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Ecology and Evolution > Test 2 Review > Flashcards

Test 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What were the benefits of different beak morphologies

A

That different beak morphologies allowed for different types of seeds.

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2
Q

Why did the different beak morphologies change on the finches in the galapagos?

A

A drought caused small seeds to decline in abundance, so the large beaked birds were more plentyful, but when the drought reverse, a greater number of small seeds were available and a greater abundance of the small seeds reappeared, as did the small beaked birds

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3
Q

What was species of birds that Darwin studied?

A

The medium ground finch

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4
Q

What occurred after the migration of the large ground finch and subsequent drought?

A

The two species competed for seeds, and both suffered high mortality rates.

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5
Q

What is a genotype?

A

unique combination of genomes which is represented by a phenotype

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6
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Long strands of DNA wound around proteins into compact structures

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7
Q

Different forms of a particular gene are referred to as?

A

alleles

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8
Q

Diploid organisms have two sets of?

A

chromosomes

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9
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

Traits that reflect the effects of of alleles from several genes

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10
Q

What is the term for some genes that affect multiple traits?

A

Pleiotropy

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11
Q

When an expression of one gene controls other genes, it is referred to as?

A

epistasis

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12
Q

What does a gene pool consist of?

A

Alleles from all of the genes of every individual in a population

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13
Q

When both phenotypes are repressed, it is known as?

A

co-dominance

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14
Q

When there is a mixture of the two phenotypes it is known as?

A

incomplete dominance

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15
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

A random process in which genetic information is lost because of random variation in mating, mortality, fecundity or inheritance

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16
Q

Where is genetic drift more common?

A

in small populations because random events can have a disproportionally large effect on the frequency of genes within the pop

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17
Q

What is an example of genetic drift?

A

The Mexican Cave fish, when some became color and eyeless while some remained with normal eyes and dark pigmentation

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18
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

When a reduction in genetic variation occurs because of a severe reduction in population size

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19
Q

What is an example of the bottleneck effect?

A

The greater prairie chicken, which demonstrated that a lower number of alleles can mean lower population size, leading to extinction of the organisms living in the bottleneck

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20
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

When a small number of individuals leave a large pop. to colonize a small one and bring with them a small amoung of genetic variation

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21
Q

What is selection?

A

Process which a certain phenotype is favored for survival and reproduction over other phenotypes

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22
Q

What is stablizing selection?

A

When indivduals with an intermediate phenotype have higher survival/reproductive success then those with extreme phenotypes

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23
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Occurs when an extreme phenotype experiences higher fitness than average phenotype.

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24
Q

What is Disruptive selection?

A

Individuals with an extreme phenotype have higher fitness than those with an intermediate phenotype.

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25
Q

What type of selection can lead to speciation?

A

distruptive selection

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26
Q

What is the evolution of a population referred to as?

A

microevolution

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27
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Humans decide which individuals will breed and the breeding is done with a preconcieved goal for certain phenotypes

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28
Q

What is fitness?

A

Production of descendents over time

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29
Q

What type of evolution occurs at species, genrea, family, orders and phylum?

A

macroevolution

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30
Q

What are phylogenetic trees?

A

hypothesized patterns of relatedness among different groups

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31
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

evolution of new species through process of geographic isolation

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32
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Rise of a new species without geographic isolation, when speciation occurs within the same geographic area

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33
Q

What are the 5 points for a Hardy Weinburg equation to work?

A

1) Has to be a large population (no genetic drift)
2) Practice random mating (no sexual selection)
3) No natural selection
4) No mutations occur
5) No migration among populations

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34
Q

What are the reproductive barriers pre-zygotic in speciation?

A

Temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gamete isolation

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35
Q

What are the reproductive barriers post-zygotic?

A

Hybrid viability/sterility

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36
Q

What are the two types of parity?

A

semelparous and iteroparous

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37
Q

What is life history?

A

the schedule of an organisms growth, development, reproduction, and survival

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38
Q

What is parity?

A

the number of reproductive episodes

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39
Q

How many times does a semelparous organism reproduce?

A

1 time in lifetime

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40
Q

How many times does a itereoparous organism reproduce?

A

2 or more

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41
Q

If an organism has a high fecundity, what is the parental investment?

A

low

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42
Q

If an organism has a low fecundity, what is the parental investment?

A

high

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43
Q

The age @ reproduction refers to the?

A

age at maturity

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44
Q

What is the fecundity of a semelparous organism?

A

A large number of offspring will be produced, and alot of energy will go into it

45
Q

What are some lifespan factors?

A

pathogens, predation

46
Q

If survival is a driving factor, how will age at maturity be affected?

A

If survival is a driving factor, we will see a earlier reproductive age

47
Q

An r selected organism is-

A

Prey, small bodied and short lived

48
Q

R selected organisms are ______ to _________ and have __________ fecundity.

A

R selected organisms are semelparous to iteroparous and have high fecundity

49
Q

K selected organisms are:

A

Predators with large bodies and long lives

50
Q

K selected organisms are ___________ and have __________ fecundity with ________ parental care.

A

K selected organisms are iterparous and have low fecundity with lots of parental care

51
Q

What is determinate Growth?

A

growth until maturity

52
Q

What is indeterminate growth?

A

growth with age

53
Q

How does latitude effect organisms?

A

The farther away from the equator the more enviromental changes will be seen

54
Q

How does the fecundity of birds get affected by the latitude?
Tropical bird vs. Higher latitude bird?

