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Language Development > test 1 study guide > Flashcards

test 1 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

language

A

System of arbitrary symbols that is rule based, dynamic, generative, and used as a social tool in communication

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2
Q

expressive vs receptive language

A

Expressive: ability to share thoughts and meanings through words

Receptive: ability to understand others’ spoken language (auditory comprehension)

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3
Q

5 components of language

A
  1. Phonology: how sounds are combined to make words
  2. Morphology: how words and smaller units are combined to form other words
  3. Semantics: how words correspond to things and events in the world; how language reflects a speaker’s intent or feelings
  4. Syntax: how words are combined to express meaning in sentence structures
  5. Pragmatics: use of language in different social interactions; rules for appropriate social interaction
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4
Q

phonology

A

how sounds are combined to make words

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5
Q

morphology

A

how words and smaller units are combined to form other words

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6
Q

semantics

A

how words correspond to things and events in the world; how language reflects a speaker’s intent or feelings

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7
Q

syntax

A

how words are combined to express meaning in sentence structures

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8
Q

pragmatics

A

use of language in different social interactions; rules for appropriate social interaction

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9
Q

communicative competence

A

Ability to communicate a message and understand concepts being communicated

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10
Q

linguistic competence

A

Use of morphology, phonology, syntax, and semantics

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11
Q

communication

A

Process of exchanging information about a speaker’s ideas, thoughts, feeling, needs, etc.; can be verbal, written, gestural

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12
Q

encodes

A

Transmitting information

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13
Q

decodes

A

Comprehending information

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14
Q

paralinguistic cues

A

Affect (facial expression)
Word stress
Gesture (head nod)
Speech rate and rhythm
Posture
Volume or intensity
Physical (distance)
Pitch
Intonation (statement v question) Inflection

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15
Q

Language Acquisition Device

A

The concept that infants have an instinctive mental capacity that enables them to acquire and produce language. Humans are born with an innate facility for acquiring language and without this, children would be unable to learn language as quickly as they do

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16
Q

Language Acquisition theories

A

Speech Acts
Behavioral
Cognitive
Social Interaction
Emergentism
Principles and Parameters

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17
Q

Speech Act Theory

A

Dore
theorizes language acquisition is based on semantic-pragmatic unit “speech acts”- label intent or meaning and result in an action

Consists of : utterances, questions, requests, promises, commands

Focused on communicative competence, not linguistic competence

3 stages: prelinguistic (development of cognition and affect) linguistic (1 word utterances) appearance of syntax

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18
Q

Behavioral Theory

A

Skinner

language dev. is based on operant conditioning (+ or – rx)

Positive reinforcement given for developmentally appropriate utterances

Chaining used to produce longer sentences

Imitation plays a role in language development, especially ritualized acts

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19
Q

Principles and Parameters Theory

A

Chomsky

language acquisition is based on innate structure in brain (LAD); language spoken in environment provides parameters for correct form

Principles: language general rules (apply to all languages)
Parameters: language specific rules (syntactic rules that vary with languages)

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20
Q

Social Interaction Theory

A

language acquisition is based on social interactions and experience with language used in the environment (children possess desire to interact and adults or children with greater knowledge guide

Zone of Proximal Development: distance between what a child can do independently and level of potential development (retrospective-independent/prospective- learned with assistance)

Scaffolding: conversational recasts that add new information, but maintain meaning (extension, expansion, recasts, models)

21
Q

Cognitive Theory

A

Piaget

language acquisition and cognition are connected
Schemas (psychological structures) allow children to understand meaning of things in their environment

22
Q

Emergentism

A

language acquisition is based on emergent effect of these factors:

Cognition: (TOM) child’s understanding of speaker’s thoughts and feelings
Intention reading: understand goal and meaning associated with linguistic form
Pattern finding: sensitivities to regularities in language they hear

Social Interactions: child’s desire to interact

Pragmatic skills: methods of interaction during play and conversation
Attention factors: ability to focus on conversation or task

23
Q

scaffolds

A

conversational recasts that add new information, but maintain meaning (extension, expansion, recasts, models)

24
Q

3 stages of children’s language development

A

prelinguistic (development of cognition and affect)
linguistic (1 word utterances)
appearance of syntax

25
Q

primitive speech acts

A

Communicative intentions before development of language

Labeling, answering a ?, requesting, greeting, repeating, protesting, calling

26
Q

zone of proximal development

A

distance between what a child can do independently and level of potential development (retrospective-independent/prospective- learned with assistance)

27
Q

operant conditoning

A

positive or negative reinforcement

idea that if an action is positively reinforced, it it more likely to occur again

28
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Located in left, front side of the brain by Borca
Important for speech and language development as it activates articulators
Associated with phonology, semantics, syntax, and motor control

29
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Located in temporal lobe
used in language comprehension and speech reception

30
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Brain’s ability to grow and change when exposed to new information or experiences

31
Q

neurons

A

Basic functional unit of the nervous system that send/receives electrical signals

32
Q

soma

A

Body of the cell, maintains function and integrates and transmits information to cells

33
Q

axon

A

Projection of the nerve cell that conducts impulses FROM the neuron

34
Q

dendrite

A

Projection of the cell that gathers information and directs it TO the neuron

35
Q

myelin

A

White sheath that covers some nerve fibers; allows rapid transmission (50x faster)

36
Q

components of central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

37
Q

components of peripheral nervous system

A

Spinal and cranial nerves (outside of spinal cord and brain)

38
Q

type of information that spinal nerves transmits

A

Motor and sensory information

39
Q

systems within the peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic nervous system: carries motor and sensory information (voluntary actions)

Automatic nervous system: innervates muscles and glands for involuntary actions

40
Q

right side vs left side of the brain

A

Right: attention, memory, reasoning, problem solving
functions: visual perception/processing, understanding and producing facial and voice emotion, attention and shifting attention

Left: language, logical thought, critical thought, reasoning
Functions: understanding and producing language, memory for spoken and written language

41
Q

four lobes on cerebrum

A

Frontal: motor, premotor, prefrontal
Temporal: Wernike’s area, language processing and language comprehension
Occipital: visual processing
Parietal: somatosensory area, transmits spatial info to motor, sense of position, lang. comprehension, and spacial orientation

42
Q

Heschel’s Gyrus

A

Primary auditory area that processes sound properties (freq. loudness, tone)

43
Q

Subcortical areas of the brain

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Basal Ganglia
  4. limbic system
  5. Cerebellum
44
Q

role of the brainstem

A

Controls messages between brain and the rest of the body

Medulla Oblongata: respiration to support vocal production

Mid brain: relay station for visual and auditory information

Pons: swallowing, hearing, facial expression, sensation

45
Q

thalamus

A

sensory integrator that conveys sensory and motor information to and from cerebral cortex; responsible for sleep, emotion, and arousal

46
Q

hypothalamus

A

basic functions (eating, temperature, etc.)

47
Q

basal ganglia

A

motor control of muscle tone and posture; organization and guidance for motor functions

48
Q

limbic system

A

self-preservation, memory, olfaction

49
Q

cerebellum

A

motor control for connected speech efforts; coordinates respiration, articulation, and phonatory muscles

Language Development (3 decks)

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