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RAD 372 - Anatomy > NEW SHIT > Flashcards

NEW SHIT Flashcards

1
Q

Pencil-thin xray beam w 1 detector is ____
a. 1st generation
b. 2nd generation

A

A

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2
Q

Fan shaped beam with 30+ detectors is ___
a. 1st generation
b. 2nd generation

A

B

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3
Q

1st generation has approx. ____ per slice

2nd generation has approx.____ per slice

A

5min

15s

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4
Q

which CT generations has 180 degree rotation

A

1st

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5
Q

which CT generations has tube rotate 360 with 960 detectors

A

3rd

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6
Q

which generation has continuous rotation with “fixed ring” and 4800+ detectors

A

4th

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7
Q

4th generation has entire exam done in ____ min

A

1

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of volume scanning

A

helical/spiral
multislice

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9
Q

which type of Volume CT has slip ring allowing tube to continuously rotate

A

helical/spiral

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10
Q

CT numbers determine ___

A

degree of attenuation for each voxel

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11
Q

originally CT numbers are called ___

A

Hounsfield Units

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12
Q

the baseline for CT numbers is ___ with a number value of __

A

water
0

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13
Q

Dense cortical bone has a CT number of ____
It appears as ___

A

+1000
WHITE

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14
Q

Air has a CT number of ____
It appears as ____

A

-1000
BLACK

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15
Q

highly attenuated = ___
a. white
b. black

A

A

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16
Q

Least attenuation to most attenuation

(water, air, lung, fat)

A

air –> lung –> fat –> water

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17
Q

put the following in increase in CT number

(white matter, gray matter, CSF, blood, muscle, cortical bone )

A

CSF –> blood –> Gray matter –> white matter –> muscle –> cortical bone

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18
Q

(CT) contrast is injected through ___ (3)

A

IV
oral
rectal

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19
Q

unit to measure strength of magnetic field

A

tesla

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20
Q

strength of MRI magnet is ___

A

1.5-3+T

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21
Q

what is the type of magnet used?

A

superconductive

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22
Q

how is energy is captured and converted in MRI?

A

interact with H atom –> atoms align –> RF sent in at spinning frequency –> RF turned off and atoms relax –> relax atoms released energy

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23
Q

T1 fluid is ___
T2 fluid is ___

A

DARK
BRIGHT

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24
Q

how to turn off magnet

A

Quench
-rapidly warm liquid cryogens to gas

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25
Q

what does bone densitometry assess?

A

bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD)

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26
Q

Bone densitometry specifically assess which skeletal disorder

A

osteoporosis

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27
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue - susceptible to fracture

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28
Q

what is DXA

A

dual energy xray absorptiometry

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29
Q

what does DXA measure

A

amount of bone in soft tissue

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30
Q

the BMD of young normal population of same sex and ethnic background is calculated with ___ - score

A

T

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31
Q

the BMD of population of same sex and age is calculated with ___ - score

A

Z

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32
Q

which scoring is more common
a. T
b. C

A

A

33
Q

normal T-score is___
a. no less than -1.0
b. less than -1.0

A

A

34
Q

What is osteopenia ?

A

low bone mass/ density

35
Q

low bone mass/ density has a T score of __

A

less than -1.0 but greater than -2.5

36
Q

Osteoporosis has a T-score of ____
a. -2.5 or less
b. -2.5 or more

A

A

37
Q

reduction in amount of bone mass has a T-score of ____

A

-2.5 or less (osteoporosis)

38
Q

what is the physical basis of DXA

A

use high and low xray energy beam, to determine the areal mass of tissue

39
Q

Radiation therapy is for ____ rather than ____

A

treatment
diagnosis

40
Q

what does radiation therapy use to treat cancer

A

ionizing radiation (xray, gamma, particulate radiation)

41
Q

2 primary mechanisms to deliver radiation are ___

A

external beam
brachytherapy

42
Q

what does external linear accelerator produce?

A

high energy xray beam

43
Q

what does external beam use to kill disease cells?

A

high energy xray beam

44
Q

what does brachytherapy use to kill disease tissue

A

sealed radioactive isotopes

45
Q

Placing sealed radioactive isotopes in tissue allow _____

A

high dose of radiation given directly to diseased tissue

46
Q

for breast cancer, men has ____ mortality and ___ incidence

A

low
high

47
Q

for breast cancer, women has ___ mortality, and ____ incidence

A

high
low

48
Q

common cause of breast cancer in men

A

increase in estrogen levels

49
Q

who regulated mammography

A

MQSA

50
Q

what can help lower risk of breast cancer

A

early pregnancy
early menopause
breast feeding
early removal of uterus

51
Q

what increase risk of breast cancer

A

birth control
alcohol
smoking
fatty diet

52
Q

each breast consists of ___ lobes

A

15-20

53
Q

what is the circular, darker pigmented area surrounding the nipple called

A

areola

54
Q

which glands is within areola

A

Montgomery glands

55
Q

what does Montgomery glands do

A

keep nipple lubricated and protected, especially when nursing

56
Q

where is inframammary fold

A

inferior to chest wall

57
Q

Where is axillary tail

A

superiolateral aspect

58
Q

axillary tail wraps around which muscle

A

pectoral muscle

59
Q

superior portion of breast is at___

A

1-2nd rib

60
Q

inferior portion of breast is at___

A

6-7th rib

61
Q

medial portion of breast is at __

A

sternum

62
Q

lateral portion of breast is at ___

A

mid axillary line at junction of latissinus dorsi

63
Q

what kind of tissues are within retrommamry space

A

fibrous

64
Q

where is retromammary space

A

in front of pectoralis muscle

65
Q

central portion of breast primarily comprised of which tissues
a. glandular
b. fatty
c. adipose
d. fibrous

A

glandular

66
Q

which tissues surround the glandular tissues?

A

adipose and fibrous

67
Q

what is function of mammary gland

A

secretion of milk

68
Q

what is the reservoir for milk called

A

ampulla

69
Q

process of milk secretion

A

glandular stimulated –> alveoli –> ducts –> ampulla ->

70
Q

what are the 6 reasons we do breast compression

A
  1. decrease breast thickness
  2. bring breast closer to IR
  3. decrease dose and scatter
  4. decrease motion & increase sharpness
  5. increase contrast
  6. hold breast away from chest wall
71
Q

what are the 2 standard positioning for breast

A

CC (craniocaudal)
MLO (mediolateral oblique)

72
Q

(CC) how to determine IR height

A

90 degree chest wall angle

73
Q

what should be seen when CC is done

A

pectoral muscle

74
Q

CR angled for MLO

A

45-50 and enter medially

75
Q

IR placement for MLO

A

raised to height of axillary

76
Q

placement of photocell in CC
a. under glandular tissue
b. anterior third of breast

A

A

77
Q

placement of photocell in MLO
a. under glandular tissue
b. anterior third of breast

A

B

78
Q

if lateral and medial are left out in CC, what alternative position to do

A

XCCL or XCCM

RAD 372 - Anatomy (6 decks)

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