Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 215 > Test 3 Review > Flashcards

Test 3 Review Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe a redox reaction. Identify the species undergoing oxidation and those undergoing reduction in such reaction.

A

Oxidation- species losing electrons (H)
Reduction - species gaining electrons (H)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain why metabolic pathways are comprised of many, small steps from reactants to products rather than just one large step.

A

It’s many steps so that it can be slowed and controlled reaction. If it was in one big step it would result in just a burst of unusable energy, like an explosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain the roles of electron carriers in the cell and describe their general structure

A

NAD+/NADH(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide): oxidized form (+charge) with H from food is reduced to produce reduced form. Or reduced form (no charge) is oxidized to produce oxidized form and H
FAD/FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide): oxidized from with phosphate bridge with H is reduced. Vice versa. Free energy released during transfer of H+/e- is used to drive ATP synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Provide an overview of the process of aerobic respiration and where events are taking place

A

Aerobic respiration is the total process by which food molecules are ultimately oxidized by cells, using oxygen
C6H12O6+ 6O2——>6CO2+6H2O+ Energy(ATP), where the glucose is oxidized to CO2 and the oxygen is reduced to H2O.
Glycolysis-cytoplasm
Citric acid cycle- mitochondrial matrix
Oxidative phosphorylation- mitochondrion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the glycolysis pathway

A

2 ATP are turned into ADP to catabolize glucose. 4 ATP and 2 NADH (+2H+) are produced, as are 2 pyruvate and 2 H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the energy investment phase in the glycolytic pathway ?

A

ATP is required in order to prepare and prime the phosphorylated intermediates. Then there is cleavage into 3 carbon sugars (triose): glyceraldehyde(trialdose) and DHA(ketotriose).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the energy pay off phase in the glycolytic pathway ?

A

Organic molecules are oxidized (G3P), then ATP is produced and pyruvate is formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the fate of pyruvate in both aerobic and anaerobic environments

A

Aerobic: pyruvate turns into Acetyl CoA(mitochondria) and enters the citric acid cycle
Anaerobic: either ethanol or lactate fermentation occurs (cytosol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an obligate aerobe?

A

An organism/cell that requires oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an obligate anaerobe?

A

An organism/cell that can’t use oxygen and it’s poisonous to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe?

A

An organism/cell that can survive with or without oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe in detail the structure of the mitochondria. Explain how this structure is related to its functions

A

-outer and highly folded inner membrane (cristae)
- inter membrane space and matrix
-found in almost all eukaryotes
-# varies p/cell (500+ in liver,50 in less active)
- localized to regions of high metabolic activity (contraction in muscle cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Provide an overview of aerobic respiration. Describe specifically where all the events are taking place

A

-fuel molecules (organic) are oxidized to inorganic molecules to produce usable energy
- C6H12O6——->6O2+6H2O + Energy (ATP)
- Free energy released during electron transfer used to drive ATP synthesis
- Glycolysis : cytoplasm
- Citric Acid Cycle : mitochondrial matrix
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: inner mitochondrial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe PDH and the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate by PDH

A

-before entering TCA, pyruvate is oxidized by pyruvate dehydrogenase
-large multimeric quaternary protein complex several enzymes(3), coenzymes and regulatory proteins
1) catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate (removes CO2)
2) pyruvate is oxidized ; NAD+ is reduced to NADH
3) remaining carbon (acetate) attached to coenzyme A—> acetyl CoA (thioester bond)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the form and fate of the carbons in the Kreb cycle

A

Acetyl CoA (2C) + oxaloacetate ( 4C; 1st acceptor) —-> Citrate (6C) (1st intermediate)
-2CO2s released p/cycle
- electron carriers are reduced
-1 ATP p/ cycle via substrate level phosphorylation
- inputs : 2 Acetyl p/ glucose
- net result ; 3 NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH, releases 2CO2
- turns twice for each molecule of glucose ( 4 CO2 released p/ glucose other 2 in PDH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain the role of Coezyme A in aerobic respiration. Does it take place in the Kreb’s cycle ?

A

-combines with acetate to form Acetyl CoA
- no it takes place before Kreb’s cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain the driving force behind electron movement through the electron transport chain. What drives the concomitant movement of protons across the IMM?

