Test 3 - Skull Flashcards
1
Q
How many cranium bones are there
A
8
2
Q
How many facial bones are there
A
14
3
Q
Cranium bone is divided into ____ & ____
A
calvarium
floor
4
Q
Which bones do calvarium consist of
A
frontal
parietal
occipital
5
Q
Which bones do floor consist of
A
temporal
ethmoid
sphemoid
6
Q
Skull is divided into ___ & ___ bone
A
facial & cranium bone
7
Q
Which bone is consider the ceiling of orbit
A
frontal
8
Q
What are the two main part of frontal bone
A
squamous and horizontal
9
Q
In frontal bone,
horizontal portion aka ___
squamous portion aka ___
A
orbital
vertical
10
Q
How many bones do FRONTAL BONES articulate with?
What are those?
A
4
2 parietal bones
sphenoid
ethmoid
11
Q
what is the raised prominence structure between the eyebrow
A
Glabella
12
Q
What is the slight depression above eyebrows
A
Supraorbital groove
13
Q
What is the superior rim of each orbit
A
Supraorbital margin
14
Q
Which structure of the horizontal portion of frontal bone form the superior part of each orbit
A
orbital plate
15
Q
which structure separate the orbital plate
A
ethmoidal notch
16
Q
which structure of horizontal portion is bilateral
A
orbital plate
17
Q
Ethmoidal notch separated ____
A
orbital plate
18
Q
Which structure do we look at to determine if patient tilt
A
orbital plate
19
Q
what is the widest portion of parietal
A
parietal tubercle (eminence)
20
Q
How many bones do PARIETAL BONES articulate with?
What are those?
A
5
frontal
occipital
temporal
sphenoid
parietal
21
Q
The frontal bone is ____ to parietal
A
anterior
22
Q
The occipital bone is ____ to parietal
A
posterior
23
Q
the temporal bone is ___ to parietal
A
inferior
24
Q
the greater wings of sphenoid are ___ to parietal
A
inferior and anterior
25
which portion of the occipital bone form most of the back of the head
squamous
26
which structure is inferior to the squamous portion of occipital bone
external occipital protuberance
27
external occipital protuberance is also called
inion
28
What is the large opening at the base of occipital bone
foramen magnum
29
what go thru foramen magnum
spinal cord
30
which structure of occipital bone are bilateral with oval processes and convex surfacess
occipital condyles
31
what does occipital condyle articulate with
lateral mass of C1
32
occipital condyle and atlas form which joint
atlantoccipital joint
33
How many bones do OCCIPITAL BONES articulate with?
What are those?
6
2 parietals
2 temporal
sphenoid
atlas
34
Which cranium bone house the organs of hearing and balance
temporal
35
temporal bone is between ___ & ____
greater wing of sphenoid
occipital bone
36
temporal bone is
____ to greater wing of sphenoid
_____ to occipital bone
posterior
anterior
37
Temporal bone is divided into ___ portions which are ____
3
squamous
mastoid
petrous
38
which portion of temporal bone is easiest to fracture
squamous
39
Which portion of temporal bone is posterior to EAM
mastoid portion
40
Which portion of temporal bone houses organs for hearing and balance
petrous
41
What is the upper border of petrous pyramid called
petrous ridge
42
petrous portion of temporal bone is also called
petrous pyramid
43
superior to jugular foramen is _____
internal acoustic meatus
44
external and internal acoustic meatus are located on ____
posteriorinferior aspect of petrous pyramid
45
How many cranial bones do TEMPORAL BONES articulate with?
What are those?
