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Intro to Pharmaceuticals > Test 3 Review > Flashcards

Test 3 Review Flashcards

0
Q

blood composition

A

55% plasma, 45% cells and platelets

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1
Q

what is the main transporter in drug distribution

A

blood

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2
Q

of the 55% plasma, what makes it up?

A

90% water, 8% plasma proteins, and 2% other

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3
Q

what are the two plasma proteins in plasma?

A

albumin and globulin

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4
Q

artery

A

carries blood toward heart

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5
Q

veins

A

carry blood away from heart

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6
Q

capillaries

A

between arteries and veins and are site of gas exchange

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7
Q

what % of body is made of water

A

65%

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8
Q

of the 65%, how much is intracellular and how much is extracellular?

A

2/3 intracellular, 1/3 extracellular

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9
Q

of the extracellular fluid, how much is plasma and how much is interstitial?

A

1/4 plasma and 1/4 interstitial

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10
Q

osmotic forces

A

pull gas into capillaries for exchange

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11
Q

when blood pressure is higher, osmotic forces are…

A

lower. vice versa

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12
Q

lymphatic veins

A

pick up leaked fluids from gas exchange within capillaries

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13
Q

lymphatic system

A

act as “drainage”, they drain leaky fluids from gas exchange back into the cardiovascular system

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14
Q

how does a drug binding to plasma affect the way it crosses the membrane?

A

only unbound (free) form of drug can cross the membrane. if it binds with albumin it renders it ineffective

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15
Q

discontinuous capillary

A

most effective

  • loosely packed cells, lets medications leak out
  • liver, spleen
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16
Q

continuous capillary

A

tightly packed cells

-brain and muscle

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17
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

BBB

tight junctions, nothing can leak out of the continuous capillaries into the brain

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18
Q

fenestrated capillary

A

packed cells with holes

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19
Q

what drugs can pass through the blood brain barrier?

A

lipid soluble

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20
Q

what is destroyed in a stroke patient, causing hemorrhaging?

A

the blood brain barrier

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21
Q

unbound/free form of drug

A

it is not bound to a protein and can pass through the membrane and reach its target

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22
Q

why are lipophilic drugs bad in large doses?

A

they can accumulate in the tissues by dissolving in the fat

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23
Q

what should you do if someone has a kidney problem?

A

reduce the dose, because that person will have trouble excreting the medication leading to toxic buildup

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24
Q

6 ways a drug can be eliminated

A

kidneys, saliva, bile, sweat, breast milk, exhaled air

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25
Q

why should you not chew a pill before swallowing?

A

saliva may dissolve some of the medication and it won’t travel to the small intestine and be absorbed there where it’s supposed to

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26
Q

most important fluid for excretion

A

urine

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27
Q

4 kidney functions

A

water balance, waste removal, maintain pH, and maintain electrolyte balance

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28
Q

nephron

A

structural unit of the kidney, they are like little filters

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29
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

structure in a kidney that filters the blood

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30
Q

how much fluid is filtered per day through the kidneys?

A

180L

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31
Q

how much fluid is reabsorbed into the bloodstream and how much is secreted per day?

A

179L is reabsorbed, and 1L is secreted (that’s the urine)

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32
Q

excretion

A

sum of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion processes

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33
Q

glomerular filtration rate

A

GFR

120 mL/min

34
Q

if glomerular filtration rate decreases, what happens?

A

the rate of elimination also decreases because the rate of filtration slowed

35
Q

renal clearance

A

amount of medication that is cleared from the plasma

ex) 80% clearance means that 80% of the medication is cleared from the plasma and 20% is retained

36
Q

what does 0% clearance mean?

A

none of the drug has been excreted in the urine and is staying in the plasma, possibly being reclaimed

37
Q

why is the liver not a good source of elimination?

A

it often reclaims waste and sometimes the drug, making elimination impossible

38
Q

how are lipophilic drugs excreted?

