Final :O !!! Flashcards
Where does the conjugation of bilirubin occur?
The liver
The compound stercobilin would be found in the:
The intestines
Where is the compound biliverdin formed?
The spleen
Where is bile stored
The gallbladder
A hemoglobin molecule is composed of :
Four protein chains and four heme groups
The stem cells that give rise to all the formed elements are
Hemocytoblasts
Which of the following is NOT a component of plasma
Platelets
Platelets are
Fragments of large megakaryocyte cells
______ are immature erythrocytes that are sometimes found in peripheral blood samples
Reticulocytes
The average lifespan of a red blood cell is
4 months
Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone:
Erythropoietin
If a person has a low blood volume, they are said to be:
Hypovolemic
The term used to describe an abnormally large red blood cell is:
Macrocytic
Blood is composed of all of the following except
1) plasma
2) formed elements
3) blood cells
4) cell fragments
5) interstitial fluid
5) interstitial fluid
The formed elements of the blood include
Blood cells
Functions of the blood include all of the following except
1) transport of nutrients and waste
2) generation of body heat
3) restrictions of fluid loss
4) body defense
5) regulation of pH and electrolyte concentration of interstitial fluids
2) generation of body heat
The chief difference between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the
Concentration of dissolved oxygen and proteins
The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are
Albumins
Over 95% of the protein in a red blood cell is
Hemoglobin
The primary function of red blood cells is to
Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body’s cells
Uric acid
Nucleic acids
Creatine
Muscle decomposition
Urobilinogen
Hemoglobin
Urea
Nitrogen compounds
______ is a condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced
Anemia
All the circulating red blood cells originate in the
Red bone marrow
Which of the following vitamins is needed for the formation of clotting factors?
Vitamin K
An elevated neutrophil count is usually indicative of
A bacterial infection
Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by the
Spleen
Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is
Recycled to the bone marrow
The process of red blood cell production is called
Erythropoiesis
The porphyrn ring of heme contains an atom of
Iron
Excess iron is stored in the liver and bone marrow in
Hemosiderin
Which of the following would you expect to see in elevated numbers in a peripheral blood sample after donating a pint of blood to the Red Cross?
Reticulocytes
A person with type A blood
Will have a transfusion reaction if given type B blood
Rh negative mothers who receive a RhoGAM injection are given that injection
To prevent the mother from producing Rh antibodies
White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are
Basophils
_____ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside of the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells
Monocytes
The white blood cells that are important in producing antibodies are
Lymphocytes
White blood cells that increase in number during an allergic reaction or in response to parasitic infections are
Eosinophils
Universal donor
O-
Universal recipient
AB+
Rh factor
D antigen
Antibodies
Immunoglobulins
The most abundant component of plasma is
Water
A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is
Fibrinogen
The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the
Release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium
The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by
Sticking of platelets to damaged tissue
The common pathway of coagulation begins with the
Conversion of factor X to prothrombinase
Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if
An Rh negative mother carries an Rh positive fetus
Which of the following statements about blood is false
Cells in blood comprise the formed elements
The total volume of blood in the body of a 76 kg man is approximately ______ liters
5.3
Branches off the aortic arch include
The left subclavian artery
Capillaries with an incomplete lining are called
Fenestrated capillaries
Which of these structures carry blood to the right atrium
Coronary sinus
Branches of the thoracic aorta include all of the following except the _____ arteries
Gastric
The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the _____ arteries
Carotid
The cardiac output is equal to
The product of heart rate and stroke volume
The blood supply to the luna include
1) the bronchial artistes
2) the pulmonary artery
The artery on the thumb side of the wrist is
Radial artery
The artery on the pinky side of the wrist is
Ulnar artery
The terminal branch of the internal carotid artery is
The vertebral artery
Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the
Lungs
Pulmonary veins carry blood to the
Left atrium
In which of the following blood vessels would elastic fibers be present in the greatest amounts
Large arteries
Which tunic contains most of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel?