3
parietal
occipital
sphenoid
46
what is the anterior projection off of squamous portion of temporal bone
zygomatic arch
47
Mandible fits into the temporomandibular fossa to form ___
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
48
posterior process of zygoma articulate with zygomatic process of temporal bone to form___
zygomatic arch
49
What is the articulation to the mandible
TM fossa
50
Superiorly to temporal bone, we have the articulation to___
parietal bone
51
Anteriorly to temporal bone, we have articulation to___
sphenoid
52
What is the purpose of tube angle for most of the skull positioning
move the petrous pyramids away from superimposition of underline structure
53
what is the attachment point for muscles on temporal bone
styloid process
54
which bone forms the anchor for other cranial bones
sphenoid
55
which structure of the brain lies in the sella turcica
pituitary gland
56
where does pituitary gland lie on
sella turcica
57
Posterior to sella turcica is ____
dorsum sellae
58
What is the depression on the posteroinferior aspect of dorsum sellae
CLivus
59
The clivus extends posteriorly to _____
foramen magnum
60
which structure of sphenoid bone project laterally from the superoanterior portion of body and extend to middle of each orbit
anterior clinoid process
61
which structure of sphenoid bone project superiorly from dorsum sellae
posterior clinoid process
62
Which clinoid process is larger
anterior
63
the depressed area of Clivus houses which portion of the brainstem
pons
64
Lesser wings of sphenoid bone terminates at ____
anterior clinoid
65
which wing is a portion of the cranial wall
greater wings
66
Greater wings articulate with which portion of which bone
squamous portion of temporal bone
67
Sphenoid bone is ____ to ethmoid bone
posterior
68
which pterygoid process has pterygoid hamulus
medial
69
which structure help forms the wall of nasal cavity
pterygoid of sphenoid bone
70
The 3 pairs of foramen exist in which structure of sphenoid bone
greater wings
71
what go through the 3 foramen of sphenoid bone
cranial nerves
72
Foramen rotundum has ____ go thru
Foramen Ovale has ____ go thru
Foramen Spinosum has ____ go thru
maxillary nerve
mandibular nerve
artery
73
Which structure is located anterior to sphenoid body and the lesser wings
optic groove chiasm
74
Optic nerves cross each other at _____
optic chiasm
75
Optic nerve go through ____ to cross at optic chiasm
optic foramen
76
what is the space lateral to optic foramen and between lesser and greater wings?
superior orbital fissures
77
Ethmoid bone lies below the _____ of cranium
floor
78
what is the upper horizontal portion of ethmoid bone
cribriform plate
79
Superior to cribriform plate is__
Crista galli
80
what go through the foramen of cribriform plate
olfactory nerves (smell)
81
Faux Cerebri is attached to which structure
crista galli
82
Inferior to cribriform plate is ____
perpendicular plate
83
Lateral to perpendicular plate is _____
lateral labyrinths
84
Which structure helps break up the air as we breath in
nasal conchae
85
Which nasal concha is its own separate bone
inferior conchae
86
Which nasal conchae associated with ethmoid bone
superior and middle
87
Articulations of ethmoid bone
frontal
sphenoid
11 facial bones
88
which structure helps form the nasal septum
perpendicular plate
89
Lateral mass of ethmoid helps form medial wall of ____ and lateral wall of ___
orbit
nasal cavity
90
The articulation of joints of the cranium are called ____
sutures
91
coronal suture separated ____ from___
frontal bone
parietal bone
92
sagittal suture separate _____
parietal bones
93
lambdoidal suture separate _____ from ___
2 parietal bones from occipital bone
94
squamosal sutures is formed by which bones
parietal & temporal bones
95
What are the areas of post ossification of fontanels
Bregma
Lambda
Pterion
Asterion
96
anterior end of sagittal suture is _____
Bregma (anterior fontanels)
97
posterior end of sagittal suture is ____
Lambda (posterior fontanels)
98
where coronal suture and sagittal suture meets is which fontanels
Bregma (anterior)
99
anterior to temporal bone is which fontanels
Pterion (sphenoid fontanel)
100
Mastoid fontanel is at the the intersection of _____
occipital, temporal, parietal
101
Pterions fontanel is at the intersection of _____
frontal, temporal, parietals
102
Asterion fontanels is at the intersection of which sutures
squamosal & lambdoidal
103
What are fontanels
regions where sutures join are slower in ossification
104
which is the largest facial bone
maxillary
105
What are the 14 facial bones
2 maxillary
2 zygomatic
2 lacrimal
2 nasal
2 inferior nasal conchae
2 palatine
vomer
mandible
106
what are the 4 processes of maxillary
frontal
zygomatic
alveolar
palatine
107
which maxillary process is on the lateral margin of nasal cavity
frontal
108
which maxillary process articulate with zygoma
zygomatic
109
what structure is the anterior fusion of maxillary
acanthion
110
the maxillary assists in the formation of ___ (3)
orbit
nasal cavity
mouth
111
which structure of maxillary is inferior to nasal cavity
anterior nasal spine
112
which maxillary process is a part of the hard palate
palatine
113
what is the structure where nose and upper lip meet called ?
