Final Exam Review: Comprehensive

Question 1

Mesopotamia

Answer 1

the land between the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers

Question 2

Hammurabi’s Code

Answer 2

the first recorded legal code. It showed that the people had access to the law and that they had mastery of a written language.

Question 3

Cuneiform

Answer 3

the earliest known written language created by the people of Mesopotamia.

Question 4

Egyptian kingdoms/ Egyptian time periods

Answer 4

Egyptian history is divided into time periods known as Kingdoms: they are based on the lineage of the Pharaohs:

-Old Kingdom: 2700-2181 BC
-MIddle Kingdom: 2060-1785 BC
-The new Kingdom: 1570-1085 BC

All of the Kingdoms were separated by an Intermediate Period due to breaks in the line of succession.

Question 5

Pyramids

Answer 5

were built as tombs for the “God Kings” as a home for their departed spirit. People would place food and wine and clothes as well as other valuables so the king could take them with him to the afterlife.

Question 6

Tutankhamen (1347-1338 BC)

Answer 6

The son of Akhenaten, he was a child when his father died so he shared power with a regent until he came of age. He only survived to be 18 and died shortly after becoming Pharaoh. There is much speculation around his cause of death, but a combination of disease and inbreeding are believed to be the main contributing factors.

Question 7

Sparta

Answer 7

was a rival city-state with Athens. It was governed as a military state.

-at birth each child was examined by the state officials who then decided if they were fit to live
-boys were placed in military schools from 7-20
-at 30, men were recognized as mature, they remained in the military but they remained in the military but they could live at home.

Question 8

Athens

Answer 8

was the largest city-state in Greece. It was initially ruled by a king by citizens protested harsh living conditions.

Question 9

Democracy

Answer 9

system in which the people can rule themselves based on their location instead of their family line.

Question 10

The Peloponnesian war (431 BC-404BC)

Answer 10

a war between Athens and Sparta over superiority in Greece. Sparta was concerned that Athens’ superior navy would weaken Spartan influence in Greece.

Question 11

Philosophy

Answer 11

means the love of wisdom; it encouraged critical thinking about the physical world instead of the prior mythological beliefs.

Question 12

Socratic method

Answer 12

he believed that all knowlage you need is within you and you have to seek it out. Socrates asked questions instead of answering them for his students and forced students to find answers within themselves.

Question 13

Hubris

Answer 13

means pride, this is where we get the idea pride comes before a fall. Hubris was the source of almost all Greek tragedies. Men try to become god-like and ultimately fail.

Question 14

Etruscans

Answer 14

the earliest known civilization in Rome ruled by aristocratic kings. The decedents of the Etruscans become the ruling class of Rome.

Question 15

Senators

Answer 15

were the advisors of Rome. 300 elders who served for life. They could not make laws but offered wisdom and great influence.

Question 16

Patricians

Answer 16

the high social class of Rome; they were the landowners and the ruling class.

Question 17

Plebeians

Answer 17

the poor working class of Rome; they could not vote, hold office or even marry into the Patricians.

Question 18

Julius Caesar

Answer 18

A strong leader that conquered Gaul and the barbaric lands, he supported the Populares and the rights of the people. He later declared himself dictator, one who serves in crisis. He wanted to restore peace and prosperity to Rome and regulated the distribution of grain, land, and created jobs through public works. The people loved him because he improved the standard of living but his power reduced the influence of the Senate.

Question 19

Julius Caesars death

Answer 19

The corrupt and power-hungry members of the
senate felt threatened by Caesar and the support of the people. After
Caesar declared himself dictator for life they decided to make that life
short.
- 44b.c a group of senators approached Caesar during a Senate
meeting and stabbed to death.
-He collapsed at the feet of a statue of Pompey.

Question 20

Augustus (meaning)

Answer 20

Octavian became the first emperor of
the Roman Empire. The senate gave him the title Augustus which means
the revered one.

Question 21

The five good emperors (96-180 AD)

Answer 21

These rulers lead based on moral philosophy and humility.

Question 22

Aqueducts (312 BC)

Answer 22

stone walls used gravity to transport water from the Tiber River or mountain springs to the people.