A

Electrons are transferred energetically downhill. Free E released by the movement of electrons through the ETC is coupled to the transport of portions into the inter membrane space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain how membrane structure is related to membrane function in chemiosmosis

A

The phospholipid bilayer. If the electron carriers (proteins ) weren’t there, it wouldn’t happen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation ?

A

Formation of ATP via direct transfer of phosphate group from a phosphorylated substrate to ADP
Mechanism is very different from oxidative phosphorylation
Happens during glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation ?

A

Formation of ATP via oxygen dependent electron transport
Process is driven by an electrochemical gradient formed using free E released during electron transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Summarize the net ATP yield from the oxidation of glucose ion aerobic respiration. Compare that to the net ATP yield from glycolysis alone

A

Glycolysis : 2 ATP
Aerobic Respiration: 36-38 ATP
-2 from glycolysis
-2 from Kreb’s cycle
- 32-34 from oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the pathways of alcoholic fermentation and lactate( lactic acid) fermentation. Explain why fermentation is necessary

A

Formation still produces ATP even if oxygen isn’t present. It also allows the electron carriers like NADH to drool off their H someplace, so they can do their job again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Explain why fermentation is important economically

A

It helps make cheese yogurt, beer, wine, nail polish, vinegar…ect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Compare the cellular processes of fermentation and aerobic respiration. Speculate on the types of cells/organism that carry out these processes

A

Cellular respiration: eukaryotes
Fermentation: Bacteria and smaller organisms (yeast)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The big picture of chemotrophs energy metabolism by linking together the processes of glycolysis, kreb’s cycle, ETC and oxidative phosphorylation

A

Basically if we break down 1 molecule of glucose for energy, it’s turned to 2 pyruvate and the Kreb’s cycle runs twice, netting 36-38 atp aerobically. Fermentation occurre in the cytosol. Glycolysis occurs, then NADH reduces the pyruvate to make lactate. For alcohols, the carboxyl group is cleaved off pyruvate, releasing CO2, then it’s reduced to make ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In glycolysis, what happens to glucose in order to produce two pyruvate molecules ?
A) anabolic process
B) catabolic process

A

B) catabolic process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In glycolysis, glucose is …. And the overall process is ……..
A) reduced, exergonic
B) reduced, endergonic
C) oxidized, exergonic
D)oxidized,endergonic

A

C) oxidized, exergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

NAD+ is the …. Form of NADH
A) oxidized
B) reduced

A

A) oxidized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

During glycolysis, electrons/ protons are ….. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) by NAD+, thereby….. G3P
A) donated to , oxidizing
B) removed from , oxidizing
C) donated to, reducing
D) removed from , reducing

A

B) removed from , oxidizing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA involves the enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Based on the name of this enzyme complex, what happens to pyruvate ?
A) it is reduced
B)it is oxidized
C) water is removed
D) water is added
E)none of the above

A

B)it is oxidized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

PDH is a large multimeric complex. What is the highest level of protein structure in PDH?

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
E) not enough information given

A

D) quaternary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Citrate, the first intermediate of the citric acid cycle, will have …. Carbons
A) 2
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
E) 8

A

D) 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The acceptor molecule, oxaloacetate, is regenerated in one full turn of the citric acid cycle. How many CO2 molecules are therefore released during each turn of the cycle ?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

A

B)2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How many times will the TCA cycle turn per each glucose molecule ?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 6

A

B) 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Per glucose, how many molecules of CO2 are released from the TCA cycle ?
A) 6
B) 4
C) 3
D) 2
E) 1

A

B) 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Electrons will spontaneously flow from complexes with …. electronegativity (EN) to complexes with ….. electronegativity (EN)?
A) greater; lower
B) lower; greater
C) neither of the above. EN differences don’t influence movement of electrons

A

B) lower; greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

When electrons are transferred to a more electronegative molecule, what happens ?
A) the more electronegative molecule is reduced, and energy is consumed
B) the more electronegative molecule is oxidized, and energy is consumed
C) the more electronegative molecule is reduced , and energy is released
D) the more electronegative molecule is oxidized, and energy is released
E) the more electronegative molecule is reduced and entropy decreases

