Final Exam Review Flashcards
The pattern of density and spacing of individuals in a population-
Spacial structure
The study of interactions of organisms w/one another and their enviroment is?
ecology
The change in a population gene pool is?
evolution
The range of abiotic conditions under which a species can persist is?
a fundmental niche
The range of abiotic conditions and biotic conditions under which a species can persist is?
Realized niche
A measure of the total area covered by a population
Geographic range
The total number of individuals in a population that exsist within a defining area
Abundance
The spacing of individuals with respect to one another within the geographic range of a population
dispersion
Give an example of a fundamental niche and realized niche.
Chthalamus and Balanus. When balanus was scraped off, the little brown barnacle or Cthalamus’s fundamental niche was much larger than it’s realized niche due to the acorn barnacle (Balamus’s) inhibition
Clustured groups are controlled by?
resources
Even spaced groups are controlled by?
competition for resource
Randomly dispersed groups are controlled by?
neither resources or competition
The average distance an individual moves from where it was hatched or born to where it reproduces
Lifetime dispersal distance
A strip of favorable habitat located between two large patches of habitat that facilitates dispersal
habitat corridor
When a large population is broken up into smaller groups that live in isolated patches
subpopulations
A model that described a senario in which there are patches of suitable habitat embedded within a matrix of unsuitable habitat
Basic metapopulation model
A population model that considers both differences in the quality of the suitable patches and the quality of the surrounding area
Landscape metapopulation model
What is r?
Intrinsic growth rate
What is the formula for the continous time model?
dN/Dt=Ne^rt
DN/Dt=rN
What does N sub t stand for?
Population size in future
What does N sub 0 stand for?
Current pop size
What does t stand for?
amount of time the population is growing
What is an example of positive density dependence?
when density decreases, so do r selected organisms
What is the formula for the discrete time model?
N(t+1)=N(lambda)^t
0
Population is decreasing
Lambda>1
R>0
What’s happening to the population size
Population is increasing
Lamda=1
R=0
What’s happening to the population size
Population is consistant
What is the time model incorperating density dependent factors?
dN/dt=rN(1-n/k)
What does K stand for?
Carrying compacity
What is carrying compacity?
how many individuals are supported by the enviroment
What is the formula for generation time?
t= Sum of xLxBx/sum of LxBx
What is xLxBx?
sum is expected births weighted by age
What is LxBx?
sum is net reproductive rate
What is the formula for doubling time?
t=0.69/r
Time lag (tau)- How do we know what the osillations are
0.371.57=limited cycles
Nx Stands for?
how many of each class within a population at a given time
Sx stands for?
Survival rate at each age group
NxSx stands for?
of individuals surviving at each age class
Bx stands for?
Fecundity
Fecundity means?
of female offspring produced by a female
NxBx stands for?
of new offspring produced
Lx stands for?
surviorship
LxBx stands for?
NRR, net reproductive rate
xLxBx stands for
equivalent weighted births for age
What is a variation in birth and death rates due to random differences among individuals?
Demographic stochasticity
Semelparous organisms reproduce?
1x per life
What is an example of a semel parous organism?
the coho salmon
What is the ultimate source of genetic variation
mutations
What is the outward expression of an organism’s genetic makeup?
phenotype
What is parity?
The number of reproductive episodes in an organisms life
When an organism continues to grow it’s entire life it is called?
indeterminate grouwth
What is polygyny?
many females one male
What is polyandry?
one male many female
Mostly seen in insects and frogs
What are the two Harvey Winberg equations?
p+q=1
p^2+2pq+q^2=1
populations with complex social structure including some members who forgo sexual maturity to benefit whole pop are?
eusocial
Distastefulness that evolves in association with conspicious colors or markings is?
Aposematism
Competition among animals of same species for resources is called?
intraspecific competetion
Populations are limited by the single resource that is most scarce to demand is?
Leibig’s Law of the minimum
When two species have a negative effect on each other through an enemy?
apparent competition
When a chemical defense defense is induced by predators it is?
induced defense
When an unpalatable nature and shared color patterns are shared across different species?
Mullerian Mimicry
What does the SIR model stand for>
suceptable->infected->Resistant
The Lotka-Voltera model for prey is
dV/dt=rV-CVP
The Lotka-Voltera model for predator is?
dP/dt=aCVP-dP
V stands for?
victim
P stands for?
