Test 3 Review Flashcards
Populations with complex social structure, including some members who forgo sexual maturity to benefit the population as whole, are classified as?
eusocial
Which if the following factors contributed to the S-shaped curve of the Type 3 functional response at low prey densities?
Predator inefficiency (lack of search image)
Alternative food sources for the predator
Safe refuges from predation at low densities
In the Lotka-Volterra model for a predator population, which components incorporates dependence on prey abundance?
acVP
True/False:
Lotka-Volterra model maintains that the prey population increases and decreases ahead of the predator population
True
What is the formula for the prey population Lotka Volterra model?
dV/dt=rV-cVP
What is the formula for the predator population Lotka Volterra model?
dP/dt=acVP-dP
Which predator-prey interaction is characterized by a quadrant of the joint-population equilibrium?
both predator and prey populations increase
Distastefulness that evolves in association with conspicuous colors or markings is termed?
aposematism
True/False Altruism has a direct fitness benefit for the donor and the recipient
False
True/False: The Zika virus is vertically transmitted between a mosquito vector and warm blooded hosts, like humans.
False
What is crypsis?
camoflauge
The European rabbits introduced to Australia and the numerous introductions of Myoxma virus are examples of
coevoluation
True/False: For some species, available living space can be considered a resource and thus its availability can control population growth rate?
true
Leibig’s law of the minimum states that populations are limited by the single resource that is most _______ relative to demand.
scarce
True/False: The competitive exclusion principle maintains that two species can coexist indefinitely when the same resource limits both
False
_____________ competition is when two species have a negative effect on each other through an enemy.
Apparent
When shoots of aspen, birch and alder and heavily browsed by snowshoe hares, shoots produced during the following growing season have exceptionally high concentrations of terpenes and phenolic resins, which are extremely unpalatable to hares, this is an example of ______________ defense.
chemical/induced
True/False: Zika is an ectoparasite
False
When an unpalatable nature and similar conspicuous color patterns are shared across different species of organisms, this termed
Mullerian mimicry
What does the SIR model stand for?
susceptible->infected->resistant
What are the benefits of groups?
enhanced survival
Feeding
Mating
What are the costs of groups?
predation parisites/pathogens competition territories Dominance heirarchies
What are social behaviors?
Interactions with mates, offspring, other relatives, and unrelated individuals of ones own species
What is the dilution effect?
the reduced or diluted probability of predation to a single animal when in a group
What is a lek?
a display put on for the attention of a mate
What is a dominance hierarchy?
social ranking among individuals in a group, typically determined through fighting or other contests of rank and skill
What is a territory?
any area defended by one or more individuals against the intrustion of others
What is characteristic of the adult musk ox that shows a benefit to living in groups?
arrange themselves around juvenilles for protection
What is it called when the donor and recipient both experience increased fitness from the interaction?
cooperation
What is it called when the donor experiences increased fitness and the recipient receives decreased fitness?
selfishness
What is selfishness common?
When two species compete for food
What is it called when a social interaction reduces the fitness of both donor and recipient?
Spitefullness
What is it called when the recipient is benefitted, but the donor experiences decreased fitness?
altruism
What is direct fitness?
the fitness that an individual gains by passing on copies of it’s genes to its offspring
When you help a relative improve its fitness, you are indirectly passing on copies of your genes which gives you?
indirect fitness
What is an individuals inclusive fitness?
the sum of it’s direct fitness and indirect fitness
What is direct fitness favored by?
direct selection
What is indirect fitness also called?
kin selection
What is the coefficient of relatedness
the probability that copies of a particular gene are shared by relatives
What example of altruistic kin selection behavior do the turkeys show?
The males form a lek, but only the dominate male coupulates with the females that they attract
What is the probability of mating solo for the turkey?
What is the probability of mating in a lek type organization?
What is coefficient of relatedness?
Solo=0.9
Lek=2.6
Coefficient of relatedness=0.42
What are the four characteristics of Eusocial species?
1) several adults living in a group
2) Overlapping generations of parents and offspring living together in a group
3) Cooperation in nest building and brood care
4) Reproductive dominance by one or a few individuals and the presence of sterile individuals
What is a caste?
A caste consists of individuals within a social group who share a specialized form of behavior
What are eusocial insect societies dominated by?
one egg laying female
What is the coefficent of relatedness in haplodiploid mating systems?
- 75->female and sisters
0. 25->Female and brothers
In a eusocial mating system, who is haploid and who is diploid?
Males=haploid
Females=diploid
What are two other species that have eusocial structures?
Termites & Naked mole rats
What was an example that illustrated that consumers and resources that they consume impact each other in complex and interesting ways?
The lynx and the hare study
What is another example of a predator-prey relationship?
Spider and lizards
What are the two levels of predators?
Mesopredators->coyotes, weasels, feral cats
top predators-> wolves, mountain lions, sharks
What is an example of herbivore/plant relationships?
The prickly pear cactus quickly overtook Australia, and researchers introduced the cactus moth which quickly brought down the cactus population.
Which is pacing behind which population?
Predator is always pacing behind prey
What does the Lotka-Volterra model show?
incorperated oscillations in the abundance of predator and prey populations and shows predator numbers lagging behind those of their prey
What is the formula for prey?
dV/dt=rV-cVP
What does cVP stand for?