A

C) the more electronegative molecule is reduced , and energy is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How does a low pH correspond to [H+]
A) low pH= low [H+]
B) low pH= high [H+]
C) pH doesn’t indicate anything about [H+]

A

B) low pH= high [H+]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Free E released by the movement of electrons through the ETC is coupled to the transport of protons into the inter membrane space. This means the pH of the matrix is …… then the pH of the inter membrane space
A) higher
B) lower
C) the same

A

A) higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

If the spontaneous movement of electrons is coupled to the transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), what mechanism is being used to transport the protons?
A) simple diffusion
B) facilitated diffusion
C) osmosis
D) active transport
E) exocytosis

A

D) active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Protons will move from the inter membrane space into the matrix by which type of transport mechanism ?
A) diffusion
B) facilitated diffusion
C) active transport
D) osmosis
E) exocytosis

A

B) facilitated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

During fermentation , pyruvate is …….. by NADH
A) oxidized
B) reduced
C) neither oxidized nor reduced

A

B) reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Imagine the following molecules start to accumulate inside of the cell. A high concentration of which molecule will positively regulate glycolysis ?
A) Acetyl CoA
B) citrate
C) ATP
D) AMP
E) more than one of the above

A

D) AMP

44
Q

An accumulation of NADH will ……..regulate the citric acid cycle
A) positively
B) negatively

A

B) negatively

45
Q

Under low oxygen levels, our muscle cells carry out……
A) glycolysis
B) lactate fermentation
C) ethanol fermentation
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

A

D) both A and B

46
Q

Describe the molecular biology/ chemistry involved in yogurt production

A
  1. Fermentation produces lactic acid (lactate)
  2. The acid changes the pH of milk, changing the protein structure; leading to its denaturation and coagulation( its consistency changes )
47
Q

Describe the Warburg effect

A

Cancer cells consume more glucose compared to normal cells, so they have high levels of lactate (even in the presence of O2) . Cancer cells use much more glucose in order to obtain ATP because they use fermentation( likely due to inadequate blood supply)

48
Q

How can the Warburg effect be used in the study of cancer ?

A

FDG-PET imaging can detect high amounts of lactate to help diagnoses and determine stages of cancer

49
Q

What is PDG-PET?

A

(2-deoxy-2-)fluoro-D-glucose PET scan; metabolic scan
A imaging technique that attached a radioactive atom to glucose to create fluorodeoxyglucose(FDG). Since the body uses glucose for its metabolism. FDG is widely used in PET scanning

50
Q

Explain how glucose is labeled for use as a tracer molecule

A

It’s used to follow the fate of biochemical intermediates in metabolic studies
Relies on the existence of naturally occurring isotopes of common elements

51
Q

Explain how alternative carbohydrate (ie other than glucose ) and other organic molecules (eg glycerol) are metabolized and from where are they derived

A

Metabolic pathways are controlled by feedback regulation: intermediates and/or products are used to provide feedback information

  • If products of the pathway are consumed, the path continues to supply products.
  • If products start to build up, accumulation signals to stop or slow down supply.
52
Q

Analyze the regulatory effects of different molecules on glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle

A

In Glycolysis:

  • High concentrations of acetyl CoA, citrate, and ATP will tell cells that energy needs are met and demands have decreased.
  • A high concentration of AMP will positively regulate glycolysis as it suggests the cell is actively consuming energy and more ATP is necessary.

In Krebs cycle:

  • Accumulation of NADH, Acetyl CoA, and ATP will negatively regulate TCA because it is not actively being used so the cell has met energy demands.
  • A high concentration of AMP/ADP, NAD+, and CoA will positively regulate TCA as it suggests the cell is actively consuming energy and more ATP is necessary.
53
Q

Describe the Cori cycle. Describe the abnormal conditions that occur when the Corri cycle takes place

A

Occurs under strenuous activity: high metabolic activity but low oxygen concentration

  • Muscle cells catabolize glycogen: pyruvate enters lactate fermentation
  • Lactate travels to liver through cardiovascular system
  • Liver converts lactate into glucose via gluconeogenesis
  • Glucose enters bloodstream
  • There is a net consumption of ATP to run the Cori cycle: cannot happen indefinitely
54
Q

