Final- Deck 2 Flashcards
In between ectoderm & endoderm
- all of the musculoskeletal system, lymphatics system, and cardiovascular system
- lining of body cavities
Mesoderm
Near amniotic cavity
- integumentary system
- all of the nervous system
Ectoderm
Hypoblast
- parts of the digestive, respiratory & reproductive tract
- progesterone
Endoderm
What makes testosterone & androgen?
Interstitial cell of Leydig
Helps to promote spermatogenesis?
Sustentacular cells (nurse cells)
Prostatic glands, ejaculatory duct enter
Prostatic urethra
Passes through the urogenital diaphragm
Membranous urethra
To external urethral meatus, reciees secretions from mucous glands especially bulbourethral Cowper’s glands
Penile urethra
Contributes to 60% of the volume of semen
Seminal vesicle
Contributes to 30% of the volume of semen
Prostate gland
Source of sperm
Testes
Source of semen
Prostate & seminal vesicles
Which cells make estrogen?
Thecal cells & granulosa cells
LH spike in brain causes ovulation
Ovulation day 14
What makes progesterone?
Corpous iuteum
What causes a decline in progesterone?
Menses
1) renal sinus
2) renal cortex
3) renal pyramids
4) renal columns
5) renal lobe
6) renal papilla
7) major calyx
8) renal pelvis
Order
Produces urine
Kidney
Functional units of the kidney
Nephrons
-where urine production begins
1) Afferent arterioles
2) capillary (pushes out)
3) efferent arterioles
4) pertubular capillary (sucks in)
5) venules
Order
The amount of filtrate kidneys produce each minute
The glomerular filtration rate
-directly related to cardiac output and venous return
Urine begins at the ______ duct and down
Collecting
Volume over 500 mL triggers
Micturition reflex
Decreases DRG and increase VRG with increases CO2
Snake bite and spider bite
Respiratory/lung
Quick
Metabolic/kidney
Slow
18-20 cm
Male urethra
3-5 cm
Female urethra
There is no CO2 pick up at kidney filtrate T or F
True
What blocks albumin?
Podocytes
Function of the proximal convoluted tubule
Reabsorb food, minerals and vitamins
Descending limb of henle water return to peritublar
Fluid flows toward renal pelvis
Ascending limb of henle
Bringing back sodium and chloride
-fluid flows toward renal cortex
Internal sphincter
Autonomic
External sphincter
Voluntary
Break down protein
Urea
Breakdown muscle
Creatine
Breakdown nucleic acid
Uric acid
Capillary endothelium
Dense layer
Filtration slits
Glomerular wall
One molecule of glucose =
36 ATPs
Break down glucose in cytosol into smaller molecules used by mitochondria
-does not require oxygen
Glycolysis
Breaks 6 carbon glucose into two 3 carbon pyruvic acid (end product)
The product of one citric acid cycle =
One molecule of GTP
NADH generates ____ ATP
3 ATP
FADH2 generates ____ ATP
2 ATP
The formation of glycogen from glucose occurs slowly & requires high energy
Glycogenesis
The breakdown of glycogen, occurs quickly & involves a single enzymatic step
Glycogenolysis
End product of electron transport chain
Water and ATP
Beta oxidation yields ____ ATP for every breakdown of one 18 carbon fatty acid molecule
144 ATP
Removal of amino group by transamination & deamination requires coenzyme derivative of B6 T or F
True
Attaches amino group of amino acid to keto acid
-converts keto acid into amino acid
Transamination
Waste product (makes urea & prepares amino acid for break down in citric acid cycle) -removes amino group & hydrogen atom, reaction generates ammonium ion
Deamination
Where do fats get absorbed?
Lymphatic system
1) acetoacetate
2) acetone
3) betahydroxybutyrate
Ketone bodies
Liver cells do not catabolize ketone bodies
-peripheral cells absorb ketone bodies and reconvert to acetyl-CoA for citric acid cycle
Ketone bodies
Removal of waste products from body fluids
Defecation removes feces
About 7 liters produced & absorbed daily but very little in peritoneal fluid at one time
Peritoneal fluid
Narrow band of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in lamina propria
Muscularis muscle
Inner layer of Muscularis muscle encircles lumen
Circular muscle
Outer layer of Muscularis muscle cells parallel to tract
Longitudinal layer
Muscular movement
Myenteric plexus (Auerbach)
Digestion
Submucosal plexus
Set rhythm of contraction rate
- waves of muscular contractions
- moves bolus along the length of the digestive tract
Peristalsis
Increases absorption by the action
- churn & fragment the bolus
- mix contents with intestinal secretions
Segmentation
- does not follow set pattern
- does not push materials in any direction
Secrete pepsinogen
Chief cells
Increases hydrochloric acid output by the stomach
Gastrine
Inhibits release of gastrin
Somatostatin
Excessive CO2 build up
Respiratory acidosis
Excessive CO 2 loss
Ex. Panic attack, emotional upset, ventilator control too high
Respiratory alkalosis
Too much bicarbonate in blood
-vomiting based syndrome
Metabolic alkalosis
Lactic acidosis build up
High blood glucose
Metabolic acidosis
-administer bicarbonate
When the pH drops below normal levels, more oxygen is released- the oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve shifts to the right
-when the pH increases less oxygen is released, the curve shifts to the left
Effect of ph on hemoglobin saturation
When temperature rises more oxygen is released, the oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve shifts to the right
Effects of temperature on hemoglobin saturation
The physical movement of air in and out of respiratory tract
-provides alveolar ventilation
Pulmonary ventilation
Only a part of respiratory minute volume reaches alveolar exchange surfaces
- volume of air remaining is conducting passage is Anatomic dead space
- the amount of air reaching alveoli each minute
Alveolar ventilation
tidal volume - Anatomic dead space X respiratory rate
