Ch. 1-Introduction

Question 0

pharmacodynamics

Answer 0

study of cellular and molecular interactions of drugs with their targets
“what the drug does to the body”

Question 1

pharmacology

Answer 1

study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body

Question 2

pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

study of how a drug is metabolized, absorbed, and eliminated and the factors that influence this
“what the body does to the drug”

Question 3

pharmaceutical toxicology

Answer 3

study of toxic effects of drugs

“side effects”

Question 4

medicinal chemistry

Answer 4

study of drug design to optimize pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, and synthesis of new drugs

Question 5

pharmaceutics

Answer 5

study and design of drug formulation for optimal delivery, stability, pharmacokinetics, and patient acceptance

Question 6

pharmacogenomics

Answer 6

study of influence of genetics on drug response in patients

Question 7

drug

Answer 7

any substance used in diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease
-can be synthetic, semisynthetic, or naturally occurring compound

Question 8

4 Steps of Pharmacokinetics

Answer 8

1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Elimination

Question 9

Absorption of a drug

Answer 9

• input
• mixes with plasma
• blood is the carrier

Question 10

Distribution of a drug

Answer 10

• blood carries it to the tissues

- not all of the drug reaches the target, must go through the liver first

Question 11

Metabolism of a drug

Answer 11

• first obstacle is liver

- metabolizes some of the drug, reducing the amount that reaches the target

Question 12

Elimination of a drug

Answer 12

• output

- kidney is most important organ here, eliminates drug through urine

Question 13

Should someone’s dose be reduced or increased if they have liver or kidney problems?

Answer 13

reduced, if the liver can’t metabolize some of the drug that person may get too much at the target area, causing damage. if the kidney can’t eliminate it properly, it will stay in the system longer, potentially causing damage.

Question 14

site of action

Answer 14

location in the body where the drug performs its desired function

Question 15

How do drugs work with their receptors?

Answer 15

the drug is the key, and the receptor is the lock. only one drug can fit into a certain receptor, and if the drug binds to the wrong one it causes side effects

Question 16

What are receptors made of?

Answer 16

protein

Question 17

Where are receptors located?

Answer 17

either extracellular or intracellular

Question 18

active site

Answer 18

receptor where the drug binds

Question 19

Drugs are meant to resemble ________ naturally present in the body.

Answer 19

neurotransmitters

Question 20

What are blockers?

Answer 20

drugs that bind to the receptor, but they don’t fit perfectly so they just block the keyhole to other drugs
“key goes into the ignition but can’t start the engine”

Question 21

drug design

Answer 21

finding new drugs based on understanding of the disease and structure and function of biological target

Question 22

rational drug design

Answer 22

• formulating a design over time

- take into account being able to bind to target, body’s barriers, and whether or not the body can eliminate the drug

Question 23

random screening

Answer 23

discovering drugs through search of natural sources or by synthesis of compounds, then testing them for biological activities through trial and error

• often used to identify lead compounds
• resulted in discovery of many important drugs

Question 24

What is the most common form of drug administration?

Answer 24

oral

Question 25

intravenous drug administration

Answer 25

injects drug directly into bloodstream and bypasses the liver
-quickest action

Question 26

intramuscular drug administration

Answer 26

injected directly into the muscle, bypasses the liver but only stays in one spot

Question 27

inhalants

Answer 27

they are breathed in so they go straight to the lungs and alveoli

Question 28

subcutaneous drug administration

Answer 28

-stays effective longer, acts like a deposit just under the skin and has a slow release

Question 29

when would rectal administration be used?

Answer 29

if the patient is vomiting and can’t keep anything down

Question 30

when would vaginal administration be used?

Answer 30

if the patient had a need for yeast or antifungal medication, it would be applied directly to the site of action

Question 31

when would topical administration be used?

Answer 31

for any skin rash or burn, etc the medicine will be directly on the site of action

Question 32

when would epidural or spinal administration be used?

Answer 32

if you needed quick action before surgery or birth

Question 33

when would gastric administration be used?

Answer 33

if the patient is paralyzed and can’t swallow, this way the medicine goes into the body without being swallowed

Question 34

drug disposition

Answer 34

distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs after entering the bloodstream

Question 35

pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 35

study of therapeutic uses and effects of drugs in patients
-focus on patient, meds don’t act the same in everyone (body size, age, disease, environmental factors, and genetic influence)

Question 36

What agency regulates and approves drugs?

Answer 36

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Question 37

drug product (defined by FDA)

Answer 37

finished dosage form that contains the drug (tablet, capsule)

Question 38

How long can it take for a drug to make it to stores?

Answer 38

10 years

Question 39

4 Phases of Drug Development and Approval

Answer 39

1. Is it safe?
   - testing healthy volunteers to look for safety, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics
2. Does it work?
   - small number of patients with the disease to assess if it works, dosing, and side effects
3. Is it good or better?
   - more widespread, comparing new treatment to current standards
4. Can it stay?
   - on the shelves, some people give feedback and if something goes wrong it is removed

Question 40

In what situation would you bypass the phases and just give the medicine to someone, even if it was just experimental?

Answer 40

if they had a terminal illness, they have nothing to lose by trying it