Glucose stored in our bodies in the form of…..for our short-term energy reserves
A) glycogen
B) starch
C) chitin
D) peptidoglycan
E) hyaluronic acid

A

A) glycogen

55
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate is the 2nd glycolytic intermediate. A build up of glucose-6-phosphate would indicate the energy needs of the cell ……. Being met and the glycogen synthesis pathway (glycogenesis) …. be initiated
A) are; will
B) are; will not
C) are not; will
D) are not ; will not

A

A) are; will

56
Q

If [ATP] increases in a cell, one consequence is that phosphoglucomutase will catalyze the conversion to ……

A

Glucose-1-P

57
Q

A fatty acid 18 carbons long would go through ….. B-oxidation cycles
A) 3
B) 6
C) 8
D) 9
E) 18

A

C) 8

58
Q

How are proteins catabolized?
A) hydrolysis of peptide bonds
B) dehydration of peptide bonds
C) hydrogenation of hydrogen bond
D) hydrolysis of hydrogen bonds
E) dehydration of ionic bonds

A

A) hydrolysis of peptide bonds

59
Q

What happens to CO2 during photosynthesis?
CO2 +2H2O—-> [CH2O] + O2
A) it gets oxidized
B) it gets reduced
C) it gets decarboxylated
D) it gets carboxylated
E) it gets released as O2

A

B) it gets reduced

60
Q

Carbon dioxide is ‘fixed’ in the carbon assimilation reactions of photosynthesis. This means that carbon dioxide is … to form carbohydrates
A) oxidized
B) reduced
C) not enough information given

A

B) reduced

61
Q

When a photo-excited pigment fluoresces, is the wavelength of the fluorescent light longer or shorter than the wavelength of absorbed light ?

A

Longer

62
Q

In the ETC of the mitochondria, electrons travel spontaneously from molecules with …..electronegativity to molecules with ….. electronegativity
A) higher, lower
B) lower, higher
C) equal, equal

A

B) lower, higher

63
Q

Regarding glucose usage by the cell, describe the scenarios that would result in glycolysis compared to glycogenesis, and vice versa.

A

Uses glycolysis when the cell has a source of glucose and needs energy.
Uses glycogenesis when the cell doesn’t have a source of glucose and needs energy

64
Q

Explain the specifically the role of phosphoglucomutase in glucose metabolism

A

Coverts glucose 6 phosphate and glucose 1 phosphate back and forth

65
Q

Outline the general fate of food molecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates)

A

Proteins can go anywhere depending on the amino acid. Carbs go through glycolysis. Fats(glycerol) goes to glycolysis and are converted to pyruvate, but fats(fatty acids) go through beta oxidation, and they are converted to pyruvate that way

66
Q

Describe the catabolism of triglycerides

A

Triglycerides are catabolized through hydrolysis, in which fatty acids and glycerol are released
Fatty acids go through beta oxidation
Glycerol gets converted into useable glucose (G3P) for citric acid cycle

67
Q

Describe the proceeds of beta oxidation of fatty acids. How many rounds are required for given fatty acid?

A

You add the coenzyme A part on, the you oxidize (FADH2), they you hydrate, then you oxidize again, then you cut the CoA off. How ever many rounds till you only heave 2 carbons left

68
Q

Explain why fats contain more extraditable energy per gram compared to carbohydrates or proteins

A

They are more reduced, higher energy

69
Q

Describe the catabolism of proteins . Differentiate between endoproteases and exoproteases.

A

Endoproteases can only lyse polypeptides from within it. Exo can only lyse the terminals (N,C)

70
Q

What is a photoautotroph?

A

Organism that use solar energy to produce organic molecules from inorganic CO2

71
Q

What are photoheterotrophs ?

A

Organism that acquire energy from sunlight, but require organic sources of carbon

72
Q

Differentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs

A

Autotrophs convert inorganic to organic
Heterotrophs convert organic to inorganic

73
Q

What is oxygenic photosynthesis?

A

It includes oxygen, water is oxidized(e donor), seen in plants algae, Cyanobacteria

74
Q

What is anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A

Without oxygen, something other than water is the e donor, see in purple sulfur bacteria, heliobacteria

75
Q

Explain why the evolution of photosynthesis was so important in the organismal evolution?

