Test 3 Review Flashcards
Drains the back of the head
Vertebral
What is the origin of the inferior vena cava?
Right and left common iliac veins
Drains the bulk of the head
Internal jugular
Drain the superficial skull
External jugular
Forms the Brachiocephalic vein
Vertebral, internal jugular and external jugular
The right and left Brachiocephalic veins form what?
Superior vena cava
What forms the portal vein in the abdomen?
Superior mesenteric vein
What drives O2 delivery?
Hydrostatic (push out)
What drives CO2 pick up?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (suck in)
- charged ions of blood
The thoracic duct drains:
All but the right arm, right head and right neck
The thoracic duct starts at the:
Cisterna chyli
The right lymphatic duct drains:
The right head, right arm and right neck
The right lymphatic duct drains the:
Right subclavian and the right internal jugular
The left lymphatic duct drains the :
Left subclavian and the left internal jugular
What signals the start of the classical pathway?
The binding of C3B
Opsinizing
How does a complement kill?
Punch holes into pores by MAC (C5- C9)
When you get a disease is it natural or acquired? Active or passive?
Natural and active immunity
Active immunity means there’s a _____ involves
Antigen
Passive immunity means there’s a _____ involved
Antibody
Vaccine shot… Active/ passive, natural/acquired?
Acquired and active immunity
Rabies active/passive, acquired/natural?
Passive (gives antibody) and acquired
Where do antibodies bind top or bottom?
Top
The top section of an antibody is called a:
Variable because of antigenic specificity
Lymphocytes in the presence of antigen differentiates into plasma cells; additional antigen [Ag] exposure allows differentiation of B memory cells
B class
Plasma cells and B memory cells release ___________
Immunoglobulins
In mucous membrane lining; transfers in breast milk
IgA
One of the earliest AB’s found in fetal blood; aids in the differentiation of the Ig classes
IgD
1st response; also one of the earliest Ab’s found in fetal blood
IgM
Responds with allergic reactions
IgE
2nd response; transfers across the placenta from mother to child (most common in blood stream)
IgG
Leaves bone marrow and differentiates in the thymus (produced with T cyt with Ag present)
T class
CD4 aids in the immunological response by coordinating the response of the WBC’s, “brain of the immune system”
T helper
CD8 (along with t cytotoxic) aids in recognition of “self verses non self”, secrete “suppressions” after the initial immune response (mediate organ transfer and rejection)
T suppressor
T killer; kills by secreting perforins and lynphotoxins, also kills by initiating “apoptosis” in genes
T cytotoxic
Mediates the tine test (and PPD) reaction with TB testing
T delayed hypersensitivity
Kills virally infected and abnormal cells
T natural killer
T cells kill by:
Chemical dumping
Kill by phagocytosis
Neutrophils and macrophages
Antibodies develop after exposure to antigen
Active
Antibodies are transferred from another source
Passive
Through environmental exposure to pathogens
Naturally acquired active immunity
Through vaccines containing pathogens
Artificially induced active immunity
Antibodies acquired from the mother
Naturally acquired passive immunity
By an injection of antibodies
Artificially induced passive immunity
1) specificity
2) Versatility
3) memory
4) tolerance
Four properties of immunity
Each T or B cell responds only to a specific antigen and ignores all others
Specificity
The body produces many types of lymphocytes
- each fights a different type of antigen
- active lymphocyte clones itself to fight specific antigen
Versatility
Some active lymphocytes
- stay in circulation
- provide immunity against new exposure
Memory
Immune system ignores “normal” antigens
Tolerance
Outer cortex
B cells (start differentiation)
Deep cortex
T cells (start killing of antigen)
Medulla
B cells (send signal to immune system)
Characteristics of lymphatic capillaries
Unidirectional flow ( simple squamous)
1) start as pokers rather than tubes
2) have larger diameter
3) have thinner walls
4) flat or irregular outline in sectional view
Carry lymph from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes
Afferent lymphatics
Leave lymph node at Hilum, carry lymph to venous circulation
Efferent lymphatics
Antibody already waiting
Classical pathway
Never exposed to it before
Alternative pathway
1) provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood (delivery of CO2, picking up O2)
2) moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs
3) protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment
4) produces sounds
5) participates in olfactory sense
Components of the respiratory system
No cartilage
Bronchioles