Tunica media
The two vertebral arteries fuse to form a large artery the
Circle of Willis
After blood leaves the capillaries it enters the
Venules
Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers?
Tunica externa
Each of the following artistes contributes to the circle of Willis expect one. Identify the exception
Basilar artery
A branch of the aorta that supplies the liver, stomach and spleen is the
Celiac trunk
Given the following blood vessels chose the arrangement that lists blood vessels in the order an erythrocyte passes through them as it leaves the heart travels to tissue and returns to the heart
1) elastic artery
2) muscular artery
3) arteriolar
4) capillary
5) Venule
6) vein
Comparing and contrasting arteries and veins, veins have ____, arteries do not
Valves
Which vessels carry oxygen rich blood?
Inferior vena cava & pulmonary veins
Choose the arrangement that lists the vessels in order going from the aorta to the right hand:
1) Brachiocephalic artery
2) subclavian artery
3) axillary artery
4) brachial artery
5) radial artery
The pacemaker cells of the heart are located in the
SA node
As blood travels from the aorta toward the capillaries the
Diameter of the blood vessels increase
The visceral pericardium is the same as the
Epicardium
Baroreceptors that function in the regulation of blood pressure are located in the
Common iliac artery
During isovplumetric phase of ventricular systole the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are
Closed
The number of action potentials per minute spontaneously generated by the AV node
Greatest action potential
The bicuspid or mitral valve is located
Between the left atrium and left ventricle
The entrance to the ascending aorta is guarded by the ____ valve
Semilunar
The marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch are branches of the
Left coronary artery
The circumflex branch and the anterior descending artery are branches of the
Right coronary artery
The atrioventricular valve that is located on the side of the heart that receives the superior vena cava is the _______ valve
Pulmonary semilunar
Blood leaving the right ventricle enters the
Pulmonary trunk
Depolarization of the ventricle is represented on an electrocardiogram by the
QRS complex
The period of ventricular filling will correspond to
Ventricular systole
The plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to
The calcium channels remaining open longer than the sodium channels
The sequence of an action potential would move through this system
1) AV node
2) AV bundle
3) SA node
4) bundle branches
5) purkinje cells
The T wave on an ECG tracing represents
Ventricular re polarization
Correct order for the flow of blood entering from systemic circulation
1) vena cava
2) right atrium
3) right ventricle
4) pulmonary veins
5) pulmonary trunk
6) left atrium
7) left ventricle
8) aorta
The cuspid valves open when
The ventricular pressure exceeds the atrial pressure
The semilunar valves close when
Ventricular filling begins
The resistance that must be overcome for blood ejection
After load
The stretch before contraction
Preload
The actual muscular action
Contractility
Action potentials pass from one cardiac muscle cell to another
Through gap junctions
During the transmission of action potentials through the conducting system of the heart there is a temporary delay at the
Purkinje fibers
The breakdown of glucose to two pyruvic acid molecules
- requires the I out of two ATP molecules
- produces two NADH molecules
- does not require oxygen
Glycolysis
Anaerobic respiration occurs in the _______ of oxygen and produces ______ energy for the cell than aerobic respiration
Absence; less
The portion of the digestive tract which digestion begins
Oral cavity
During deglutition
The swallowing center in the medulla oblongata is activated
The stomach
Has large folds in the submucosa and mucosa called rugae
Surface mucous cells
Produce mucus
Parietal cells
Produce hydrochloric acid
Endocrine cells
Produce regulatory hormones
Creates the acid condition necessary for pepsin to work
HCl
What hormone stimulates stomach secretion
Gastrin
Which structures release digestive enzymes in the small intestine?
Absorptive cells
Receives blood from the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
-empties into the central veins
Hepatic sinusoids
The aqueous component of pancreatic secretions
Contains bicarbonate ions
A molecule that moves electrons from the Citrix acid cycle to the electron transport chain is:
NADH
The production of ATP molecules by the electron transport chain is accompanied by the synthesis of
Water
The carbon dioxide you breathe out comes from
The food you eat
Stored primarily as triglycerides
Lipids
Converted into urea in the liver
Ammonia
The conversion of amino acids and glycerol into glucose is called:
Gluconeogenesis
What takes place during the absorptive state?
