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Ecology and Evolution > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

The pattern of density and spacing of individuals in a population-

A

Spacial structure

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2
Q

The study of interactions of organisms w/one another and their enviroment is?

A

ecology

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3
Q

The change in a population gene pool is?

A

evolution

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4
Q

The range of abiotic conditions under which a species can persist is?

A

a fundmental niche

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5
Q

The range of abiotic conditions and biotic conditions under which a species can persist is?

A

Realized niche

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6
Q

A measure of the total area covered by a population

A

Geographic range

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7
Q

The total number of individuals in a population that exsist within a defining area

A

Abundance

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8
Q

The spacing of individuals with respect to one another within the geographic range of a population

A

dispersion

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9
Q

Give an example of a fundamental niche and realized niche.

A

Chthalamus and Balanus. When balanus was scraped off, the little brown barnacle or Cthalamus’s fundamental niche was much larger than it’s realized niche due to the acorn barnacle (Balamus’s) inhibition

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10
Q

Clustured groups are controlled by?

A

resources

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11
Q

Even spaced groups are controlled by?

A

competition for resource

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12
Q

Randomly dispersed groups are controlled by?

A

neither resources or competition

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13
Q

The average distance an individual moves from where it was hatched or born to where it reproduces

A

Lifetime dispersal distance

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14
Q

A strip of favorable habitat located between two large patches of habitat that facilitates dispersal

A

habitat corridor

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15
Q

When a large population is broken up into smaller groups that live in isolated patches

A

subpopulations

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16
Q

A model that described a senario in which there are patches of suitable habitat embedded within a matrix of unsuitable habitat

A

Basic metapopulation model

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17
Q

A population model that considers both differences in the quality of the suitable patches and the quality of the surrounding area

A

Landscape metapopulation model

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18
Q

What is r?

A

Intrinsic growth rate

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19
Q

What is the formula for the continous time model?

A

dN/Dt=Ne^rt

DN/Dt=rN

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20
Q

What does N sub t stand for?

A

Population size in future

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21
Q

What does N sub 0 stand for?

A

Current pop size

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22
Q

What does t stand for?

A

amount of time the population is growing

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23
Q

What is an example of positive density dependence?

A

when density decreases, so do r selected organisms

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24
Q

What is the formula for the discrete time model?

A

N(t+1)=N(lambda)^t

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25
Q

0

A

Population is decreasing

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26
Q

Lambda>1
R>0
What’s happening to the population size

A

Population is increasing

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27
Q

Lamda=1
R=0
What’s happening to the population size

A

Population is consistant

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28
Q

What is the time model incorperating density dependent factors?

A

dN/dt=rN(1-n/k)

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29
Q

What does K stand for?

A

Carrying compacity

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30
Q

What is carrying compacity?

A

how many individuals are supported by the enviroment

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31
Q

What is the formula for generation time?

A

t= Sum of xLxBx/sum of LxBx

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32
Q

What is xLxBx?

A

sum is expected births weighted by age

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33
Q

What is LxBx?

A

sum is net reproductive rate

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34
Q

What is the formula for doubling time?

A

t=0.69/r

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35
Q 
Time lag (tau)-
How do we know what the osillations are
A

0.371.57=limited cycles

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36
Q

Nx Stands for?

A

how many of each class within a population at a given time

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37
Q

Sx stands for?

A

Survival rate at each age group

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38
Q

NxSx stands for?

A

of individuals surviving at each age class

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39
Q

Bx stands for?

A

Fecundity

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40
Q

Fecundity means?

A

of female offspring produced by a female

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41
Q

NxBx stands for?

A

of new offspring produced

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42
Q

Lx stands for?

A

surviorship

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43
Q

LxBx stands for?

A

NRR, net reproductive rate

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44
Q

xLxBx stands for

A

equivalent weighted births for age

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45
Q

What is a variation in birth and death rates due to random differences among individuals?

A

Demographic stochasticity

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46
Q

Semelparous organisms reproduce?

A

1x per life

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47
Q

What is an example of a semel parous organism?