A

Higher latitude birds only have one or two mating opportunities per season, and only have 2/3 eggs at a time

Tropical birds have many opportunities and have 4/10 eggs at a time

55
Q

What are some benefits of iteroparity?

A

Many opportunities for reproduction over multiple enviromental conditions

56
Q

What is sychronous breeding?

A

release of gametes all at once time to over stimulate predation

57
Q

What is senescence?

A

gradual decrease in fecundity and increase in probability of mortality after reproduction

58
Q

How does phenotypic plasticity aid organisms?

A

The ability for multiple phenotypes that react to enviromental conditions

ex. dog shedding

59
Q

What is hibernation?

A

mammal specific where they reach a dormant state in times of low resources

60
Q

What is a diapuse state?

A

hibernation for insects

61
Q

What are proximate factor?

A

Cues that organisms use to identify changing enviromental conditions

62
Q

What are ultimate factors?

A

refers to the fitness/resource factors

63
Q

What is light in regard to plants?

A

a fitness dependent factor

64
Q

Predation can alter ________ ________ and climate change can alter _______ ________ _______.

A

Predation can alter life stages and climate change can alter egg laying time.

65
Q

Are sex ratios always 50:50?

A

No

66
Q

What are the different types of sexual functioning?

A

Asexual, sexual hermaphrodism, Vegatative reproduction, Parthenogenesis,

67
Q

What is an example of asexual reproduction?

A

Binary fission in prokaryotes

68
Q

What is an example of vegetative reproduction?

A

stalks growing off parent plants

69
Q

What is an example of parthenogenesis?

A

All diploid females and identical diploid offspring

70
Q

what is an example of parthenogenesis?

A

Diatoms will do this until eventually the smaller and smaller sizes affect survival then it will shift to sexual reproduction

71
Q

What are the costs of reproduction?

A

Gonads (energy), Mating (time away from foraging), Display (attraction to predator, increased mortality)

72
Q

In hermaphroditic organisms, what do you classify as female?

A

the larger gamete (egg)

73
Q

In hermaphroditic organisms, what would you classify as the male or sperm?

A

the smaller gamete

74
Q

So in hermaphroditic organisms that produce both egg and sperm, will they fertilize themselves?

A

no

75
Q

When is hermaphrodism favored?

A

when the fitness of the hermaphrodite is more than the fitness of either male or female

76
Q

How rare is simultaneous hermaphrodism? When does it occur?

A

Very rare, and occurs when organisms of the same species very rarely come in contact with one another

77
Q

What are the two types of sequential hermaphroditism?

A

Protandry and Protogyny

78
Q

In protandry sequential hermaphroditism when is the organism female and when is it male?

A

Male first and female later

79
Q

Protandry have a ______ fecundity as a female and _____ fecundity as a male.

A

Protandry have a high fecundity as a female and a low fecundity as a male

80
Q

In protogyny, organisms are born _____ and change to ______ later.

A

In protogyny, organisms are born female and change to male later.

81
Q

In protogyny what is the reproductive strategy?

A

harem

82
Q

K selected organisms have what type of generation time?

A

a large generation time

83
Q

R selected organisms have what type of generation time?

A

a short generation time

84
Q

What is the red queen hypothesis?

A

even with more genetic variability, K organisms are not nessasarly out pacing r organisms

85
Q

What is male to female hermaphrotism?

A

protanary

86
Q

What is female to male hermaphrotism?

A

protogyny

87
Q

What is the largest group of hermaphrodites?

A

plants

88
Q

What is outcrossing and what benefit does it bring?

A

breeding with other individuals, enhanced reproductive sucess

89
Q

What is self ferilization?

A

when an organism uses its male gametes to fertilize its female gametes

90
Q

How is heavy fishing affecting the sheeps head fish?

A

The sequential hermaphrodites that is protogny, with heavy fishing of large males, the females are changing to males earlier

91
Q

Why do the female deer sometimes abort their male babes at the first and second reproductive cycles?

A

the male deer require a larger caloric intake

92
Q

What does the abortion of male deer effect the population?

A

it skews the female to male sex ratio

93
Q

What can a skewed female to male bring to the popultion for benefit?

A

it can lead to a greater number of offspring if there are more females in the population

94
Q

In turtles if the temperature is low @ time of egg laying, the result will be a higher number of?
What if the temperature is high?

A

If there is a-
Low temp—> greater number of males
High temp—>greater number of females

95
Q

In alligators and lizards if the temp is lower than 30degrees the eggs will be mostly?

A

female

96
Q

What are the 4 types of mating systems?

A

promiscuity, polygamy, monogamy, extra pair copulation

97
Q

polyandry is?

A

Many males and not many females

98
Q

polygyny is?

A

Many females, not many males

99
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

phenotypic differences between females and males

100
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics?

A

traits related to fertilization such as gonads

101
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

traits related to difference in body size, ornaments, color and courtship

102
Q

What are the material benefits?

A

ability of the male to bring back food and material items

103
Q

What are non-material benefits?

A

phenotypic benefits that aren’t related to survival

104
Q

What is the good genes hypothesis?

A

When a phenotype allows females to gain insight to genotype

105
Q

What is the good health hypothesis?

A

Individual will choose healthiest male

106
Q

Are the good genes hypothesis and the good health hypothesis related?

A

Sometimes

107
Q

What is runaway sexual selection?

A

Enhanced selection for reproduction selection for a trait leads to the enhancement of that trait

108
Q

What is the handicap principle?

A

When an extreme phenotype is favored that trait brings negative qualities

109
Q

What is sexual conflict?

A

More aggressive males have more success when females avoid copulation

Ecology and Evolution (5 decks)

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