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Ecology and Evolution > Test 1 Review > Flashcards

Test 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of interactions of organisms with one another and their enviroment?

A

Ecology

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2
Q

What is the change in a population gene pool?

A

Evolution

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3
Q

What is the line up of small to large in ecology?

A

Organism->population->community->ecosystems->biosphere

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4
Q

What are the two main prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archea

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5
Q

What are the 4 domains of Eukarya?

A

Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals

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6
Q

What is this forumula?

6CO2+6H20->C6H12O6+602

A

6CO2+6H20->C6H12O6+602

photosythesis

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7
Q

What is this formula?

C6H12O6+6O2—>6CO2+6H2O+ATP

A

cellular respiration

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8
Q

What is the number of individuals with in a species with a given area at the same place at the same time?

A

population

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9
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

Members of the same species can reproduce with viable offspring

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10
Q

What is population distribution?

A

geographic area with population

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11
Q

What is the 2 factors making up population density?

A

density/spacing (cohort)

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12
Q

What is a fundamental niche?

***

A

range of abiotic conditions under which an organism is capable of surviving

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13
Q

What is a realized niche?

**

A

(smaller) includes range of abiotic and biotic factors under which organisms are capable of surviving

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14
Q

What did Joseph Connell do?

A

Performed an experiment on the fundamental and realized niche for the coastal plane barnacle

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15
Q

A population’s overall habitat contains patches of different quality and surplus offspring move to neighboring patches through specific favorable routes..
Which model is this?

A

Landscape Metapopulation model

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16
Q

If you wanted to evaluate the population growth of California quail over many generations, which type of model would you select?

A

Discrete model

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17
Q

The individuals of a species that live in one of several connected habitats constitute a ____________.

A

Subpopulation

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18
Q

A discrete model is talking about _____ of time.

A

chunks

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19
Q

If you see a lamda, you use a _________ model.

A

Discrete

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20
Q

If we are talking about individuals being added to the population over months and months and an r is given?

A

Continuous model

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21
Q

If an organism only reproduces once a year you use a _____________ model.

A

Discrete

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22
Q

Metapopulation refers to?

A

The entire connected population between multiple sub populations

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23
Q

In positive density dependence how to r and density interact?

A

r decreases with decreasing density

r increases with increasing density

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24
Q

Using a continuous model, what would the population size be for an initial population (N=100) with an intrinsic growth rate r=0.25 and a time period of 3 years?

A

211.7

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25
Q

Using a discrete equation for population growth, estimate the population size for a group with N=250 and lambda=.25 over a single breeding cycle.

A

62.5

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26
Q

Given that environments are patchy, some areas contain high quality resources while neighboring areas may contain lower quality resources, organisms within a population following ideal free distribution have a tendency to distribute themselves where

A

per capita benefit is the same for all members of the species

*think of the fish that allotted themselves more on the side with more food and less on the side with less food

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27
Q

dN/dt=rN From this equation, what does N represent?

A

The number of individuals in a population

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28
Q

Which model would evaluate population growth taking into account density dependent factors?

A

dN/dt=rn(1-(n/k))

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29
Q

Calculate the generation time (T) for a population with a net reproductive rate (Ro = 6.2) and expected births weighted by age of 4.4.

A

0.709 or 258 days

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30
Q

You are studying a population of finches which make a remarkable recovery from the brink of extinction increasing from 100 individuals to 6,476 over 6 breeding seasons. The value of r for this species over this period was 0.82 per capita per year. What was the doubling time for this species? (Please convert to days if necessary)

A

307 Days

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31
Q

An organism experiencing high mortality risk at the beginning of their lifespan would be classified by which survivorship curve?

A

Type III

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32
Q

If a population’s lamda=.25 what type of number would you expect “r” to be?

A

Less than zero

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33
Q

Using a continuous time model to evaluate population growth rates and incorporating density dependent factors we introduce the variable of tau. What does this variable represent?

A

time lag in population growth rates

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34
Q

If a population of frogs has an r=0.5 and a tau=1.2, what type of oscillations would you expect to see around K?