A

they can’t be excreted by the kidneys, so first the liver converts them to hydrophilic drugs so the kidneys can absorb them

39
Q

detoxification

A

enzymes in the liver getting rid of the toxins by converting them

40
Q

enzymes in the liver are..?

A
  • proteins
  • lock and key relation
  • CATALYSTS
41
Q

catalyst

A

speeds up a reaction

42
Q

co-enzyme

A

aka cofactor
an enzyme that has to be present for a reaction, not a protein
-usually a metal

43
Q

prodrug

A

inactive form of a drug that the body must convert to active form

44
Q

what suffix do enzymes usually end in?

A

-ase

45
Q

hydrolase

A

hydrolysis of substrate

46
Q

ligase

A

bond formation

47
Q

transferase

A

transfers group between molecules

48
Q

lyase

A

elimination and addition reactions

49
Q

isomerase

A

rearrangement

50
Q

oxidoreductase

A

oxidation or reduction

51
Q

rate of enzyme activity is proportional to what?

A

the amount of substrate present

52
Q

first pass metabolism

A

liver modifies toxic substances when the drug makes its first stop there

53
Q

portal vein

A

vein in the liver that carries drugs to the liver from the small intestine

54
Q

Phase I reactions

A

oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis

-characterized by cytochrome P-450 enzymes

55
Q

Phase II reactions

A

conjugate substances for easy excretion

56
Q

oxidation

A

taking something out

57
Q

reduction

A

adding something in

58
Q

conjugate

A

incorporate, join together

59
Q

what phase of metabolism reaction is affected in the elderly first?

A

phase I

60
Q

hepatic vein

A

takes blood back to the heart after the reactions have occurred in the liver via vena cava

61
Q

intrinsic activity

A

ability to initiate response after receptor binding

62
Q

agonist

A

same activity as neurotransmitter

63
Q

antagonist

A

fits in receptor but has no intrinsic activity

“fits in the ignition but doesn’t start the car”

64
Q

two types of antagonists

A

competitive and noncompetitive

65
Q

competitive antagonist

A

competes with agonist for receptor site, binds to it, and causes no activity

66
Q

noncompetitive antagonist

A

binds somewhere other than the receptor site, changes the shape of the receptor

67
Q

metabolic pathway

A

sequence of chemical reactions

  • each reaction is catalyzed by a different enzyme
  • product of one reaction is the substrate for the next
68
Q

feedback inhibition

A

inhibits enzyme in pathway so no product is available to catalyze the next reaction

69
Q

noncompetitive inhibition

A

changes the shape of the active site

70
Q

competitive inhibition

A

blocks the active site

71
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

what the body does to the drug

-absorption and elimination

72
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

what the drug does to the body

-adverse effects and pharmacological effects

73
Q

what is a good indicator of pharmacokinetics?

A

the drug concentration in plasma-can see how much of drug has been cleared

74
Q

what happens to drug concentration when an IV is given?

A

concentration shoots up, then steadily declines over a period of time showing that IV is the fastest route

75
Q

what happens to drug concentration after an oral dose of medication?

A

the concentration takes a while to increase, until the maximum value is reached, then steadily declines, showing oral route is slow

76
Q

bioavailability

A

Percentage of the administer d dose that reaches systemic circulation intact

77
Q

what is the bioavailability for IV administration?

A

100%, highest one

78
Q

4 sources of poor bioavailability

A

incomplete absorption or dissolution in the GI tract
decomposition
metabolized by liver

79
Q

half life

A

time required to decrease drug concentration by half

80
Q

therapeutic index

A

comparison between effective and lethal dose

  • narrow index=very little difference between effective and lethal dose, unsafe
  • wide index=large difference between effective and lethal dose, safe
81
Q

rate of elimination depends on what 5 things?

A

drug clearance, half life, minimum concentration required for efficacy, therapeutic index, and multiple dosing

82
Q

difference between plasma and serum

A

plasma is the fluid left on top when anticoagulant (anti-clotting) is added to the blood. serum is left on top when the blood is spun in a centrifuge and allowed to clot

Intro to Pharmaceuticals (10 decks)

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