Question 23

Diocletian and the division of the roman empire

Answer 23

Diocletian (284-305ad): was a general that fought off many
competitors to the throne. He believed it was his responsibility to
restore Rome to its former greatness.

Division of the Empire: Diocletian declared the Roman Empire
too large to be ruled by one Emperor and split Rome into the
Eastern and Western Empires.

Question 24

Constantine (306-337 AD)

Answer 24

He was the first Christian Emperor of
Rome and issued laws that promoted the acceptance of
Christianity.

Question 25

Vandals (455 AD)

Answer 25

a more brutal tribe invaded looking to pillage
and plunder what wealth remained. They sacked Rome itself and
brought an end to the Roman Empire

Question 26

Dark age

Answer 26

a dark age is a time when there is no education or cultural growth. The death of Rome killed prosperity and with it education and technology.

Question 27

Charlemagne

Answer 27

was the first to restore stability to the region. He united the Franks and created an empire in the land of Gaul

Question 28

Emperor of the Romans

Answer 28

He was given this title by the Pope because he was the first king to seek the blessing of the Pope who hoped he would revive the Roman Empire

Question 29

The Carolingian Renaissance

Answer 29

Charlemagne desired a rebirth of education. He wanted to have an educated clergy that preserved the Roman heritage

Question 30

The council of Clermont 1095

Answer 30

the decree of Pope Urban II which challenged Christians to take up arms and push the Muslims out of Jerusalem

Question 31

Pilgrimage and its problems

Answer 31

A religious journey to a holy site.

Western Christians wanted to travel in large groups to see the Holy Land. Yet, the land was dominated by Islamic forces who made it difficult for Christians to travel safely

Question 32

Yersinia pestis

Answer 32

the scientific name for the bacteria that caused the
illness. It caused high fever and dark boils caused by bleeding under the
skin.

Question 33

Flagellants

Answer 33

people who believed that the plague was sent by God and
if they punished themselves then God would remove the curse.
-they walked around flogging each other but this only spread the
blood further.

Question 34

Fief

Answer 34

is the land granted to a vassal for his service to the nobleman. This
land was farmed by peasants called “serfs” who were allowed to live on
the land and keep a portion of the food.

Question 35

Norman conquest and William Duke of Normandy

Answer 35

-a powerful noble in France and his fiefdom was Normandy.
-His cousin, King of England (Edward the Confessor). He had no male heir and He promised to make
William the King of England upon his death.
-when Edward died Harold II, claimed that
Edward made him the king on his death bed.
-Enraged, William invaded England and defeated Harold II in the
Battle of Hastings in 1066. -He ruled as the King of England but did not
give up control of his lands in France

Question 36

The hundred years war (1337-1453)

Answer 36

a century long conflict
between England and France over English claimed lands in France and
who sat on the French throne.
Edward III, a decedent of William I, was king of England. Yet, his
mother’s father was the King of France.
- Upon the death of the French king Edward’s uncle took the throne
and began to conquer the English held lands.
- Edward III declared that English lands would not be violated and
that he was the legitimate heir to the French throne. He defeated his uncles
and ruled as the King of England and France.
-Nonetheless, the numerous descendants of these men fought
constantly for 116 years of this same issue

Question 37

Joan of Arc/ the Battle of Orleans

Answer 37

she was an 18 year old French
peasant that visited the intended French King, Charles VII. She said God
told her that she would help Charles regain the throne of France.
- He gave her command of a legion of men and she led them to the
liberation of Orleans, a city long occupied by the English.
- Over the next month she helped turn the tide of the 100 Years War
in favor of the French for the first time in decades. They won back several
cities from the English and Charles VII reclaimed the French throne.
-In a battle shortly after this, Joan was captured by English soldiers.
She was charged with heresy for claiming that God helped her defeat the
English was then burned at the stake for witchcraft.

Question 38

The Habsburg dynasty

Answer 38

The Habsburg family held many lands in the
Germanic territories. Arranged marriages allowed them to form strong
alliances and their strong warriors allowed them to conquer surrounding
kingdoms.

