Q

instrumental function of communication of intentions

A

used to obtain a goal and have wants met

28
Q

regulatory function of communications of intentions

A

used to control others’ behaviors

29
Q

interaction function of communication of intentions

A

used to obtain joint attention

30
Q

personal function of communication of intentions

A

used to express feelings/attitudes

31
Q

3 major communication skills

A

-use of language to greet, inform, request
-changing and adapting language to different people/situations
-following rules in conversations

32
Q

incidental learning of language

A

occurs in preschool stage

learning words through conversation/experience, not direct instruction

accounts for %

33
Q

relational terms

A

temporal
dimensional
quantitative
object
physical
locative
spatial
kinship

34
Q

temporal relational term

A

before, after, until, since, next

35
Q

dimensional relational term

A

big/little, tall/short, thick/thin, high/low, small/big

36
Q

quantitative relational term

A

more, less

37
Q

object relational term

A

all gone, more

38
Q

physical relational term

A

hot/cold

39
Q

locative relational term

A

in, on, under, next to, behind

40
Q

spatial relational term

A

close/far, down, open, in front, behind, between

41
Q

kinship relational term

A

mother, father, brother, cousin

42
Q

inflectional morphemes

A

indicate grammatical meaning with plural/past tense/present tense

43
Q

derivational morphemes

A

uses prefixes and suffixes to indicate meaning

44
Q

syllable structure phonological process

A
45
Q

whole word phonological process

A

reduplication, final consonant deletion, cluster reduction, unstressed syllable omission

46
Q

substitution phonological process

A

subbing one phonemic class for another

stopping, fronting,

47
Q

assimilation phonological process

A

production of speech sounds similar to another speech sound in a word

regressive: succeeding sound
progressive: proceeding sound

48
Q

open v closed syllables

A

open: end in vowel
closed: end in consonant

49
Q

play is the

A

work of childhood

50
Q

cultural considerations in play

A

if parents play with child
if child plays with toys and what toys
if child watches tv while playing

51
Q

stages of syntactic development by age group

A

-As an infant, single word utterances are produced. This can be requests or observations such as “milk” or “doggy.”
-By preschool, grammatical morphemes are produced by adding bound morphemes to free morphemes. These includes using present progressive verbs such as “I eating” and prepositions as in “put in cup.”
-At school age/adolescence, derivational morphemes are produced, using prefixes and suffixes. This changes words from happy to happiness, paint to painter, or admit to admission. These words add to the complexity of sentences.

52
Q

syntax

A

rules for producing sentences

53
Q

pragmatics

A

use of language in social interactions/social rules

54
Q

semantics

A

how meaning is conveyed through words and sentences

55
Q

morphology

A

structure/organization of words

56
Q

phonology

A

contains rules for structure distribution and sequencing of speech sounds

Language Development (4 decks)

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