A

the coho salmon

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48
Q

What is the ultimate source of genetic variation

A

mutations

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49
Q

What is the outward expression of an organism’s genetic makeup?

A

phenotype

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50
Q

What is parity?

A

The number of reproductive episodes in an organisms life

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51
Q

When an organism continues to grow it’s entire life it is called?

A

indeterminate grouwth

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52
Q

What is polygyny?

A

many females one male

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53
Q

What is polyandry?

A

one male many female

Mostly seen in insects and frogs

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54
Q

What are the two Harvey Winberg equations?

A

p+q=1

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

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55
Q

populations with complex social structure including some members who forgo sexual maturity to benefit whole pop are?

A

eusocial

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56
Q

Distastefulness that evolves in association with conspicious colors or markings is?

A

Aposematism

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57
Q

Competition among animals of same species for resources is called?

A

intraspecific competetion

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58
Q

Populations are limited by the single resource that is most scarce to demand is?

A

Leibig’s Law of the minimum

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59
Q

When two species have a negative effect on each other through an enemy?

A

apparent competition

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60
Q

When a chemical defense defense is induced by predators it is?

A

induced defense

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61
Q

When an unpalatable nature and shared color patterns are shared across different species?

A

Mullerian Mimicry

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62
Q

What does the SIR model stand for>

A

suceptable->infected->Resistant

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63
Q

The Lotka-Voltera model for prey is

A

dV/dt=rV-CVP

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64
Q

The Lotka-Voltera model for predator is?

A

dP/dt=aCVP-dP

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65
Q

V stands for?

A

victim

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66
Q

P stands for?

A

Predator

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67
Q

r stands for?

A

intrinsic growth factor

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68
Q

aCVP stands for?

A

birth rate of predator pop

69
Q

a stands for?

A

efficency of converting prey into offspring

70
Q

CVP (Predator)

CVP (Prey)

A

Pred- How many prey are consumed by pred

Prey- How many prey are lost to predation

71
Q

dP stands for?

A

Death rate of predator population

72
Q

on the isocline graphs, what is on the x axis?

What is on the y?

A

x axis? prey

y axis? # of Predators

73
Q

Whats the average lambda formula?

A

R^(1/t)

74
Q

Negative density dependence is?

A

When the rate of population growth decreases as population decreases

75
Q

What is the shape of the curve when a population is graphed using the logistic growth model?

A

S-shaped curve

76
Q

A classic pyramid indicate?

A

A growing population

77
Q

What does an inverted pyramid show?

A

A declining population

78
Q

What does a cylidrical pyramid show?

A

a constistant population

79
Q

An example of a type one survivorship curve is?

A

a bear or elephant (K selected)

80
Q

Type 2 survivorship curve?

A

a rat or cat

81
Q

Type 3 survivorship curve?

A

A bee or insect

82
Q

When a population goes beyond its carrying compacity?

A

overshoot

83
Q

A substantial decline in density that typically goes well below carrying compacity?

A

Die-off

84
Q

Regular oscillations of a population over a long period of time

A

Population cycles

85
Q

Why do daphnia exhibit large oscillations?

A

Because they store their energy in lipid droplets. But once density increases the mothers will transfer some of these droplets to their young even if carrying compacity is exceeded. But eventually the energy is used up and the daphnia population crashes

86
Q

How is the daphnia example different from the Bosmina?

A

They do not store energy, so once they reach carrying compacity, they exhbit a slight crash and then relatively small oscillations

87
Q

A small habitat with a small population shows a?

A

High chance of extinction

88
Q

The detirministic model shoes?

A

No random variation

89
Q

What are the two types of Stochastic models?

A

Demographic Stochasticity and Enviromental Stochasticity

90
Q

What is the model of metapopulation dynamics?

A

p^=1-e/c

91
Q

If e is bigger than c the population is?

A

going extinct

92
Q

If c is bigger than e the population is?

A

growing

93
Q

If c and e are equal?

