Test 3 Review: Ch. 10-11

Question 1

What is the Byzantine Empire

Answer 1

After the fall of Rome, the eastern empire transitioned into the Byzantine Empire centered on what was Constantinople.

Question 2

What are the dark ages?

Answer 2

A Dark Age is a time when there is no education or cultural growth. So when Rome died, so did most education and technology.

Question 3

What is anarchy?

Answer 3

after the Roman Empire collapsed the western lands fell under constant barbarian attacks and suffered violent political riots as warlords fought to gain control.

Question 4

Who is Charlemagne and what is he known for?

Answer 4

he was the first to restore stability to the western region. He united the Franks and created an empire in the land of Gaul.

Question 5

Who is Carolus Magnus

Answer 5

This was Charlemane’s name in Latin which translates to Charles the Great. He was a strong warrior and conquered Italy, the German lands, and Most of Eastern Europe.

Question 6

Emperor of the Romans

Answer 6

Charlemagne/Carolus Magnus was given this title by the Pope because he was the first king to seek the blessing of the Pope who hoped he would revive the Roman Empire.

Question 7

The Carolingian Renaissance

Answer 7

Charlemagne desired a rebirth of education and he wanted to have an educated clergy that could preserve Roman heritage.

Question 8

What is a scriptoria

Answer 8

writing rooms for monks to re-write the works of the early Romans and Christians.

Question 9

Division of Charlemagne’s empire

Answer 9

After the death of Charlemagne , his empire was divided into three parts amoungst his sons in an attempt to make his empire last, but it only caused fighting amongst the brothers.

-Charles the Bald: Ruled Frankish lands which make up most of modern day france

-Louis the German: to the eastern lands which became Germany

-Lothair: ruled the middle kingdon from northern Italy up to the North Sea

Question 10

Papal power

Answer 10

Pope grew in power as people devoutly followed his rule. The Kings of newly formed nations (ie England) wanted the people to accept their authority so they would ask the Pope for his blessing, giving the pope dominance over nations

Question 11

Simony

Answer 11

The buying or selling of church privileges, pardons, or offices

Question 12

Indulgences

Answer 12

The offering of money or land for the forgivess of sin

Question 13

Council of clermont 1095

Answer 13

The decree of Pope Urban II which challenged Christians to take up arms and push the Muslims out of Jerusalem.

Question 14

Crusades (keypoints)

Answer 14

1st crusade (1096 6-1099): 10,000 soldiers went though Constantinople and into Jerusalem an though violent combat liberated Jerusalem from the Muslims

2nd Crusade (1147-1149): it was difficult to keep enough men and supplies in Jerusalem to hold off constant stream of Islamic warriors. Thus, new floods of westerners came to help defend the city but can’t hold it ; Jerusalem fell to Islamic forces

3rd Crusade (1189-1192): European leaders decided they couldn’t allow Jerusalem to be occupied by Muslims and sought to renew the efforts of their fathers

4th Crusade (1204 AD): once more the desire to liberate Jerusalem was too great and Europeans fought to defend Christianity in the Middle East

Question 15

Bubonic plague / spread

Answer 15

A disastrous disease that killed 25 million Europeans, roughly 1/3rd of the population, and shattered any growth they had achieved during the medieval period. The bacteria spread quickly from black seaports to Italy and France. It also spread through human contact and exposure to fleas and infected vermin.

Question 16

Pilgrimage

Answer 16

A religious journey

Question 17

Knights Templar

Answer 17

the knights of the temple, were highly trained warriors that protected pilgrims and other soldiers as they traveled to Jerusalem. Merchants would hire them as mercenaries to transport their goods and they were hired by mostly the rich and wealthy.

Question 18

Yersinia pestis

Answer 18

The scientific name for the bacteria that caused the illness. It caused high fever and dark boils caused by bleeding under the skin. When it spread to the lungs it abused severe coughing up blood

Question 19

The siege of Caffa 1346

Answer 19

Italians and the Mongols didn’t get along at all. The Mongols attacked the Italians at the port of Caffa but couldn’t defeat them because many of them were getting ill. So the Mongols launched their dead over the walls of Caffa to kill their enemies and is the first recorded instance of biological warfare.

