Test 1 Review Flashcards
What is the study of interactions of organisms with one another and their enviroment?
Ecology
What is the change in a population gene pool?
Evolution
What is the line up of small to large in ecology?
Organism->population->community->ecosystems->biosphere
What are the two main prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archea
What are the 4 domains of Eukarya?
Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
What is this forumula?
6CO2+6H20->C6H12O6+602
6CO2+6H20->C6H12O6+602
photosythesis
What is this formula?
C6H12O6+6O2—>6CO2+6H2O+ATP
cellular respiration
What is the number of individuals with in a species with a given area at the same place at the same time?
population
What is the biological species concept?
Members of the same species can reproduce with viable offspring
What is population distribution?
geographic area with population
What is the 2 factors making up population density?
density/spacing (cohort)
What is a fundamental niche?
***
range of abiotic conditions under which an organism is capable of surviving
What is a realized niche?
**
(smaller) includes range of abiotic and biotic factors under which organisms are capable of surviving
What did Joseph Connell do?
Performed an experiment on the fundamental and realized niche for the coastal plane barnacle
A population’s overall habitat contains patches of different quality and surplus offspring move to neighboring patches through specific favorable routes..
Which model is this?
Landscape Metapopulation model
If you wanted to evaluate the population growth of California quail over many generations, which type of model would you select?
Discrete model
The individuals of a species that live in one of several connected habitats constitute a ____________.
Subpopulation
A discrete model is talking about _____ of time.
chunks
If you see a lamda, you use a _________ model.
Discrete
If we are talking about individuals being added to the population over months and months and an r is given?
Continuous model
If an organism only reproduces once a year you use a _____________ model.
Discrete
Metapopulation refers to?
The entire connected population between multiple sub populations
In positive density dependence how to r and density interact?
r decreases with decreasing density
r increases with increasing density
Using a continuous model, what would the population size be for an initial population (N=100) with an intrinsic growth rate r=0.25 and a time period of 3 years?
211.7
Using a discrete equation for population growth, estimate the population size for a group with N=250 and lambda=.25 over a single breeding cycle.
62.5
Given that environments are patchy, some areas contain high quality resources while neighboring areas may contain lower quality resources, organisms within a population following ideal free distribution have a tendency to distribute themselves where
per capita benefit is the same for all members of the species
*think of the fish that allotted themselves more on the side with more food and less on the side with less food
dN/dt=rN From this equation, what does N represent?
The number of individuals in a population
Which model would evaluate population growth taking into account density dependent factors?
dN/dt=rn(1-(n/k))
Calculate the generation time (T) for a population with a net reproductive rate (Ro = 6.2) and expected births weighted by age of 4.4.
0.709 or 258 days
You are studying a population of finches which make a remarkable recovery from the brink of extinction increasing from 100 individuals to 6,476 over 6 breeding seasons. The value of r for this species over this period was 0.82 per capita per year. What was the doubling time for this species? (Please convert to days if necessary)
307 Days
An organism experiencing high mortality risk at the beginning of their lifespan would be classified by which survivorship curve?
Type III
If a population’s lamda=.25 what type of number would you expect “r” to be?
Less than zero
Using a continuous time model to evaluate population growth rates and incorporating density dependent factors we introduce the variable of tau. What does this variable represent?
time lag in population growth rates
If a population of frogs has an r=0.5 and a tau=1.2, what type of oscillations would you expect to see around K?
damped oscillation
In life table analysis, __________ of females is defines as the number of female offspring per breeding cycle
fecundity or Bx
What term represents the variation in birth and death rates due to random differences among individuals?
demographic stochasticity
What is the change in a population’s gene pool?
evolution
Fill in the blank
rT
0.37
0.35
rT
rT>_______=limited cycles
rT>1.57=limited cycles
What is the equation for Tau?
T=(x)LxBX/LxBx
What is the equation for doubling time?
t2=0.69/.82
What are the 5 characteristics of Population Distribution?
Geographic range, Abundance, Dispersion, dispersal, migration
What do habitat corridors favor?
dispersal
What is the term for all areas members of a population occupy during their lifetime?
Geographic range
What is the total # of individuals within a total area?
Abundance
What is the term for the spacing of individuals?
Dispersion
What are clustered groups controlled by (In concern to dispersion)?
controlled by resource
What is evenly spaced dispersion controlled by?
competition for resources
What is randomly spaced dispersion controlled by?
factors controlling organisms are neither resource or competition based
What is dispersal?
Movement from one location to another
Blue tit songbirds dispersal from the downy oak to the holm oak did what?
Benefitted both populations
When a larger population is broken up into smaller groups they are called?
subpopulations
What is a basic metapopulation?
large group of individuals with in a large area of some species
What is a source sink metapopulation?
High quality moves to low quality
What is a landscape metapopulation?
Shows different routes to different patches
Whats the population models from simple to most complex?
Simple——————>Complex
Basic, Source sink, landscape
The advent of agriculture aids in what?