Predator
r stands for?
intrinsic growth factor
aCVP stands for?
birth rate of predator pop
a stands for?
efficency of converting prey into offspring
CVP (Predator)
CVP (Prey)
Pred- How many prey are consumed by pred
Prey- How many prey are lost to predation
dP stands for?
Death rate of predator population
on the isocline graphs, what is on the x axis?
What is on the y?
x axis? prey
y axis? # of Predators
Whats the average lambda formula?
R^(1/t)
Negative density dependence is?
When the rate of population growth decreases as population decreases
What is the shape of the curve when a population is graphed using the logistic growth model?
S-shaped curve
A classic pyramid indicate?
A growing population
What does an inverted pyramid show?
A declining population
What does a cylidrical pyramid show?
a constistant population
An example of a type one survivorship curve is?
a bear or elephant (K selected)
Type 2 survivorship curve?
a rat or cat
Type 3 survivorship curve?
A bee or insect
When a population goes beyond its carrying compacity?
overshoot
A substantial decline in density that typically goes well below carrying compacity?
Die-off
Regular oscillations of a population over a long period of time
Population cycles
Why do daphnia exhibit large oscillations?
Because they store their energy in lipid droplets. But once density increases the mothers will transfer some of these droplets to their young even if carrying compacity is exceeded. But eventually the energy is used up and the daphnia population crashes
How is the daphnia example different from the Bosmina?
They do not store energy, so once they reach carrying compacity, they exhbit a slight crash and then relatively small oscillations
A small habitat with a small population shows a?
High chance of extinction
The detirministic model shoes?
No random variation
What are the two types of Stochastic models?
Demographic Stochasticity and Enviromental Stochasticity
What is the model of metapopulation dynamics?
p^=1-e/c
If e is bigger than c the population is?
going extinct
If c is bigger than e the population is?
growing
If c and e are equal?
population is consitant
Explain the lynx and the hare example-
The snowshoe hares and the Canada lynx showed 10 year cycles of high and low density. The lynx cycle occurred two years later than the hare. Finally it was concluded that the lynx-hare cycles can be attributed to a combination of direct predation and indirect effects of predator stress
A single gene effecting multiple things
pleiotropy
Expression of one gene affecting others
epistasis
When both phenotypes are expressed
Codominance
When phenotype is a mixture of two
Incomplete dominance
When genetic information is changed because enviromental conditions
Genetic Drift
Enviromental change which greatly affects population and only a small number of individuals survive
bottleneck effect
What is an example of the bottleneck effect?
Prairie chicken
through immigration a number of individuals come to an area and only bring their alleles
Founder effect
the production of descendents over time is?
fitness
What is an example of how disruptive selection leads to speciation?
The spade foot toads had two phenotypes, one ominovore and one carnivore, and when the enviroment favored the two, it lead to two new spadefoot toad species
p is?
total dominate allele frequency
q is?
total recessive allele frequency
What is allopatric speciation?
habitat isolation
What is sympatric speciation?
when speciation occurs in the same geographic area
Post zygotic speciation barriers are?
hybrid viability
hybrid sterility
What are pre-zygotic speciation barriers?
temporal isolation
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
Gamete isolation
What is special about the coho salmon?
They are born in rivers that empty into the North Pacific, then once they are born they travel back to the ocean where they live for one to three years, then when ready to breed; travel to the same river where they were born.
Shortly after reproducing they lose strength and physiological abilities and die
The amount of time and energy given to an offspring by it’s parents
Parental investment
The observation that when resources are devoted to one body structure, physiological functions or behavior, they cannot be alloted to another
Principle of allocation
Growth pattern in which an individual does not grow any more once it initiates reproduction
determinate growth
A gradual decrease in fecundity and an increase in the probability of mortality
Senescence
What is a photoperiod?
The amount of light that occurs each day
A form of asexual reproduction in which an embryo is produced without fertilization
parthenogenesis
A form of asexual reproduction in which an individual is produced from the nonsexual tissues of a parent
Vegetative reproduction
What is an example of parthogenesis?
Diatoms, but the body size of offspring will continue to get smaller and smaller until it affects survival and then they will shift to sexual reproduction
What defines the egg?
The larger gamete (also would allow you to classify the organism as female)
What defines the sperm?
The smaller gamete
When is hermaphrotism favored?
When the fitness of the individual is more being hermaphroditic then the fitness of it being male of female
Sequential hermaphrodism is when?
