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Ecology and Evolution > Test 2 Review > Flashcards

Test 2 Review Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

What were the benefits of different beak morphologies

A

That different beak morphologies allowed for different types of seeds.

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2
Q

Why did the different beak morphologies change on the finches in the galapagos?

A

A drought caused small seeds to decline in abundance, so the large beaked birds were more plentyful, but when the drought reverse, a greater number of small seeds were available and a greater abundance of the small seeds reappeared, as did the small beaked birds

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3
Q

What was species of birds that Darwin studied?

A

The medium ground finch

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4
Q

What occurred after the migration of the large ground finch and subsequent drought?

A

The two species competed for seeds, and both suffered high mortality rates.

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5
Q

What is a genotype?

A

unique combination of genomes which is represented by a phenotype

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6
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Long strands of DNA wound around proteins into compact structures

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7
Q

Different forms of a particular gene are referred to as?

A

alleles

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8
Q

Diploid organisms have two sets of?

A

chromosomes

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9
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

Traits that reflect the effects of of alleles from several genes

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10
Q

What is the term for some genes that affect multiple traits?

A

Pleiotropy

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11
Q

When an expression of one gene controls other genes, it is referred to as?

A

epistasis

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12
Q

What does a gene pool consist of?

A

Alleles from all of the genes of every individual in a population

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13
Q

When both phenotypes are repressed, it is known as?

A

co-dominance

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14
Q

When there is a mixture of the two phenotypes it is known as?

A

incomplete dominance

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15
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

A random process in which genetic information is lost because of random variation in mating, mortality, fecundity or inheritance

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16
Q

Where is genetic drift more common?

A

in small populations because random events can have a disproportionally large effect on the frequency of genes within the pop

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17
Q

What is an example of genetic drift?

A

The Mexican Cave fish, when some became color and eyeless while some remained with normal eyes and dark pigmentation

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18
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

When a reduction in genetic variation occurs because of a severe reduction in population size

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19
Q

What is an example of the bottleneck effect?

A

The greater prairie chicken, which demonstrated that a lower number of alleles can mean lower population size, leading to extinction of the organisms living in the bottleneck

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20
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

When a small number of individuals leave a large pop. to colonize a small one and bring with them a small amoung of genetic variation

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21
Q

What is selection?

A

Process which a certain phenotype is favored for survival and reproduction over other phenotypes

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22
Q

What is stablizing selection?

A

When indivduals with an intermediate phenotype have higher survival/reproductive success then those with extreme phenotypes

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23
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Occurs when an extreme phenotype experiences higher fitness than average phenotype.

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24
Q

What is Disruptive selection?

A

Individuals with an extreme phenotype have higher fitness than those with an intermediate phenotype.