acanthion
114
which maxillary process support the teeth
alveolar
115
which structure form the roof of mouth
palatine processes
116
incomplete joining of two palatine process result in ____
cleft palate
117
Palatine is divided in to 2 portion, the horizontal portion forms the ____
posterior part of hard palate
118
Palatine is divided into 2 portion, the vertical portion is between ____ & __
maxilla
pterygoid of sphenoid
119
Maxillary articulate with which cranial bone
frontal and ethmoid
120
what form the zygomatic arch
anteriorly - zygoma bone
posteriorly - zygomatic process of temporal bone
121
a blow to the cheek will affect 3 articulation points which are ___
maxillary bone
zygomatic process of temporal
frontal bone
122
zygoma articulate with which cranial bones (3) AND which facial bone (1)
frontal
sphenoid
temporal
maxilla
123
inferior projection of cribriform plate is _____
perpendicular plate
124
Perpendicular plate articulate with which facial bone
vomer
125
Nasal septum is formed by the articulation between ___
perpendicular plate and vomer
126
location of lacrimal bone
posterior to maxillae frontal process
127
which bone helps make up the superior orbital margin
frontal bone
128
which bones help make up the inferior orbital margin
maxillary
zygomatic
129
why lacrimal bone cannot be seen well radiographically
super small
superimposed by ethmoid and maxillary sinuses
130
lacrimal bone articualtes with which cranial bones (2) and which facial bones
frontal & ethmoid
maxillae & inferior nasal conchae
131
superior and middle conchae are part of which bone
ethmoid
132
which structures helps separate the facial bones from cranial bone
cribriform plate & crista galli
133
inferior nasal conchae articulate with which bone
ethmoid
134
palatine articulate with which cranial bones (2)
sphenoid & ethmoid
135
what position is preferred for facial bone projections
erect
136
Routines for facial bone
PA Caldwell
Waters
Lateral
137
SID & kVp for facial bone
40"
70-85
138
position parameter for facial bone PA caldwell, include CR
OML perpen to IR
15 caudad tube angle
CR: exit at nasion
139
[PA Caldwell - facial bone] if we want to see the floor of orbits, what do we do
increase tube angle to 30 caudad
140
[PA Caldwell - facial bone]
if we want to include more of the mandible, where is the CR
exit at acanthion
141
[PA Caldwell - facial bone]
if we want to include more of the orbital floor, where is the CR
exit at nasion
142
position paratmeter for Waters facial bone, include CR
MML perpen to IR
CR: exit at acanthion
143
if we cant get the odontoid on regular C spine imaging, what is the alternative
waters of facial bone
144
MML perpndicular to IR will put ___ inside the foramen magnum
odontoid process
145
CR for lateral facial bone
zygomatic prominence
146
CR for lateral cranium
2" above EAM
147
routine for nasal bone
waters
lateral
148
kVp for [ nasal bone]
water: ___
lateral: ___
70-85
65-80
149
CR for lateral nasal bone
nasal bones
or 1/2" inferior to nasion
150
Routine for Zygomatic Arch
AP Towne
SMV
Tangential
151
kVp for zygomatic arch
70-85 kVp
152
if we cant get the zygomatic arch on SMV, what is the alternative
tangential
153
Position parameter for tangential zygomatic arch, include CR
Start in SMV
rotate & tilt 15 tw affected side
chin raises until IOML parallel to IR
CR: zygomatic arch
154
what is the topographic landmark between eyebrow
glabella
155
what is the topographic landmark connecting outer points of the eyes
interpupillary line
156
what is the topographic landmark that is a depression at bridge of nose
nasion
157
what is the topographic landmark at the area of upper lip and nasal septum
acanthion
158
what is the topographic landmark acts as a point of lower posterior mandible
gonion
159
what are the 3 ear landmarks
auricle
tragus
TEA (top of ear attachment)
160
which ear landmark is the large flap of ear
a. auricle
b. tragus
c. TEA (top of ear attachment)
A
161
which ear landmark is the small flap anterior to EAM
a. auricle
b. tragus
c. TEA (top of ear attachment)
B
162
tragus is ____ to EAM
a. anterior
b. posterior
anterior
163
what are the 3 eye landmarks
canthi
SOM (supraorbital margin)
IOM (infraorbital margin)
164
what is the landmark that is the superior rim of bony orbit of eye
SOM
165
Ear landmarks are important because ____
corresponds to highest level of petrous ridges
166
Eye landmarks are important because ___
contribute to base of orbit
167
what is the average difference between angle of OML and IOML
7-8 degrees
168
what are the 2 skull line used for facial bone imaging
OML and MML
169
what do you need to watch out for in skull imaging (3)