A

damped oscillation

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35
Q

In life table analysis, __________ of females is defines as the number of female offspring per breeding cycle

A

fecundity or Bx

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36
Q

What term represents the variation in birth and death rates due to random differences among individuals?

A

demographic stochasticity

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37
Q

What is the change in a population’s gene pool?

A

evolution

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38
Q

Fill in the blank

rT

A

0.37

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39
Q

0.35

A

rT

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40
Q

rT>_______=limited cycles

A

rT>1.57=limited cycles

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41
Q

What is the equation for Tau?

A

T=(x)LxBX/LxBx

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42
Q

What is the equation for doubling time?

A

t2=0.69/.82

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43
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of Population Distribution?

A

Geographic range, Abundance, Dispersion, dispersal, migration

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44
Q

What do habitat corridors favor?

A

dispersal

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45
Q

What is the term for all areas members of a population occupy during their lifetime?

A

Geographic range

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46
Q

What is the total # of individuals within a total area?

A

Abundance

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47
Q

What is the term for the spacing of individuals?

A

Dispersion

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48
Q

What are clustered groups controlled by (In concern to dispersion)?

A

controlled by resource

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49
Q

What is evenly spaced dispersion controlled by?

A

competition for resources

50
Q

What is randomly spaced dispersion controlled by?

A

factors controlling organisms are neither resource or competition based

51
Q

What is dispersal?

A

Movement from one location to another

52
Q

Blue tit songbirds dispersal from the downy oak to the holm oak did what?

A

Benefitted both populations

53
Q

When a larger population is broken up into smaller groups they are called?

A

subpopulations

54
Q

What is a basic metapopulation?

A

large group of individuals with in a large area of some species

55
Q

What is a source sink metapopulation?

A

High quality moves to low quality

56
Q

What is a landscape metapopulation?

A

Shows different routes to different patches

57
Q

Whats the population models from simple to most complex?

A

Simple——————>Complex

Basic, Source sink, landscape

58
Q

The advent of agriculture aids in what?

A

Population expantion

59
Q

What is the discrete time model?

A

bin of time (year or annual) and number of high or low individuals within a population

60
Q

What is a discrete time model best used for?

A

Very useful for seasonal breeders

61
Q

What is a continous time model?

A

Continous with time (day to day)

62
Q

What is a continuous time model best for?

A

Organism with no seasonal pattern

63
Q

What is the formula for the discrete time model?

A

N(t+1)=Ntlamda

64
Q

What does the lamda stand for?

A

growth rate within the pop

65
Q

What does N stand for?

A

of individuals in a pop

66
Q

What does N sub t stand for?

A

of individuals at time t

67
Q

What does N sub t+1 stand for?

A

of individuals at time t+1(one year ahead)

68
Q

Lamda should always be _______.

A

positive

69
Q

Fill in the blank

__

A

0

70
Q

Fill in the blank

lamda=__=population stays consistant

A

lamda=1=population consistant

71
Q

Fill in the blank

lamda>1=population ________

A

lamda>1=population increasing

72
Q

What is the formula for the continuous time model?

A

Nt=NoE^rt (for J shaped curve, and showing organisms living under idea conditions)

73
Q

What is E equal to?

***

A

2.72

74
Q

What does r stand for?

A

Intrinsic Growth rate

75
Q

Fill in the blank

r=___=constant pop size

A

r=0=constant pop size

76
Q

Fill in the blank

r

A

r

77
Q

Fill in the blank

r>__=pop growing

A

r>__=population growing

78
Q

Lamda is equal to?

A

lamda=e^r

79
Q

logelamda=

A

logelamda=R

80
Q

When a population stays constant, the individuals in a population shows the replacement rate

For a constant pop.
lamda=___ r=_____

For a decreasing pop
Lamda__ R>___

A

For a constant pop.
lamda=1 r=0

For a decreasing pop
Lamda1 R>0

81
Q

What is the logistic growth model?

A

dN/dt=rN

82
Q

What is the logistic growth model with carrying compacity ?