A

population is consitant

94
Q

Explain the lynx and the hare example-

A

The snowshoe hares and the Canada lynx showed 10 year cycles of high and low density. The lynx cycle occurred two years later than the hare. Finally it was concluded that the lynx-hare cycles can be attributed to a combination of direct predation and indirect effects of predator stress

95
Q

A single gene effecting multiple things

A

pleiotropy

96
Q

Expression of one gene affecting others

A

epistasis

97
Q

When both phenotypes are expressed

A

Codominance

98
Q

When phenotype is a mixture of two

A

Incomplete dominance

99
Q

When genetic information is changed because enviromental conditions

A

Genetic Drift

100
Q

Enviromental change which greatly affects population and only a small number of individuals survive

A

bottleneck effect

101
Q

What is an example of the bottleneck effect?

A

Prairie chicken

102
Q

through immigration a number of individuals come to an area and only bring their alleles

A

Founder effect

103
Q

the production of descendents over time is?

A

fitness

104
Q

What is an example of how disruptive selection leads to speciation?

A

The spade foot toads had two phenotypes, one ominovore and one carnivore, and when the enviroment favored the two, it lead to two new spadefoot toad species

105
Q

p is?

A

total dominate allele frequency

106
Q

q is?

A

total recessive allele frequency

107
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

habitat isolation

108
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

when speciation occurs in the same geographic area

109
Q

Post zygotic speciation barriers are?

A

hybrid viability

hybrid sterility

110
Q

What are pre-zygotic speciation barriers?

A

temporal isolation
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
Gamete isolation

111
Q

What is special about the coho salmon?

A

They are born in rivers that empty into the North Pacific, then once they are born they travel back to the ocean where they live for one to three years, then when ready to breed; travel to the same river where they were born.
Shortly after reproducing they lose strength and physiological abilities and die

112
Q

The amount of time and energy given to an offspring by it’s parents

A

Parental investment

113
Q

The observation that when resources are devoted to one body structure, physiological functions or behavior, they cannot be alloted to another

A

Principle of allocation

114
Q

Growth pattern in which an individual does not grow any more once it initiates reproduction

A

determinate growth

115
Q

A gradual decrease in fecundity and an increase in the probability of mortality

A

Senescence

116
Q

What is a photoperiod?

A

The amount of light that occurs each day

117
Q

A form of asexual reproduction in which an embryo is produced without fertilization

A

parthenogenesis

118
Q

A form of asexual reproduction in which an individual is produced from the nonsexual tissues of a parent

A

Vegetative reproduction

119
Q

What is an example of parthogenesis?

A

Diatoms, but the body size of offspring will continue to get smaller and smaller until it affects survival and then they will shift to sexual reproduction

120
Q

What defines the egg?

A

The larger gamete (also would allow you to classify the organism as female)

121
Q

What defines the sperm?

A

The smaller gamete

122
Q

When is hermaphrotism favored?

A

When the fitness of the individual is more being hermaphroditic then the fitness of it being male of female

123
Q

Sequential hermaphrodism is when?

A

An organism starts out one sex and then changes

124
Q

Protandry is when?

A

The organism starts out male and turns female later in life

125
Q

Protogyny is when?

A

The organism starts out female and turns male

126
Q

When is protogyny favored?

A

When territorial nature is favored

127
Q

What is the reproductive strategy of protogyny?

A

Harem (polygyny)

128
Q

What is the Red Queen Hypothesis?

A

That even with more genetic variability, K selected organisms will not out pace r organisms

129
Q

What is promiscuity?

A

A mating system in which males mate with multiple females and females mate with multiple males and do not create a long lasting bond

130
Q

What is polygamy?

A

A system in which a single individual of one sex forms long lasting bonds with more than one individual of the opposite sex

131
Q

What are the two types of polygamy?

A

Polygyny-one male many females

Polyandry-one female many males

132
Q

A mating system in which a social bond between one male and one female persists through the period which is required for them to rear their offspring

A

Monogamy

133
Q

When an individual that has a social bond also breeds with other individuals

A

Extra-pair copulation

134
Q

What is an example of polyandry?