Population expantion
What is the discrete time model?
bin of time (year or annual) and number of high or low individuals within a population
What is a discrete time model best used for?
Very useful for seasonal breeders
What is a continous time model?
Continous with time (day to day)
What is a continuous time model best for?
Organism with no seasonal pattern
What is the formula for the discrete time model?
N(t+1)=Ntlamda
What does the lamda stand for?
growth rate within the pop
What does N stand for?
of individuals in a pop
What does N sub t stand for?
of individuals at time t
What does N sub t+1 stand for?
of individuals at time t+1(one year ahead)
Lamda should always be _______.
positive
Fill in the blank
__
0
Fill in the blank
lamda=__=population stays consistant
lamda=1=population consistant
Fill in the blank
lamda>1=population ________
lamda>1=population increasing
What is the formula for the continuous time model?
Nt=NoE^rt (for J shaped curve, and showing organisms living under idea conditions)
What is E equal to?
***
2.72
What does r stand for?
Intrinsic Growth rate
Fill in the blank
r=___=constant pop size
r=0=constant pop size
Fill in the blank
r
r
Fill in the blank
r>__=pop growing
r>__=population growing
Lamda is equal to?
lamda=e^r
logelamda=
logelamda=R
When a population stays constant, the individuals in a population shows the replacement rate
For a constant pop.
lamda=___ r=_____
For a decreasing pop
Lamda__ R>___
For a constant pop.
lamda=1 r=0
For a decreasing pop
Lamda1 R>0
What is the logistic growth model?
dN/dt=rN
What is the logistic growth model with carrying compacity ?
dN/dt=rN(1-N/k)
What is the formula for doubling time?
t2=0.69/r
A pyramid profile is normally used in _________, __________, ________.
A pyramid profile is normally used in pre-reproductive, reproductive and post reproductive
A classic pyramid will show?
A growing population
A inverted pyramid will show?
decreasing pop
A cylindrical pyramid will show?
a consistant population
In a life table-
Nx stands for?
How many of each class (normally age group) is within a pop @ time
In a life table-
Sx stands for?
The survival rate @ each age group/class
In a life table-
NxSx stands for?
of individuals surviving to the next age class
What is important when calculating NxSx?
And how do you calculate it?
Make sure to skip the first line.
ALL BABIES ARE BORN
To calculate, you multiply Nx times Sx
In a life table-
Bx stands for?
Fecundity- # of female offspring produced by females
In a life table-
NxSxBx stands for?
of new offspring produced
How do you calculate NxSxBx?
by multiplying NxSx by Bx
What columns in the life table will always have 0 in the top line and why?
Bx and NxSxBx
Because babies aren’t having babies
In a life table-
Lx stands for?
survivorship
Lx should always have what in the first line and why?
1—>because survivorship should go from 1 to 0
How do you calculate Lx?
Multiply Lo by So then
L1 by S1
L2 by S2
etc.
What is a type I survivorship curve?
Give an example
A pop that experiences very low mortality early in life and high mortality late in life
ex. humans
What is a type 2 survivorship curve?
Give an example
A pop that has moderate fecundity, moderate parental care, moderate lifespan
Has constant mortality throughout lifespan
ex. rodents
What is a type 3 survivorship curve?
Give an example
A pop. that has incredibly high fecundity, not long lived, no parenting
High mortality early in life, and high survival later on
ex. sea turtles, fish, insects, plants
In a life table-
Ro=_____=___ _________ _____
Ro=NRR=net reproductive rate
What is the net reproductive rate on the life table?
Ro=______
It is the sum of LxBx
In a life table-
What is xLxBx?
xLxBx is the expected births weighted by age
How do you calculate xLxBx?
Multiply Age (x) by LxBx
How do you calculate t?
T=sum of xLxBx/Sum of LxBx
What does time lag include?
Lag to next mating season
lag for gestation
lag for rearing or weaning
lag for maturation
What is T?
tau
What is the logistical growth equation accounting for time lag?
dN/dt=rN(1-N^(t-T)/K)
______ populations go extinct faster than ______ populations.
Small populations go extinct faster than large populations
Small habitat–>small pop–>______ chance of extinction
Small habitat->small population–>High chance of extinction
The detirministic model shows?
no random variation
The Stochastic model is a more ______ _____ which incorperates _______ _______.
The stochastic model is a more realistic model which incorperates random variation.
What are the two types of stochastic models?
Demographic stochasicity and Enviromental stochasiticity
What is demographic stochasticity?
change of the normal birth rate per reproductive episode
What is enviromental stochasticity?
change of birth or death rates by resource availbility
What is the formula for Metapopulation dynamics?
dp/dp=cp(1-p)-ep/colonization extinction
A shorter version of the formula for Metapopulation dynamics is?
p^(P hat)=1-(e/c)
If c is bigger than e the pop is going ________.
Extinct
If e=c the pop is _______.
growing