Glucose is converted into days
Defense of the body against a particular bacteria or virus is provided by
Nonspecific immunity
The effects of activating the complement system include
Destruction of target cell membranes
Stimulation of inflammation
Attracting phagocytes to a given area
Opsonization
The classic pathway of complement fixation occurs when
Cl binds to an antibody attached to an antigen
The superior sagittal sinus collects blood from the
Brain
The vessel that receives blood from the head, neck, chest, shoulders and arms is the
Superior vena cava
The fusion of the Brachiocephalic veins forms the
Superior vena cava
The two common iliac veins form the
Inferior vena cava
Nutrients from the digestive tract enter the
Hepatic portal vein
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
Thoracic duct
The thoracic duct drains lymph from the
- left side of the head
- left side of the thorax
- left arm and shoulder
- body regions below the diaphragm
Lies behind the sternum in the anterior mediastinum
- reaches it’s greatest size relative to body size during the first to second year of life
- undergoes involution after puberty
- produces T cells
Thymus gland
Class 2 molecules are found only attached to which of the following?
Lymphocytes and macrophages
The major histocompatibility complex is a:
Group of genes that codes for human leukocyte antigens
C5-C9 is the complement cascade functions as:
Killing structure
The respiratory membrane consists primarily of
Simple squamous epithelium
A decrease in which population of lymphocytes would impair all aspects of an immune response?
Helper T cells
Properidin factors B & D
Activated when there is no prior exposure
Alternate pathway
Properidin factors B & D
C1 binding to antibody
Classical pathway
C3B
Opsonization
Associated with the hilus
Efferent vessels
Enters the capsule
Afferent vessels & arterioles/venules
An inflammatory response is triggered when
Mast cells release histamine, serotonin & heparin
The release of interleukin 1 by active macrophages would
Produce a fever
Immunity that is genetically determined and is parent at birth
Innate immunity
Immunity that results from the natural exposure to an antigen in the environment is called
Active immunity
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called
Natural passive immunity
In active immunization:
The body is deliberately exposed to an antigen
The specificity of an antibody is determined by the
Variable region
Trachea
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells
Oropharynx
Stratified squamous epithelium
Nasal mucosa
Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells
Respiratory bronchioles
Simple squamous epithelium
The superficial veins of the forearm drain into the
Cephalic & basilic veins
The largest collection of lymphatic tissue in the adult body is located in the
Spleen
Drives O2 delivery on the arteriolar side of the capillary
Blood hydrostatic pressure
Drives CO2 pickup on the venule side of the capillary
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Tends to have limited contribution to gas exchange in normal individuals
Tissue hydrostatic pressure
The cells responsible for the production of circulating antibodies are
Plasma cells
Lymphocytes that attack foreign cells or body cells infected with viruses are ____ cells
Cytotoxic T
Stem cells that will form T cells are modified in the
Thymus
The medullary cords of a lymph node contain _____ cells
B
What is not a physical barrier to infection
Complement
Right leg
Thoracic duct
Abdomen
Thoracic duct
Right arm
Right thoracic duct
Left arm
Thoracic duct
Macrophage
Phagocytosis
T cytotoxic
Chemical dumping
T - NK
Chemical dumping
In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen the antigen must
Bind to a specific receptors on the lymphocyte membrane
Immunoglobulins that attacks to mast cells and basophils and are involved in allergic reactions
IgE
The portal vein is formed from
The superior mesenteric and splenic veins
Superficial veins in the arm include
The basilic and Cephalic veins
Immunoglobulins that are composed of five single molecules joined together and are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection
IgM
Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions
IgA
The only antibodies that normally cross the placenta are
IgG