1. positioning lines to ensure no rotation or tilt
2. pt condition
3. tube angles
170
Routine for Cranium
PA caldwell
AP towne
RT/LT lateral
SMV
171
kVp for Cranium
75-85
172
CR for PA Axial (caldwell) cranium
exit at nasion
15 caudad tube angle
173
CR for AP axial (Caldwell) cranium
exit at nasion
15 cephalic
174
Petrous position for PA Cranium
a. one-third of orbit
b. inside orbit
B
175
CR for AP Towne Cranium
2.5" above glabella
30 caudad
176
Factors to determine AP Town Cranium is done correctly
dorsum sellae in foramen magnum
foramen magnum equidistant to lateral skull margin
177
what structure should be seen if AP Towne Cranium is done correctly
posterior clinoid process
178
Dorsum sellae associated with which structure
sella turcica
179
what is the depression on the posterior side of dorsum sellae
clivus
180
Position parameter for Lateral Cranium
anterior oblique with head turned in lateral
Interpupillary perpendicular
IOML perpendicular to front edge of IR
181
CR lateral cranium
2" superior EAM
182
A & P separation of lateral cranium is an indication of _____
rotation
183
Rotation for lateral cranium is determined through which structure
EAM
sphenoid greater wings
184
Tilt for lateral cranium is determined through which structure
EAM & orbital plates
185
position parameter for SMV cranium
IOML // IR
186
CR for SMV cranium
midway bw gonion
exit vertex
187
S & I separation of lateral cranium is an indication of ____
tilt
188
which skull line are used for PA Caldwell
OML
189
which skull line are used for AP Towne
OML or IOML
190
which skull lines are used for Waters
MML or OML
191
which skull lines are used for Lateral
IOML
192
which skull lines are used for SMV
A. IOML perpendicular to IR
B. IOML parallel to IR
C. OML perpendicular to IR
D. OML parallel to IR
B
193
which skull lines are used for Tangential IF patient cant rotate head
A. IOML perpendicular to IR
B. IOML parallel to IR
C. OML perpendicular to IR
D. OML parallel to IR
A
194
which is the only movable bone in adult skull
mandible
195
which structure is anterior to gonion
body of mandible
196
which structure is superior to gonion
ramus of mandible
197
where does the ramus terminate
mandibular notch
198
anterior to mandibular notch is ____
coronoid process
199
posterior to mandibular notch is ____
condyloid process
200
TMJ is formed between _____ & _____
condyle of condyloid process and TM fossa of temporal bone
201
mandible nerves go thru _____
mental foramen
202
optic foramen located at the ____ of its respective orbit
apex
203
with _____ parallel to the floor, orbit project 30 superiorly and 37 medially
a. OML
b. MML
c. IOML
A
204
to radiograph optic foramen, how do you position the patient
extend chin 30
rotate head 37
rhese
205
what are the 3 orbit openings
optic foramen
superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure
206
orbit openings provide passage for _____ nerves
cranial
207
what structure encapsulate optic foramen
sphenoid strut
208
what is the small hole in the sphenoid bone that located posteriorly at the apex of orbit
optic foramen
209
what structure located between greater and lesser wings of sphenoid bone
superior orbital fissure
210
what structure located between maxilla, zygomatic bone, and greater wing of sphenoid
inferior orbital fissure
211
what is sphenoid strut
root of bone that separate superior orbital fissure from optic canal
212
Routine for Mandible
PA
AP Towne
Axiolateral
Lateral
Panorex
213
kVp for mandible
70-90
214
Position parameter for PA Mandible, include CR
OML perpendicular
mouth closed
CR: exit at junction of lips
215
Position parameter for AP Towne Mandible, include CR
OML perpendicular to IR
CR: glabella
35-43 caudad
216
Position parameter for Axiolateral Mandible, include CR
15 tilt with 10 cephalad
lateral with 25 cephalad
25 tilt with straight CR
CR: exit mandibular
217
Position parameter for Panorex Mandible, include CR
IOML perpen floor
tube and IR rotate around head
218
Routine for TMJ
Law
Schuller
219
kVp for TMJ
75-85
220
position parameter for Law TMJ, include CR
start in facial bone lateral
rotate 15 tw table
CR: downside TMJ or 1.5" superior to EAM
15 caudad
221
position parameter for Schuller TMJ, include CR
position facial bone in lateral
25-30 caudad
CR: downside TMJ OR 1.5" anterior and 2" superior to EAM
222
Routine for Orbit
Waters
Rhese
223
position parameter for Rhese Orbit, include CR
place chin, cheek, nose on IR
start in PA, rotate head 37 tw affected side
AML perpen IR
CR: downside orbit
224
Which structures corresponds to external ear
Auricle
Tragus
EAM
225
Wht are structures corresponds to middle ear