Question 20

Mortality of the plague

Answer 20

The bubonic strain is the least deadly form of the disease but it still killed 60% of infected.

*Italy - lost 50-60 % of pop. and Florence lost about 80%

*France - lost about 30% of its pop. Paris loses 50%

• England - lost about 20% of pop.

Question 21

Treatment of the plague

Answer 21

Most treatments of the time consisted of bloodletting and purging, but it only spread the disease further.

Question 22

Flagellants

Answer 22

People who belied that the plague was sent by God and if they punished themselves then God would remove the curse. They walked around flogging each other but this only spread the blood further.

Question 23

Antisemitism

Answer 23

Increased violence towards Jews as a result of the plague because people believed God was punishing Europe for accepting the murders of Christ.

Question 24

Violence and the Macabre

Answer 24

There was an increase in overall violence and the majority of priests and police had died w/ plague. The massive loss of life people became fascinated w/ death and wrote stories and painted pictures of ghastly scenes and the afterlife.

Question 25

Feudalism

Answer 25

The social and political system of Medieval Europe in which the king gave land to the nobles in exchange for military services and loyalty.

Question 26

Vassal

Answer 26

the soldier that served the noblemen and defend the villagers. In exchange for this service the vassal received food, shelter and a social position.

Question 27

Fief

Answer 27

Is the land granted to a vassal for his service to the nobleman. This land was farmed by peasants called “Serfs” who were allowed to live on the land and keep a portion of the food.

Question 28

The Norman conquest

Answer 28

The king of England (Edward the Confessor) had no male heir and was close to William (the Duke of Normandy and promised to make him king. However, the king’s cousin Harold II claimed that Edward made him king on his deathbed. This enraged William and led him to invade England and defeat Harold II in the Battle of Hastings in 1066. He ruled as the King of England but did not give up control of his lands in France.

Question 29

William the Duke of Normandy

Answer 29

He was a powerful noble in France and his fiefdom was Normandy. His cousin was the King of England (Edward the Confessor).

Question 30

The hundred-year war (1337-1453)

Answer 30

a century-long conflict between England and France over English-claimed lands in France and who sat on the French throne. This conflict continued due to decedents fighting over what land belongs to what kingdom for roughly 116 years.

Question 31

The holy Roman Empire

Answer 31

Was actually a loose collection of Germanic kingdoms. The numerous kings from this area fought each other and offered their highly trained soldiers as mercenaries for other European nations to gain allies.
The title was an attempt by the Roman Catholic Church to revive the Roman Empire, but it was rarely ever ruled entirely by one Emperor.

Question 32

The wars of the Roses

Answer 32

Another aspect of the 100 Years War and confusion over who was the true king developed into numerous battles between the descendants of Edward III. This conflict was mainly between:
–The Lancaster’s: the family of the 3rd son of Edward III who used the Red Rose as their symbol.
–The York’s: The family of the 4th son used the White Rose as their symbol.

Question 33

The Habsburg dynasty

Answer 33

The Habsburg family held many lands in the Germanic territories. Arranged marriages allowed them to form strong alliances, and their strong warriors allowed them to conquer surrounding kingdoms.

Question 34

Justinian

Answer 34

was the las of the Eastern Roman Emperors and became the first Byzantine Emperor. He still maintained the cultural traditions of Rome.

Question 35

Saladin

Answer 35

The victorious Muslim ruler said he would allow Christians to visit Jerusalem and prevent Islamic attacks on visitors

Question 36

Joan of arc

Answer 36

She was an 18 yo French peasant that visited the intended French king (Charles VII). She said God told her that she would help him regain the throne of France. Charles VII gave her a legion of men which she led to the liberation of Orleans, a city long occupied by the English. She helped turn the tide of the 100 Years war in favor of the French. However, in a battle shortly after all her victories, Joan was captured by England and charged with heresy, and burned at stake for witchcraft.

Question 37

Count Rudolf of habsburg

Answer 37

He became so powerful that he was given the title Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He used this title to win favor and take over new lands, eventually, forming his own empire called the Austrian Empire which allowed the Habsburg family to rue the majority of Europe from 1274-1914 A.D.