A

The evolution of photosynthesis was so important because it produced oxygen. This allowed for the buildup of oxygen in the atmosphere, allowing organism to evolve towards aerobic respiration, allowing for more complex life forms

76
Q

Describe in detail the structure and function of the chloroplast

A

Relatively large organelle ( 5-10 um)
3 membrane spaces
Inner membrane contains the stroma, a gel-like matrix where the Calvin cycle and other processes take place
Also contains thylakoids (3rd membrane system) which are flat, saclike structures located in the stroma

77
Q

Describe in general the 2 main stages of photosynthesis

A

1) energy transduction reactions
Light reactions
Light driven (movement of e) reactions
Produces ATP and NADPH
Release of O2

2) carbon assimilation reactions
Dark reactions ( still occurs during the day just doesn’t require light energy)
CO2 is fixed into carbohydrates using the products of light reactions

78
Q

Describe the structure of the chlorophyll molecule

A

Green pigment molecule
Contains a porphyrin ring with alternating double/single bonds
Capable of capturing and transferring light energy
Contains a phytol side chain that is hydrophobic. This allows anchoring to the thylakoid membrane

79
Q

Describe the accessory pigments used by phototropic organisms

A

Cartenoids: yellow,orange
Phycobilin: blue
Phycoerythrin: red

80
Q

Explain how light energy is absorbed by the different plant pigments to generate the colors we see

A

When light is absorbed, those colors are not shown. The wavelengths of the light that are reflected are the ones that are not absorbed pigment molecules selectively absorb certain wavelengths and reflect others

81
Q

Describe the biochemical changes that give rise to fall leaf color

A

Chlorophyll is the main pigment in plants that produces the green color. Chlorophyll is sensitive to changes in light and temperature. When the seasons change and these conditions change, chlorophyll denatures, allowing other, previously masked pigments, to give rise, in changin temps and light conditions, biosynthesis of chlorophyll decreases

82
Q

Explain the possible fates of photoexcited electrons

A

Photoexcited es can either
Return to their ground state and produce fluorescent light ( linger wavelength than absorbed light)
Transfer to more stable molecules

83
Q

Describe the two photosystems used in photosynthesis. Explain how the structure of the photosystems is designed to funnel light energy to the reaction centers. Describe the “special pair” of chlorophyll molecules found in each reaction center.

A

Photosystems are large macromolecular complexes containing chlorophylls, accessory pigments, and proteins. They are localized the thylakoid membrane
PSII: P680 (max absorption wavelength of 680 nm)
PSI: P700 (max absorption wavelength of 700nm)
Light E is absorbed by these photosystems and is funneled to the reaction center via resonance energy transfers

84
Q

Where is ATP synthesis taking place( photophosphorylation)?
A) stroma
B) thylakoid lumen

A

A) stroma

85
Q

True or false ? Electrons are transported to ATP synthase at the end of the electron transport chain.

A

False

86
Q

Water is …. In photosynthesis
A) reduced
B) oxidized

A

B) oxidized

87
Q

The most direct E source for ATP synthesis during photo phosphorylation is
A) movement of electrons between photo systems
B) oxidation of water
C) oxidation of NADPH
D) absorption of photons by chlorophyll
E) electrochemical H+ gradient against thylakoid membrane

A

E) electrochemical H+ gradient against thylakoid membrane

88
Q

The carbon that enters the Calvin cycle is …… as it moves through the Calvin cycle, it’s gets…..
A) organic ; reduced
B) inorganic ; reduced
C) organic ; oxidized
D) inorganic ; oxidized

A

B) inorganic ; reduced

89
Q

1, 3-bisphophate glycerate, the second Calvin Cycle intermediate, is …. By NADPH
A) oxidized
B) reduced

A

B) reduced

90
Q

True or False? The oxygen liberated during photosynthesis is derived from CO2

A

False

91
Q

Describe the process of photophosphorylation.

A

-occurs in the stroma
-active proton transport is coupled to the electron transport chain
-H+ concentration becomes higher in the thylakoid region (lower pH)
-once the gradient is established, H+ flows through ATP synthase and gets phosphorylated into ATP

92
Q

Compare and contrast electron transport during aerobic respiration and photosynthesis.