A

dN/dt=rN(1-N/k)

83
Q

What is the formula for doubling time?

A

t2=0.69/r

84
Q

A pyramid profile is normally used in _________, __________, ________.

A

A pyramid profile is normally used in pre-reproductive, reproductive and post reproductive

85
Q

A classic pyramid will show?

A

A growing population

86
Q

A inverted pyramid will show?

A

decreasing pop

87
Q

A cylindrical pyramid will show?

A

a consistant population

88
Q

In a life table-

Nx stands for?

A

How many of each class (normally age group) is within a pop @ time

89
Q

In a life table-

Sx stands for?

A

The survival rate @ each age group/class

90
Q

In a life table-

NxSx stands for?

A

of individuals surviving to the next age class

91
Q

What is important when calculating NxSx?

And how do you calculate it?

A

Make sure to skip the first line.
ALL BABIES ARE BORN

To calculate, you multiply Nx times Sx

92
Q

In a life table-

Bx stands for?

A 
Fecundity-
# of female offspring produced by females
93
Q

In a life table-

NxSxBx stands for?

A

of new offspring produced

94
Q

How do you calculate NxSxBx?

A

by multiplying NxSx by Bx

95
Q

What columns in the life table will always have 0 in the top line and why?

A

Bx and NxSxBx

Because babies aren’t having babies

96
Q

In a life table-

Lx stands for?

A

survivorship

97
Q

Lx should always have what in the first line and why?

A

1—>because survivorship should go from 1 to 0

98
Q

How do you calculate Lx?

A

Multiply Lo by So then
L1 by S1
L2 by S2
etc.

99
Q

What is a type I survivorship curve?

Give an example

A

A pop that experiences very low mortality early in life and high mortality late in life
ex. humans

100
Q

What is a type 2 survivorship curve?

Give an example

A

A pop that has moderate fecundity, moderate parental care, moderate lifespan
Has constant mortality throughout lifespan
ex. rodents

101
Q

What is a type 3 survivorship curve?

Give an example

A

A pop. that has incredibly high fecundity, not long lived, no parenting
High mortality early in life, and high survival later on
ex. sea turtles, fish, insects, plants

102
Q

In a life table-

Ro=_____=___ _________ _____

A

Ro=NRR=net reproductive rate

103
Q

What is the net reproductive rate on the life table?

Ro=______

A

It is the sum of LxBx

104
Q

In a life table-

What is xLxBx?

A

xLxBx is the expected births weighted by age

105
Q

How do you calculate xLxBx?

A

Multiply Age (x) by LxBx

106
Q

How do you calculate t?

A

T=sum of xLxBx/Sum of LxBx

107
Q

What does time lag include?

A

Lag to next mating season
lag for gestation
lag for rearing or weaning
lag for maturation

108
Q

What is T?

A

tau

109
Q

What is the logistical growth equation accounting for time lag?

A

dN/dt=rN(1-N^(t-T)/K)

110
Q

______ populations go extinct faster than ______ populations.

A

Small populations go extinct faster than large populations

111
Q

Small habitat–>small pop–>______ chance of extinction

A

Small habitat->small population–>High chance of extinction

112
Q

The detirministic model shows?

A

no random variation

113
Q

The Stochastic model is a more ______ _____ which incorperates _______ _______.

A

The stochastic model is a more realistic model which incorperates random variation.

114
Q

What are the two types of stochastic models?

A

Demographic stochasicity and Enviromental stochasiticity

115
Q

What is demographic stochasticity?

A

change of the normal birth rate per reproductive episode

116
Q

What is enviromental stochasticity?

A

change of birth or death rates by resource availbility

117
Q

What is the formula for Metapopulation dynamics?

A

dp/dp=cp(1-p)-ep/colonization extinction

118
Q

A shorter version of the formula for Metapopulation dynamics is?

A

p^(P hat)=1-(e/c)

119
Q

If c is bigger than e the pop is going ________.

A

Extinct

120
Q

If e=c the pop is _______.

A

growing

Ecology and Evolution (5 decks)

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