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25
What type of selection can lead to speciation?
distruptive selection
26
What is the evolution of a population referred to as?
microevolution
27
What is artificial selection?
Humans decide which individuals will breed and the breeding is done with a preconcieved goal for certain phenotypes
28
What is fitness?
Production of descendents over time
29
What type of evolution occurs at species, genrea, family, orders and phylum?
macroevolution
30
What are phylogenetic trees?
hypothesized patterns of relatedness among different groups
31
What is allopatric speciation?
evolution of new species through process of geographic isolation
32
What is sympatric speciation?
Rise of a new species without geographic isolation, when speciation occurs within the same geographic area
33
What are the 5 points for a Hardy Weinburg equation to work?
1) Has to be a large population (no genetic drift) 2) Practice random mating (no sexual selection) 3) No natural selection 4) No mutations occur 5) No migration among populations
34
What are the reproductive barriers pre-zygotic in speciation?
Temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gamete isolation
35
What are the reproductive barriers post-zygotic?
Hybrid viability/sterility
36
What are the two types of parity?
semelparous and iteroparous
37
What is life history?
the schedule of an organisms growth, development, reproduction, and survival
38
What is parity?
the number of reproductive episodes
39
How many times does a semelparous organism reproduce?
1 time in lifetime
40
How many times does a itereoparous organism reproduce?
2 or more
41
If an organism has a high fecundity, what is the parental investment?
low
42
If an organism has a low fecundity, what is the parental investment?
high
43
The age @ reproduction refers to the?
age at maturity
44
What is the fecundity of a semelparous organism?
A large number of offspring will be produced, and alot of energy will go into it
45
What are some lifespan factors?
pathogens, predation
46
If survival is a driving factor, how will age at maturity be affected?
If survival is a driving factor, we will see a earlier reproductive age
47
An r selected organism is-
Prey, small bodied and short lived
48
R selected organisms are ______ to _________ and have __________ fecundity.
R selected organisms are semelparous to iteroparous and have high fecundity
49
K selected organisms are:
Predators with large bodies and long lives
50
K selected organisms are ___________ and have __________ fecundity with ________ parental care.
K selected organisms are iterparous and have low fecundity with lots of parental care
51
What is determinate Growth?
growth until maturity
52
What is indeterminate growth?
growth with age
53
How does latitude effect organisms?
The farther away from the equator the more enviromental changes will be seen
54
How does the fecundity of birds get affected by the latitude? Tropical bird vs. Higher latitude bird?
Higher latitude birds only have one or two mating opportunities per season, and only have 2/3 eggs at a time Tropical birds have many opportunities and have 4/10 eggs at a time
55
What are some benefits of iteroparity?
Many opportunities for reproduction over multiple enviromental conditions
56
What is sychronous breeding?
release of gametes all at once time to over stimulate predation
57
What is senescence?
gradual decrease in fecundity and increase in probability of mortality after reproduction
58
How does phenotypic plasticity aid organisms?
The ability for multiple phenotypes that react to enviromental conditions ex. dog shedding
59
What is hibernation?
mammal specific where they reach a dormant state in times of low resources
60
What is a diapuse state?
hibernation for insects
61
What are proximate factor?
Cues that organisms use to identify changing enviromental conditions
62
What are ultimate factors?
refers to the fitness/resource factors
63
What is light in regard to plants?
a fitness dependent factor
64
Predation can alter ________ ________ and climate change can alter _______ ________ _______.
Predation can alter life stages and climate change can alter egg laying time.
65
Are sex ratios always 50:50?
No
66
What are the different types of sexual functioning?
Asexual, sexual hermaphrodism, Vegatative reproduction, Parthenogenesis,
67
What is an example of asexual reproduction?
Binary fission in prokaryotes
68
What is an example of vegetative reproduction?
stalks growing off parent plants
69
What is an example of parthenogenesis?
All diploid females and identical diploid offspring
70
what is an example of parthenogenesis?
Diatoms will do this until eventually the smaller and smaller sizes affect survival then it will shift to sexual reproduction
71
What are the costs of reproduction?
Gonads (energy), Mating (time away from foraging), Display (attraction to predator, increased mortality)
72
In hermaphroditic organisms, what do you classify as female?
the larger gamete (egg)
73
In hermaphroditic organisms, what would you classify as the male or sperm?
the smaller gamete
74
So in hermaphroditic organisms that produce both egg and sperm, will they fertilize themselves?
no
75
When is hermaphrodism favored?
when the fitness of the hermaphrodite is more than the fitness of either male or female
76
How rare is simultaneous hermaphrodism? When does it occur?
Very rare, and occurs when organisms of the same species very rarely come in contact with one another
77
What are the two types of sequential hermaphroditism?
Protandry and Protogyny
78
In protandry sequential hermaphroditism when is the organism female and when is it male?
Male first and female later
79
Protandry have a ______ fecundity as a female and _____ fecundity as a male.
Protandry have a high fecundity as a female and a low fecundity as a male
80
In protogyny, organisms are born _____ and change to ______ later.
In protogyny, organisms are born female and change to male later.
81
In protogyny what is the reproductive strategy?
harem
82
K selected organisms have what type of generation time?
a large generation time
83
R selected organisms have what type of generation time?
a short generation time
84
What is the red queen hypothesis?
even with more genetic variability, K organisms are not nessasarly out pacing r organisms
85
What is male to female hermaphrotism?
protanary
86
What is female to male hermaphrotism?
protogyny
87
What is the largest group of hermaphrodites?
plants
88
What is outcrossing and what benefit does it bring?
breeding with other individuals, enhanced reproductive sucess
89
What is self ferilization?
when an organism uses its male gametes to fertilize its female gametes
90
How is heavy fishing affecting the sheeps head fish?
The sequential hermaphrodites that is protogny, with heavy fishing of large males, the females are changing to males earlier
91
Why do the female deer sometimes abort their male babes at the first and second reproductive cycles?
the male deer require a larger caloric intake
92
What does the abortion of male deer effect the population?
it skews the female to male sex ratio
93
What can a skewed female to male bring to the popultion for benefit?
it can lead to a greater number of offspring if there are more females in the population
94
In turtles if the temperature is low @ time of egg laying, the result will be a higher number of? What if the temperature is high?
If there is a- Low temp---> greater number of males High temp--->greater number of females
95
In alligators and lizards if the temp is lower than 30degrees the eggs will be mostly?
female
96
What are the 4 types of mating systems?
promiscuity, polygamy, monogamy, extra pair copulation
97
polyandry is?
Many males and not many females
98
polygyny is?
Many females, not many males
99
What is sexual dimorphism?
phenotypic differences between females and males
100
What are primary sexual characteristics?
traits related to fertilization such as gonads
101
What are secondary sexual characteristics?
traits related to difference in body size, ornaments, color and courtship
102
What are the material benefits?
ability of the male to bring back food and material items
103
What are non-material benefits?
phenotypic benefits that aren't related to survival
104
What is the good genes hypothesis?
When a phenotype allows females to gain insight to genotype
105
What is the good health hypothesis?
Individual will choose healthiest male
106
Are the good genes hypothesis and the good health hypothesis related?
Sometimes
107
What is runaway sexual selection?
Enhanced selection for reproduction selection for a trait leads to the enhancement of that trait
108
What is the handicap principle?
When an extreme phenotype is favored that trait brings negative qualities
109
What is sexual conflict?
More aggressive males have more success when females avoid copulation

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