Test 2 Review Flashcards
What were the benefits of different beak morphologies
That different beak morphologies allowed for different types of seeds.
Why did the different beak morphologies change on the finches in the galapagos?
A drought caused small seeds to decline in abundance, so the large beaked birds were more plentyful, but when the drought reverse, a greater number of small seeds were available and a greater abundance of the small seeds reappeared, as did the small beaked birds
What was species of birds that Darwin studied?
The medium ground finch
What occurred after the migration of the large ground finch and subsequent drought?
The two species competed for seeds, and both suffered high mortality rates.
What is a genotype?
unique combination of genomes which is represented by a phenotype
What are chromosomes?
Long strands of DNA wound around proteins into compact structures
Different forms of a particular gene are referred to as?
alleles
Diploid organisms have two sets of?
chromosomes
What are polygenic traits?
Traits that reflect the effects of of alleles from several genes
What is the term for some genes that affect multiple traits?
Pleiotropy
When an expression of one gene controls other genes, it is referred to as?
epistasis
What does a gene pool consist of?
Alleles from all of the genes of every individual in a population
When both phenotypes are repressed, it is known as?
co-dominance
When there is a mixture of the two phenotypes it is known as?
incomplete dominance
What is genetic drift?
A random process in which genetic information is lost because of random variation in mating, mortality, fecundity or inheritance
Where is genetic drift more common?
in small populations because random events can have a disproportionally large effect on the frequency of genes within the pop
What is an example of genetic drift?
The Mexican Cave fish, when some became color and eyeless while some remained with normal eyes and dark pigmentation
What is the bottleneck effect?
When a reduction in genetic variation occurs because of a severe reduction in population size
What is an example of the bottleneck effect?
The greater prairie chicken, which demonstrated that a lower number of alleles can mean lower population size, leading to extinction of the organisms living in the bottleneck
What is the founder effect?
When a small number of individuals leave a large pop. to colonize a small one and bring with them a small amoung of genetic variation
What is selection?
Process which a certain phenotype is favored for survival and reproduction over other phenotypes
What is stablizing selection?
When indivduals with an intermediate phenotype have higher survival/reproductive success then those with extreme phenotypes
What is directional selection?
Occurs when an extreme phenotype experiences higher fitness than average phenotype.
What is Disruptive selection?
Individuals with an extreme phenotype have higher fitness than those with an intermediate phenotype.
What type of selection can lead to speciation?
distruptive selection
What is the evolution of a population referred to as?
microevolution
What is artificial selection?
Humans decide which individuals will breed and the breeding is done with a preconcieved goal for certain phenotypes
What is fitness?
Production of descendents over time
What type of evolution occurs at species, genrea, family, orders and phylum?
macroevolution
What are phylogenetic trees?
hypothesized patterns of relatedness among different groups
What is allopatric speciation?
evolution of new species through process of geographic isolation
What is sympatric speciation?
Rise of a new species without geographic isolation, when speciation occurs within the same geographic area
What are the 5 points for a Hardy Weinburg equation to work?
1) Has to be a large population (no genetic drift)
2) Practice random mating (no sexual selection)
3) No natural selection
4) No mutations occur
5) No migration among populations
What are the reproductive barriers pre-zygotic in speciation?
Temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gamete isolation
What are the reproductive barriers post-zygotic?
Hybrid viability/sterility
What are the two types of parity?
semelparous and iteroparous
What is life history?
the schedule of an organisms growth, development, reproduction, and survival
What is parity?
the number of reproductive episodes
How many times does a semelparous organism reproduce?
1 time in lifetime
How many times does a itereoparous organism reproduce?
2 or more
If an organism has a high fecundity, what is the parental investment?
low
If an organism has a low fecundity, what is the parental investment?
high
The age @ reproduction refers to the?
age at maturity
What is the fecundity of a semelparous organism?
A large number of offspring will be produced, and alot of energy will go into it
What are some lifespan factors?
pathogens, predation
If survival is a driving factor, how will age at maturity be affected?
If survival is a driving factor, we will see a earlier reproductive age
An r selected organism is-
Prey, small bodied and short lived
R selected organisms are ______ to _________ and have __________ fecundity.
R selected organisms are semelparous to iteroparous and have high fecundity
K selected organisms are:
Predators with large bodies and long lives
K selected organisms are ___________ and have __________ fecundity with ________ parental care.
K selected organisms are iterparous and have low fecundity with lots of parental care
What is determinate Growth?
growth until maturity
What is indeterminate growth?
growth with age
How does latitude effect organisms?
The farther away from the equator the more enviromental changes will be seen
How does the fecundity of birds get affected by the latitude?
Tropical bird vs. Higher latitude bird?