Question 39

Philip IV and taxes (1285-1314 AD)

Answer 39

numerous wars
left the French king bankrupt. Having no concern for the church he
saw them as an instant revenue source.
- The clergy did not pay tax and they had vast lands that were
not taxed.
- Philip IV ordered the Pope to make all churches pay a tax
and surrender some of their lands.
5. Pope Boniface VIII: he refused the order of the King and
threatened to excommunicate the Philip IV.
-Philip IV would not be denied and had his men capture the
Pope to rough him up and display royal authority.
-The Pope was quickly rescued but the stress and injuries he
suffered soon resulted in his death.

Question 40

College of cardinals

Answer 40

is the group of religious leaders
responsible for electing the Pope.
-Philip IV put pressure on the college to choose a French Pope
that would submit to his Authority

Question 41

The Great Schism (1378-1414)

Answer 41

the Catholic Church split into
two separate churches; one loyal to the Roman pope and the other
to the French pope

Question 42

Erasmus (1466-1536) and his “philosophy of Christ”

Answer 42

He was one of the earliest leaders of the
Reformation.

“The philosophy of Christ” the belief that Christianity
should be a guiding philosophy for daily life not a system of
practices that bind the church.

Question 43

Martin Luther (1453-1546) and assurance of salvation

Answer 43

-He was the most famous protestant reformer.
-Assurance of Salvation: he said people received salvation by
faith in the promises of God made possible by the sacrifice of Jesus
on the Cross, not works or money

Question 44

Ninety-five theses

Answer 44

a fiery accusation on the wrong doings of
the church. It was nailed to the door of castle church of
Wittenberg, Germany

Question 45

Diet of worms (1521)/edict of worms

Answer 45

Luther was sent before the imperial diet
of the German church in the city of Worms.
-He was asked to renounce his beliefs but he said that they
could not be disproved and he would always defend them.
-Edict of Worms: Luther was excommunicated from the empire
and his works were to be destroyed.
- Though excommunicated, Luther began preaching and
sending out pamphlets to encourage reform and his ideas spread
quickly through Germany.

Question 46

Henry VII (r. 1509-1547)/ the Church of England

Answer 46

the king of England, he radically
changed the relationship with the Catholic Church.
His wife Catherine of Aragon did not have a son and he
wanted a divorce so he could marry again and produce a male heir.
1527: Henry petitioned the pope for an annulment but the
Pope Clement VII refused.

Question 47

The act of supremacy

Answer 47

it declared that the king was the
highest political and religious authority in the land.
-He formed the Church of England and making Protestantism
the official religion of England.

Question 48

Renaissance

Answer 48

means rebirth. Europe tried to recover the ancient
greatness of Rome and restore society to its former glory.

Question 49

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)

Answer 49

His work showed his great desire
to worship God with music. He severed as the organist to the court in
Germany and composed his great works on the organ and harpsicord.

Question 50

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

Answer 50

an Austrian child prodigy
who gave his first harpsichord concert at 6 and his first opera at 12.
-He played for royalty, nobles and the public.
-He could play a harpsichord concerto on first sight or compose new
works on the organ and violin. The Marriage of Figaro

Question 51

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)

Answer 51

composed beautiful symphonies
while struggle with an increasing deafness. He is most know for this
power 5th and 9th symphonies.

Question 52

Leonardo Di Vinci (1452-1519) / works

Answer 52

-he was a great inventor, sculptor
and painter. He was a perfectionist that wanted to portray man as
he truly existed. -Leonardo Di Vinci’s works:
–The Last Supper (1495-1498): one of the most revered works of
Di Vinci. It revealed the personality of each of the apostles, using
movement and dimension, captured the essence of the last supper.
–Mona Lisa (1503): another great work of Di Vinci. It is renowned
for its portrayal of simple and ideal feminine beauty.
—also known for her enigmatic smile, the true identity of the subject
has never been confirmed.

Question 53

Michelangelo (1475-1564)/ Sistine chapel

Answer 53

he was a painter, sculptor and
architect. He saw himself as a secular artist but like many
renaissance artists he could only get work painting frescoes for
cathedrals.
-(1508-1512) The Sistine Chapel: the Pope Julius II hired him
to decorate the chapel ceiling.
It took him four years to complete.-the paintings portray the
story of creation, the fall of man, the flood and the life of Noah.