An organism starts out one sex and then changes
Protandry is when?
The organism starts out male and turns female later in life
Protogyny is when?
The organism starts out female and turns male
When is protogyny favored?
When territorial nature is favored
What is the reproductive strategy of protogyny?
Harem (polygyny)
What is the Red Queen Hypothesis?
That even with more genetic variability, K selected organisms will not out pace r organisms
What is promiscuity?
A mating system in which males mate with multiple females and females mate with multiple males and do not create a long lasting bond
What is polygamy?
A system in which a single individual of one sex forms long lasting bonds with more than one individual of the opposite sex
What are the two types of polygamy?
Polygyny-one male many females
Polyandry-one female many males
A mating system in which a social bond between one male and one female persists through the period which is required for them to rear their offspring
Monogamy
When an individual that has a social bond also breeds with other individuals
Extra-pair copulation
What is an example of polyandry?
queen bees and butterflys
What are primary sexual characteristics
any characteristic related to fertilization
What are secondary sexual characteristics?
color and ornaments
What is the good genes hypothesis?
when a phenotype allows a female to gain insight to genotype
What is the good health hypothesis?
female will choose healthiest male
What is runaway sexual selection?
Enhanced selection for reproduction selection for a trait that leads to enhancement of that trait
***blue footed boobies!
What is the handicap principle?
When extreme traits bring negative qualities that decrease fitness
The reduced or diluted probabilty of predation to a single animal when in a group
dillution effect
The location of an animal aggregation to put on a display to attract the opposite sex
lek
The fitness that an indivdual gains by helping relatives pass copies of their genes to offspring?
indirect fitness
What is the sum of indirect and direct fitness?
inclusive fitness
The numerical probability of an individual and its relatives carrying copies of the same genes from a recent common ancestor
Coeffiecent of relatedness
Individuals within a social group sharing a specialized form of behavior
caste
The relationship between the density of prey and in individual predator’s rate of consumption
functional response
Functional response in which a predator’s rate of prey consumption increases with an increase in prey density until satiation occurs?
Type 1 functional response
Functional response which predator’s rate of prey consumption begins to slow as prey increases and then plateus with satiation
Type 2 functional response
Functional response which a predator exhibits low predation under low prey densities, high prey consumption under moderate and then a slowing consumption under high prey densities
Type 3 functional response
A learned mental image that helps the predator find and locate prey
Search image
when a palatable species evolves warning coloration that resembles a unpalatable species we call this?
Batesian mimicry
When two or more species affect each others evolution?
co-evolution
Constitutive defenses?
thorns, spines, barbs tough seed coats
*also known as structural defenses
Explain what occurs with the amber snail and the parasitic flatworm?
The snails consume vegitation and sometimes eats bird feces, where the flatworm eggs are. The eggs hatch inside the snail and grow but to reproduce must live inside of the bird. So, the parasite make their way to the snails eyestalks, which normally are pale and slender but the parasite causes them to become enlarged and colored like a catapillar. The parasite also controls the snails brain and causes them to eat farther up on the stalks of plants. Then they get eaten by the birds and the cycle continues
What are some examples of Prey defenses?
crypsis
Alarm calling
Structural defenses
Competition between different species for resources is called?
interspecific competition
Competition for resources between the same species is called?
intraspecific competition
How does Asterionella compare to Cyclotella?
Asterionella utilizes phosphorus more efficiently than Cyclotella. However, Cyclotella uses silicon more efficiently.
How did the experiment turn out with Asterionella and Cyclotella work out?
Cyclotella reigned supreme in low Si/P ratios
Asterionella reigned supreme in high Si/P ratios
Both coexsisted in intermediate Si/P ratios
What is the competitive exclusion principle?
Species cannot coexist indefinatly when they are limited by the same resource
A type of interference that occurs when organisms use chemicals to harm their competitors
Allelopathy
When one species drives down the abundance of the resource to the point that the other species cannot persist
Exploitative competion
When an organism defends a resource to have access at a later time
Interference competion
What is an example of aggressive action?
The harvester ant fills the holes of the long legged ant early in the morning
What does the red ridge cleaning crab do?
eats the large seaweed that kills the zooxanthelae and the coral provides shelter for the crab
What is an ecotone?
A boundary created by sharp changes in enviromental conditions in relatively short area
What are the four factors for species diversity?
Resources, Habitat diversity, keystone species, disturbances