Higher latitude birds only have one or two mating opportunities per season, and only have 2/3 eggs at a time
Tropical birds have many opportunities and have 4/10 eggs at a time
What are some benefits of iteroparity?
Many opportunities for reproduction over multiple enviromental conditions
What is sychronous breeding?
release of gametes all at once time to over stimulate predation
What is senescence?
gradual decrease in fecundity and increase in probability of mortality after reproduction
How does phenotypic plasticity aid organisms?
The ability for multiple phenotypes that react to enviromental conditions
ex. dog shedding
What is hibernation?
mammal specific where they reach a dormant state in times of low resources
What is a diapuse state?
hibernation for insects
What are proximate factor?
Cues that organisms use to identify changing enviromental conditions
What are ultimate factors?
refers to the fitness/resource factors
What is light in regard to plants?
a fitness dependent factor
Predation can alter ________ ________ and climate change can alter _______ ________ _______.
Predation can alter life stages and climate change can alter egg laying time.
Are sex ratios always 50:50?
No
What are the different types of sexual functioning?
Asexual, sexual hermaphrodism, Vegatative reproduction, Parthenogenesis,
What is an example of asexual reproduction?
Binary fission in prokaryotes
What is an example of vegetative reproduction?
stalks growing off parent plants
What is an example of parthenogenesis?
All diploid females and identical diploid offspring
what is an example of parthenogenesis?
Diatoms will do this until eventually the smaller and smaller sizes affect survival then it will shift to sexual reproduction
What are the costs of reproduction?
Gonads (energy), Mating (time away from foraging), Display (attraction to predator, increased mortality)
In hermaphroditic organisms, what do you classify as female?
the larger gamete (egg)
In hermaphroditic organisms, what would you classify as the male or sperm?
the smaller gamete
So in hermaphroditic organisms that produce both egg and sperm, will they fertilize themselves?
no
When is hermaphrodism favored?
when the fitness of the hermaphrodite is more than the fitness of either male or female
How rare is simultaneous hermaphrodism? When does it occur?
Very rare, and occurs when organisms of the same species very rarely come in contact with one another
What are the two types of sequential hermaphroditism?
Protandry and Protogyny
In protandry sequential hermaphroditism when is the organism female and when is it male?
Male first and female later
Protandry have a ______ fecundity as a female and _____ fecundity as a male.
Protandry have a high fecundity as a female and a low fecundity as a male
In protogyny, organisms are born _____ and change to ______ later.
In protogyny, organisms are born female and change to male later.
In protogyny what is the reproductive strategy?
harem
K selected organisms have what type of generation time?
a large generation time
R selected organisms have what type of generation time?
a short generation time
What is the red queen hypothesis?
even with more genetic variability, K organisms are not nessasarly out pacing r organisms
What is male to female hermaphrotism?
protanary
What is female to male hermaphrotism?
protogyny
What is the largest group of hermaphrodites?
plants
What is outcrossing and what benefit does it bring?
breeding with other individuals, enhanced reproductive sucess
What is self ferilization?
when an organism uses its male gametes to fertilize its female gametes
How is heavy fishing affecting the sheeps head fish?
The sequential hermaphrodites that is protogny, with heavy fishing of large males, the females are changing to males earlier
Why do the female deer sometimes abort their male babes at the first and second reproductive cycles?
the male deer require a larger caloric intake
What does the abortion of male deer effect the population?
it skews the female to male sex ratio
What can a skewed female to male bring to the popultion for benefit?
it can lead to a greater number of offspring if there are more females in the population
In turtles if the temperature is low @ time of egg laying, the result will be a higher number of?
What if the temperature is high?
If there is a-
Low temp—> greater number of males
High temp—>greater number of females
In alligators and lizards if the temp is lower than 30degrees the eggs will be mostly?
female
What are the 4 types of mating systems?
promiscuity, polygamy, monogamy, extra pair copulation
polyandry is?
Many males and not many females
polygyny is?
Many females, not many males
What is sexual dimorphism?
phenotypic differences between females and males
What are primary sexual characteristics?
traits related to fertilization such as gonads
What are secondary sexual characteristics?
traits related to difference in body size, ornaments, color and courtship
What are the material benefits?
ability of the male to bring back food and material items
What are non-material benefits?
phenotypic benefits that aren’t related to survival
What is the good genes hypothesis?
When a phenotype allows females to gain insight to genotype
What is the good health hypothesis?
Individual will choose healthiest male
Are the good genes hypothesis and the good health hypothesis related?
Sometimes
What is runaway sexual selection?
Enhanced selection for reproduction selection for a trait leads to the enhancement of that trait
What is the handicap principle?
When an extreme phenotype is favored that trait brings negative qualities
What is sexual conflict?
More aggressive males have more success when females avoid copulation