Loss of individuals due to predation
What does VP stand for?
random encounter between predator and prey
What does c stand for?
capture efficency
What is the formula for predators?
dP/dt=acVP-dP
What does acVP stand for?
represents birth rate in predator pop
What does cVP stand for (predator pop)?
number of prey consumed by predator
What does a stand for?
efficiency of of converting consumed prey into offspring. Assimilation efficency (how good is predator?)
Is the naked mole rate haploid or diploid?
Diploid
What is a type one functional response?
occurs when a predators rate of prey consumption increases in a linear fashion with an increase in prey density until predator is satiated
What is a type two function response?
occurs when the number of prey consumed slows as prey density increases then a plateau when satitation occurs
What is a type three functional response?
a predator exhibits low prey consumtion under low prey density, rapid consumtion under moderate prey densities, and slowing prey consumption under high prey densities
-a search image is associated with this response
What is a search image?
a learned mental image that helps the predator locate and capture food
What is prey switching?
occurs when one prey species is rare and predator changes it’s preference to another prey species that is more abundant
In the joint equilibrum Lotka-voltare model, arrange these in the correct order starting at bottom right corner.
A decrease in the prey population causes an decrease in predator population
An increase in the predator population causes a decline in the prey population
A decrease in the predator population causes an increase in the prey population
An increase in the prey population allows an increase in the predator population
1) An increase in the prey population allows an increase in the predator population
2) An increase in the predator population causes a decline in the prey population
3) A decrease in the prey population causes an decrease in predator population
4) A decrease in the predator population causes an increase in the prey population
What is crypsis?
camoflauge
What is warning coloration?
Also known as aposematism, distastefulness is associated with warning colors or patterns
What does the bombardier beetle do?
The beetle has two glands, and when agitate, the beetle mixes these two glands which causes a reaction that makes the liquid reach 100 degrees C. Then they shoot the boiling liquid out of their abdomen at predators.
Why is the monarch butterfly unpalatable?
The caterpillars feed on milkweed, and store some of the milkweed toxins in their body which makes it distasteful to predatory birds
What is Batesian Mimicry?
When a palatable organism evolve warning coloration that resembles an unpalatable species
What is Mullerian Mimicry?
Occurs when several unpalatable species evolve similar color patterns of warning coloration
What is an example of Mullerian Mimicry?
Poison Dart frogs of the genus Ranitomeya
What is the cost of behavioral defenses?
reduced growth and development
What is the cost of chemical defenses?
energetic costs
When two or more species effect each other’s evolution it is called?
co-evolution
What is an example of co-evolution?
Bobcats and wolverine’s will flip a porcupine on its back and attack the belly
What are some structural constitutive defenses of plants?
Thorns, spikes, barbs, tough seed coats
What is the cost of structural defenses on plants?
High energy cost since they must be produced all the time
What are some chemical (induced) defenses of plants?
stick resins, latex compounds that are hard to consume
Some produce alkaloids including caffeine, nicotine, and morphine
What is infection resistance?
The ability of the host to prevent infection from occuring
What is infection tolerance?
ability of host to minimize the the harm an infection causes
What is a parasite load?
The number of parasites of a given species than an indivdual host can harbor
What are ectoparasites?
parasites that live on the outside of organisms
What are endoparasites?
Either intracellular or intercellular parasites
What are included in endoparasites?
intracellular-viruses, prions, some types of bacteria and protists
Intercellular- protoza, bacteria, fungi, helmeths
Examples of ectoparasites are?
mosquito, arthropods, lamprey, mistletoe
What are some examples of protozoan?
Plasmodium, Entamoeba, and Giardia
Are all bacteria disease causing?
No
Where are fungal parasites normally found?
in plants
What is horizontal transmission?
direct contant
What is vertical transmission?
parent to offspring
What is an emerging infectious disease?
When a new disease is discovered, or a formerly common disease that has become rare suddenly increases in occurance
What is an example of a emerging infectious disease that was found in bats?
White nose syndrome, where bats has white-colored fungus on their noses.
It caused them to come out of their caves early using up their fat reserves and die
->Interesting fact, Bats in europe have the same thing but it did not cause widespread death which lead researchers to believe that it originated in Europe
What is a vector?
a organism that transfers parasites from one host to another
What is a reservoir species?
Species that carry a parasite but do not succum to the disease that the parasite causes in other species
What is the primary case of a pathogen?
first individual to be infected
What is the secondary case of a pathogen?
Any individual infected from the first individual
What is an example of alarm calling?
Schreckstoff chemical produced by fish that are injured and acts as an alarm for the rest of the school
What do the yellow dung flies do when infected with a parasite?
if uninfected, the fly positions themselves on the top of the leaf
if infected, the fly positions themselves on the lower leaf surface and have higher perching hights
What are the ‘self medicating’ chimpazees?
Worm infested chimp that eats a special plant that had hooks which help push the parasite out
What are some modes of entering the host?
puncture, vector
What are the two types of predators?
active hunter Ambush hunter (usually involves camoflauge)
What are the costs of defenses?
foraging/mating, crowding (schooling) increases parasites
How does the naked mole rate (which are diploid) have a eusocial system?
The “queen” female will bully the other reproductive females until they become sterile