A

queen bees and butterflys

135
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics

A

any characteristic related to fertilization

136
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

color and ornaments

137
Q

What is the good genes hypothesis?

A

when a phenotype allows a female to gain insight to genotype

138
Q

What is the good health hypothesis?

A

female will choose healthiest male

139
Q

What is runaway sexual selection?

A

Enhanced selection for reproduction selection for a trait that leads to enhancement of that trait
***blue footed boobies!

140
Q

What is the handicap principle?

A

When extreme traits bring negative qualities that decrease fitness

141
Q

The reduced or diluted probabilty of predation to a single animal when in a group

A

dillution effect

142
Q

The location of an animal aggregation to put on a display to attract the opposite sex

A

lek

143
Q

The fitness that an indivdual gains by helping relatives pass copies of their genes to offspring?

A

indirect fitness

144
Q

What is the sum of indirect and direct fitness?

A

inclusive fitness

145
Q

The numerical probability of an individual and its relatives carrying copies of the same genes from a recent common ancestor

A

Coeffiecent of relatedness

146
Q

Individuals within a social group sharing a specialized form of behavior

A

caste

147
Q

The relationship between the density of prey and in individual predator’s rate of consumption

A

functional response

148
Q

Functional response in which a predator’s rate of prey consumption increases with an increase in prey density until satiation occurs?

A

Type 1 functional response

149
Q

Functional response which predator’s rate of prey consumption begins to slow as prey increases and then plateus with satiation

A

Type 2 functional response

150
Q

Functional response which a predator exhibits low predation under low prey densities, high prey consumption under moderate and then a slowing consumption under high prey densities

A

Type 3 functional response

151
Q

A learned mental image that helps the predator find and locate prey

A

Search image

152
Q

when a palatable species evolves warning coloration that resembles a unpalatable species we call this?

A

Batesian mimicry

153
Q

When two or more species affect each others evolution?

A

co-evolution

154
Q

Constitutive defenses?

A

thorns, spines, barbs tough seed coats

*also known as structural defenses

155
Q

Explain what occurs with the amber snail and the parasitic flatworm?

A

The snails consume vegitation and sometimes eats bird feces, where the flatworm eggs are. The eggs hatch inside the snail and grow but to reproduce must live inside of the bird. So, the parasite make their way to the snails eyestalks, which normally are pale and slender but the parasite causes them to become enlarged and colored like a catapillar. The parasite also controls the snails brain and causes them to eat farther up on the stalks of plants. Then they get eaten by the birds and the cycle continues

156
Q

What are some examples of Prey defenses?

A

crypsis
Alarm calling
Structural defenses

157
Q

Competition between different species for resources is called?

A

interspecific competition

158
Q

Competition for resources between the same species is called?

A

intraspecific competition

159
Q

How does Asterionella compare to Cyclotella?

A

Asterionella utilizes phosphorus more efficiently than Cyclotella. However, Cyclotella uses silicon more efficiently.

160
Q

How did the experiment turn out with Asterionella and Cyclotella work out?

A

Cyclotella reigned supreme in low Si/P ratios
Asterionella reigned supreme in high Si/P ratios
Both coexsisted in intermediate Si/P ratios

161
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle?

A

Species cannot coexist indefinatly when they are limited by the same resource

162
Q

A type of interference that occurs when organisms use chemicals to harm their competitors

A

Allelopathy

163
Q

When one species drives down the abundance of the resource to the point that the other species cannot persist

A

Exploitative competion

164
Q

When an organism defends a resource to have access at a later time

A

Interference competion

165
Q

What is an example of aggressive action?

A

The harvester ant fills the holes of the long legged ant early in the morning

166
Q

What does the red ridge cleaning crab do?

A

eats the large seaweed that kills the zooxanthelae and the coral provides shelter for the crab

167
Q

What is an ecotone?

A

A boundary created by sharp changes in enviromental conditions in relatively short area

168
Q

What are the four factors for species diversity?

A

Resources, Habitat diversity, keystone species, disturbances

Ecology and Evolution (5 decks)

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