A

In respiration, the final e- acceptor is O2
-in photosynthesis, the final e- acceptor is NADP+ which is converted into NADPH (exergonic reaction)

93
Q

Compare and contrast chemiosmosis (i.e. ATP production) during oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and photophosphorylation in chloroplasts.

A

-In respiration, protons flow from the intermembrane space to the matrix
-in photosynthesis, protons flow from the stroma to the thylakoid membrane to generate a gradient, and then flow down their gradient through ATP synthase into the stroma for ATP synthesis

94
Q

Describe the structure/function of a leaf. What are the stomata and guard cells? Describe their structure/function.

A

Stomata: pores in plant surfaces that are surrounded by specific guard cells in the leaves and stems of plants
Guard cells regulate gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere

95
Q

From where is the CO2 derived that is fixed in the Calvin Cycle?

A

it is derived from the atmosphere. It is taken up through the stomata and enters carbon assimilation reactions

96
Q

Summarize the reactions of the Calvin cycle, specifically the three phases, and describe changes that occur in the carbon skeletons of intermediates.

A

Fixation:
-CO2 is combined with Rubisco (RuBP; 5C) to produce a certain number of 3 carbon intermediates
Reduction:
-using the products of light reactions (ATP and NADPH), the 3 carbon intermediates are phosphorylated and reduced. This generates 6 trios phosphates and one leaves for the synthesis of organic molecules
Regeneration:
-5 trios phosphates remain in the cycle to be used as rubisco again at the start

97
Q

Describe the role of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle.

A

-NADPH is used to generate the trios phosphates through reduction
-ATP is used to convert trios phosphates back into rubisco

98
Q

Link together the processes of photoreduction, photophosphorylation and carbon fixation generate a complete picture of phototrophic energy conversion (i.e. photosynthesis). Your description should include the subcellular locations of the events involved.

A

-Photoreduction: NADP⁺ accepts final e⁻ and reduces to NADPH in the thylakoid membrane
-Photophosphorylation: e⁻ passed through ETC in the thylakoid membrane
-ATP is generated by chemiosmosis (transfer from the thylakoid membrane to the stroma)
-Carbon fixation: CO₂ is reduced into carbs using products from light reactions (NADPH & ATP)

99
Q

An electron loses potential energy when it
A) shifts to a less electronegative atom
B) shifts to a more electronegative atom

A

B) shifts to a more electronegative atom

100
Q

Identify all the correct statements about the basic functions of fermentation
A) the basic function of fermentation is the production of additional ATP by further oxidation of the products of glycolysis
B) the basic function of fermentation is the production of ethyl alcohol or lactic acid
C) the basic function of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+, which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis

A

C) the basic function of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+, which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis

101
Q

In muscle cells, fermentation produces
A) CO2, ethanol, and NAD+
B) CO2, ethanol, NADH, and ATP
C) lactate and NAD+
D) pyruvate
E) lactate, NADH, and ATP

A

C) lactate and NAD+

102
Q

In fermentation… is reduced and… is oxidized
A) NAD+, pyruvate
B) NADH, lactate
C) lactate, NADH
D) lactate, ethanol
E) pyruvate, NADH

A

E) pyruvate, NADH

103
Q

Among the products of glycolysis, which compounds contain energy that can be used by other biological reactions?
A) ATP and NADH only
B) ATP only
C) CO2 only
D) O2 only
E) NADH only
F) pyruvate and ATP only
G) ATP, pyruvate and NADH

A

G) ATP, pyruvate and NADH

104
Q

The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells is
A) oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O
B) the thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of ADP
C) the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers
D) the final transfer of electrons to oxygen
E) diffusion of protons through ATP synthase across the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

E) diffusion of protons through ATP synthase across the inner mitochondrial membrane

105
Q

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen is present or absent?
A) oxidative phosphorylation
B) electron transport
C) the citric acid cycle
D) glycolysis
E) chemiosmosis

A

D) glycolysis

106
Q

During aerobic respiration water is formed. Where does the oxygen atom for the formation of the water come from?
A) carbon dioxide
B) molecular oxygen
C) pyruvate
D) lactate
E) glucose

A

B) molecular oxygen

BIO 215 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions