Ch. 4-Solubility and Lipophilicity

Question 0

solvent

Answer 0

substance that dissolves another substance

ex) salt dissolved in water
- salt is the solute
- water is the solvent

Question 1

solute

Answer 1

substance that dissolves in another substance, there is a lower quantity of this than the solvent

Question 2

crystalline structure

Answer 2

arranged in a regular fashion

• crystal lattice
• dissolves slower

Question 3

amorphous structure

Answer 3

arranged in irregular fashion and dissolves faster than crystalline

Question 4

polymorphism

Answer 4

property in which a drug can be crystallized in more than one form

• polymorph has different physical properties (melting point, solubility)
• ex) Norvir-used in HIV treatment. a polymorph developed causing poor absorption

Question 5

what is considered the king of all solvents?

Answer 5

water

Question 6

why is water considered the king of all solvents?

Answer 6

60%-66% of body is made of water so it has to be able to dissolve a lot of things
-it is polar, the O is the negative pole and H is positive pole

Question 7

Primary Interactions that Allow Solutes to Dissolve in Water

Answer 7

• van der waals forces
• ion dipole interactions
• dipole dipole interactions
• dipole induced dipole interactions
• hydrogen bonding

Question 8

van der waals forces

Answer 8

between noncharged molecules, hold incoming solute molecules together

Question 9

ion dipole interaction

Answer 9

between ion and uncharged polar molecule

Question 10

dipole dipole interactions

Answer 10

polar molecules with no charge and dipoles interact at a close distance

Question 11

dipole induced dipole interactions

Answer 11

polar molecule with permanent dipole can induce dipole in nonpolar molecule

Question 12

hydrogen bonding

Answer 12

attraction between positive H and negative O of a water molecule
-this causes surface tension on water

Question 13

how does temperature affect solubility?

Answer 13

warmer temps=more soluble

Question 14

how does pH affect solubility of a weak acid?

Answer 14

higher pH=more soluble

lower pH=less soluble

Question 15

how does pH affect solubility of a weak base?

Answer 15

higher pH=lower solubility

lower pH=higher solubility

Question 16

lipophilicity

Answer 16

lipid soluble, allows drug to rapidly cross the cell membrane

Question 17

partition coefficient

Answer 17

balance of lipophilicity and hydrophilicity in nonionized form
-influences ADME

Question 18

amphiphilicity

Answer 18

property that consists of both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties
-ex) promethazine

Question 19

what is the micelle formation?

Answer 19

it allows for easier absorption bc hydrophobic tails toward the center arranged in a circle-this minimizes bond disruption

Question 20

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 20

A, D, E, and K-they convert to micelles

Question 21

vitamin A deficiency

Answer 21

night blindness

Question 22

vitamin D deficiency

Answer 22

weak bones

Question 23

vitamin E deficiency

Answer 23

lose some protection from cancers

Question 24

vitamin K deficiency

Answer 24

blood can’t clot