Tympanic membrane
Tympanic cavity
Auditory ossicles
Eustachian tube
226
tympanic membrane is part of _____ ear
middle
227
which structures of middle ear are bones
auditory ossicles
228
superior to auditory ossicles is ____
epitympanic recess
229
inferior to auditory ossicles is _____
tympanic cavity proper
230
what are the 3 bones of auditory ossicles
malleus
incus
stapes
231
tympanic cavity communicates anteriorly with the nasopharynx thru _____
eustachian tube
232
what is the passageway bw nasopharynx and middle ear
eustachian tube
233
the petrous pyramid of inner ear is divided into 2 parts which are ____
osseous labyrinth
membraneous labyrinth
234
osseous labyrinth houses _____ labyrinth
membraneous
235
the osseous labyrinth is divided into 3 parts
cochlea
semicircular canals
vestibule
236
which part of osseous labyrinth is most anterior
a. cochlea
b. semicircular canals
c. vestibule
cochlea
237
which part of osseous labyrinth is central
a. cochlea
b. semicircular canals
c. vestibule
B
238
which part of osseous labyrinth is most posterior
a. cochlea
b. semicircular canals
c. vestibule
C
239
which which part of osseous labyrinth relate to sense of direction or equilibrium
a. cochlea
b. semicircular canals
c. vestibule
B
240
which which part of osseous labyrinth relate to sense of hearing
a. cochlea
b. semicircular canals
c. vestibule
A
241
what is the opening bw epitympanic recess and mastoid portion of temporal bone
aditus
242
aditus connects directly to ____ within mastoid portion
antrum
243
antrum connects to _____
mastoid air cells
244
connections of different parts within the mastoid portion of temporal bone could potentially lead to _____ if there are bacteria
infection in middle ear
245
what is Tegmen Tympani
a plate of bone of the mastoid portion that forms the roof of antrum, aditus, and epitympanic recess
246
what structure connect middle ear to mastoid portion
aditus of mastoid portion
247
what surrounds nasal cavity
sinuses
248
sinuses drain into nasal cavity via ____
osteomeatal complex
249
sinuses are ____-filled and ____-lined
air
mucus
250
osteomeatal complex is _____ (location)
anterior to nasal cavities
251
what are the 4 sinuses
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary
252
location of maxillary sinus
a. body of maxillae
b. ramus of maxillae
A
253
which sinus is lateral to nose and inferior to orbit
a. frontal
b. ethmoid
c. sphenoid
d. maxillary
maxillary
254
location of maxillary sinus (3)
within body of maxillae
lateral to nose
inferior to orbit
255
how does maxillary sinus communicate to nasal cavity
middle nasal meatus --> infundibulum --> inferior nasal meatus
256
if there is swelling in maxillary tissues, what happened
infundibulum is blocked --> cant drain --> bacteria breathe --> filled up --> sinus infection
257
what structure made up the medial wall of infundibulum
ucinate process of ethmoid
258
which sinus is posterior to glabella
a. frontal
b. ethmoid
c. sphenoid
d. maxillary
A
259
location of frontal sinus
bw inner and outer table of frontal bone AND posterior to glabella
260
frontal sinus communicate with nasal cavity via _____
frontal ostium
261
frontal ostium will drain into ____
ethmoid sinus
262
which sinus is medial to orbit
a. frontal
b. ethmoid
c. sphenoid
d. maxillary
B
263
location of ethmoid sinus
within lateral labyrinth of ethmoid bone
medial to orbit
264
ethmoid sinus communicate with nasal cavity via ____
anterior collection
265
ethmoid sinuses help forms the _____ wall of orbit
medial
266
which sinus is inferior to sella turcica
a. frontal
b. ethmoid
c. sphenoid
d. maxillary
C
267
location of sphenoid sinus
within body of sphenoid
inferior to sella
posterior to ethmoid sinus
268
sphenoid sinus communicate with nasal cavity through _____
ethmoid sinus
269
ethmoid bulla received drainage from _____ & ____ sinus
frontal
ethmoid
270
Routine for Sinus
PA Caldwell
Waters
Lateral
SMV
271
kvp for sinus
75-85
272
position parameter for waters sinus
same for other waters
OPEN MOUTH
273
[WATERS] , if we can see sphenoid sinus thru the mouth, where is the location for other sinuses
ethmoid: superior
maxillae: lateral
frontal: most superior
274
why do we do waters open mouth for sinus
to prevent teeth superimpose sphenoid sinuses
275
a good WATERS for sinus will have petrous ridges ____
inferior to maxillary sinus
276
position parameter for PA CALDWELL SINUS
OML 15 to IR OR IR 15 to IOML
no tube angle
cr: exit nasion
277
why no tube angle for PA CALDWELL SINUS
we need to see sinus without creating distortion
278
CR SMV Zygomatic arch
midway bw zygomatic arches at 0.5" inferior to mandibular symphysis
