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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Final- Deck 2 > Flashcards

Final- Deck 2 Flashcards

0
Q

In between ectoderm & endoderm

  • all of the musculoskeletal system, lymphatics system, and cardiovascular system
  • lining of body cavities
A

Mesoderm

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1
Q

Near amniotic cavity

  • integumentary system
  • all of the nervous system
A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

Hypoblast

  • parts of the digestive, respiratory & reproductive tract
  • progesterone
A

Endoderm

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3
Q

What makes testosterone & androgen?

A

Interstitial cell of Leydig

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4
Q

Helps to promote spermatogenesis?

A

Sustentacular cells (nurse cells)

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5
Q

Prostatic glands, ejaculatory duct enter

A

Prostatic urethra

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6
Q

Passes through the urogenital diaphragm

A

Membranous urethra

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7
Q

To external urethral meatus, reciees secretions from mucous glands especially bulbourethral Cowper’s glands

A

Penile urethra

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8
Q

Contributes to 60% of the volume of semen

A

Seminal vesicle

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9
Q

Contributes to 30% of the volume of semen

A

Prostate gland

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10
Q

Source of sperm

A

Testes

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11
Q

Source of semen

A

Prostate & seminal vesicles

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12
Q

Which cells make estrogen?

A

Thecal cells & granulosa cells

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13
Q

LH spike in brain causes ovulation

A

Ovulation day 14

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14
Q

What makes progesterone?

A

Corpous iuteum

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15
Q

What causes a decline in progesterone?

A

Menses

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16
Q

1) renal sinus
2) renal cortex
3) renal pyramids
4) renal columns
5) renal lobe
6) renal papilla
7) major calyx
8) renal pelvis

A

Order

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17
Q

Produces urine

A

Kidney

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18
Q

Functional units of the kidney

A

Nephrons

-where urine production begins

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19
Q

1) Afferent arterioles
2) capillary (pushes out)
3) efferent arterioles
4) pertubular capillary (sucks in)
5) venules

A

Order

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20
Q

The amount of filtrate kidneys produce each minute

A

The glomerular filtration rate

-directly related to cardiac output and venous return

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21
Q

Urine begins at the ______ duct and down

A

Collecting

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22
Q

Volume over 500 mL triggers

A

Micturition reflex

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23
Q

Decreases DRG and increase VRG with increases CO2

A

Snake bite and spider bite

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24
Q

Respiratory/lung

A

Quick

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25
Q

Metabolic/kidney

A

Slow

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26
Q

18-20 cm

A

Male urethra

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27
Q

3-5 cm

A

Female urethra

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28
Q

There is no CO2 pick up at kidney filtrate T or F

A

True

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29
Q

What blocks albumin?

A

Podocytes

30
Q

Function of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Reabsorb food, minerals and vitamins

31
Q

Descending limb of henle water return to peritublar

A

Fluid flows toward renal pelvis

32
Q

Ascending limb of henle

A

Bringing back sodium and chloride

-fluid flows toward renal cortex

33
Q

Internal sphincter

A

Autonomic

34
Q

External sphincter

A

Voluntary

35
Q

Break down protein

A

Urea

36
Q

Breakdown muscle

A

Creatine

37
Q

Breakdown nucleic acid

A

Uric acid

38
Q

Capillary endothelium
Dense layer
Filtration slits

A

Glomerular wall

39
Q

One molecule of glucose =

A

36 ATPs

40
Q

Break down glucose in cytosol into smaller molecules used by mitochondria
-does not require oxygen

A

Glycolysis

Breaks 6 carbon glucose into two 3 carbon pyruvic acid (end product)

41
Q

The product of one citric acid cycle =

A

One molecule of GTP

42
Q

NADH generates ____ ATP

A

3 ATP

43
Q

FADH2 generates ____ ATP

A

2 ATP

44
Q

The formation of glycogen from glucose occurs slowly & requires high energy

A

Glycogenesis

45
Q

The breakdown of glycogen, occurs quickly & involves a single enzymatic step

A

Glycogenolysis

46
Q

End product of electron transport chain

A

Water and ATP

47
Q

Beta oxidation yields ____ ATP for every breakdown of one 18 carbon fatty acid molecule

A

144 ATP

48
Q

Removal of amino group by transamination & deamination requires coenzyme derivative of B6 T or F

A

True

49
Q

Attaches amino group of amino acid to keto acid

-converts keto acid into amino acid

A

Transamination

50
Q 
Waste product (makes urea & prepares amino acid for break down in citric acid cycle) 
-removes amino group & hydrogen atom, reaction generates ammonium ion
A

Deamination

51
Q

Where do fats get absorbed?

A

Lymphatic system

52
Q

1) acetoacetate
2) acetone
3) betahydroxybutyrate

A

Ketone bodies

53
Q

Liver cells do not catabolize ketone bodies

-peripheral cells absorb ketone bodies and reconvert to acetyl-CoA for citric acid cycle

A

Ketone bodies

54
Q

Removal of waste products from body fluids

A

Defecation removes feces

55
Q

About 7 liters produced & absorbed daily but very little in peritoneal fluid at one time

A

Peritoneal fluid

56
Q

Narrow band of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in lamina propria

A

Muscularis muscle

57
Q

Inner layer of Muscularis muscle encircles lumen

A

Circular muscle

58
Q

Outer layer of Muscularis muscle cells parallel to tract

A

Longitudinal layer

59
Q

Muscular movement

A

Myenteric plexus (Auerbach)

60
Q

Digestion

A

Submucosal plexus

61
Q

Set rhythm of contraction rate

  • waves of muscular contractions
  • moves bolus along the length of the digestive tract
A

Peristalsis

62
Q

Increases absorption by the action

  • churn & fragment the bolus
  • mix contents with intestinal secretions
A

Segmentation

  • does not follow set pattern
  • does not push materials in any direction
63
Q

Secrete pepsinogen

A

Chief cells

64
Q

Increases hydrochloric acid output by the stomach

A

Gastrine

65
Q

Inhibits release of gastrin

A

Somatostatin

66
Q

Excessive CO2 build up

A

Respiratory acidosis

67
Q

Excessive CO 2 loss

Ex. Panic attack, emotional upset, ventilator control too high

A

Respiratory alkalosis

68
Q

Too much bicarbonate in blood

-vomiting based syndrome

A

Metabolic alkalosis

69
Q

Lactic acidosis build up

High blood glucose

A

Metabolic acidosis

-administer bicarbonate

70
Q

When the pH drops below normal levels, more oxygen is released- the oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve shifts to the right
-when the pH increases less oxygen is released, the curve shifts to the left

A

Effect of ph on hemoglobin saturation

71
Q

When temperature rises more oxygen is released, the oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve shifts to the right

A

Effects of temperature on hemoglobin saturation

72
Q

The physical movement of air in and out of respiratory tract
-provides alveolar ventilation

A

Pulmonary ventilation

73
Q

Only a part of respiratory minute volume reaches alveolar exchange surfaces

  • volume of air remaining is conducting passage is Anatomic dead space
  • the amount of air reaching alveoli each minute
A

Alveolar ventilation

tidal volume - Anatomic dead space X respiratory rate

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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