Test 3: Politics Flashcards
Breakdown theory
rebel when traditional norms, expectations and patterns of behaviour are disrupted
(high economy, wage=increased expectation)
(depression, natural disaster), ppl get fewer rewards
Resource mobilization theory
rebel when they have access to the material and organizational means to do so
•Most of ppl who first join were already part of a social organization
Framing theory
rebel when social movement leaders make activities, ideas and goals congruent with the interests, beliefs and values of potential movement recruits
•When leaders can articulate ideas that resonate with public
Relative Deprivation as Cause of Rebellion
- intolerable gap betw social rewards they think they deserve + expect to receive
- most likely to rebel against authority when rising expectations + sudden decline in social rewards
Resource Mobilization Theory
- only when can get means necessary to challenge authority
- capacity to forge strong social ties
- jobs, money, arms, and access to means of spreading their ideas
Egypt 2011: Demonstrators were more likely than were sympathetic bystanders to
- pre-existing ties to civic associations: tended to be involved in various charities, unions, basis
- structurally available: urban where ppl are, M tend to be in public sphere, single, married ppl not able to risk their lives because they have a family to worry about
Egypt 2011: Demonstrators were more likely than were sympathetic bystanders to
- Rely on new media: meet + warn each other, communicate
4. relatively deprived:most opposed to national gov
Egypt 2012: Won by movement that framed election using culturally resonant symbols and values
Muslim Brotherhood won the 2012 presidential election using anti-Western + religious symbols + ideas to attract a plurality of voters
•appealed to rural folk, religious folk, poor folk
•won because they framed their appeals using cultural ideals to ppl most inclined to receive their ideas
Voter Turnout, Canadian Federal Elections
fell 19.5 percent from 1958 to 2011 and will drop below 50 percent in 2041 if current trends continue
fewer young people vote than in the past
•higher education=higher propensity to vote
•Canadians become increasingly apathetic to politics, especially younger adults
Political Donations and Cynicism by Income, Canada, 2008
- More rich ppl think that the party in power makes a diff
- poor more cynical + think they don’t think they care
- Wealthier ppl contribute more money + more likely to contact their member of parliament, involved in political campaign, more likely to run for office
- Wealth based inequality in voting
Percent of Canadians Who Have Taken Part or Would be Willing to Take Part in a Demonstration
- Bigger % of ppl are engaged in activism
- Young ppl are looking for other ways in expressing their political ideas
- Ppl are increasingly apathetic, cynical, but only apathetic + cynical about mainstream politics
LEFT
Supports extensive government involvement in the economy;
a strong social safety net of health, education and welfare benefits to help the less well-off;
equal rights for women and racial and sexual minorities;
environmental protection by regulation.
RIGHT
Supports minimal government involvement in economy
small welfare state;
individual initiative in stimulating economic growth
traditional social and moral values
free market approach to environ
believes economy grows quickly so everyone’s position to rise
Left vs Right: Canadian Federal Parties, 2011
- 60.4% were left wing
* predict more left wing activism
Major Characteristics of Canadian Democracy Today
Widespread political apathy and cynicism
Large, persistent, wealth-based inequalities in political influence and political participation
Growing activism on the left
Consequences of Working Class Power in 18 Rich Countries, 1946–76
- more unionized workforce in more socialist parties
- wealth more evenly distributed in socialist
- % of poor smaller in socialist
Consequences of Working Class Power in 18 Rich Countries, 1946–76
•party in power matters
•left wing greater distribution of power, less ppl rich, less ppl poor
leftish drift in Canadian politics, activism, leftward drift
War
-violent, armed conflict between politically distinct groups who fight to protect or increase their control of territory
•means of trying to get more stuff, access to territory + resource
•5600 years of written history, roughly billion soldiers 2 billion bystanders
•overtime more destructive, more sophisticated technology, improved killing
War
between countries (interstate war) special type: colonial war - colony engaging in armed conflict with imperial power to gain independence within countries (civil or societal war)
Active Violent Conflicts, 1946-2009
- interstate wars not common + less common over time
- civil wars increasing over time
- we only pay attention to wars we are more involved in, interstate wars with close involvement
- more carnage in civil wars
Type of Government by Income Category
Democracy = rule by the citizenry
autocracy = absolute rule by a single person or party
intermediate = some democracy + some of autocracy (e.g., no institutional checks on presidential power)
Civil war most common poor countries with intermediate forms of government
Type of Government by Income Category
- more democracy in richer countries
- in autocracy: ppl may not be happy, but there is substantial control over pop
- in democracy: most ppl recorgnize gov has legitimate authority
- intermediate: little legitimacy, less control, little stability: poor + little autocracy + democracy leads to increased likelihood for civil war
Forms of Modern Warfare, 1700-1945
modern state: increasingly monopolized the means of coercion
-monarch group, bringing together autonomous groups + control them, individual particularities wiped out
regional, ethnic + religious wars declined, interstate warfare became the norm
Forms of Modern Warfare, 1700-1945
•monopolized armies + weapons
•more ppl got killed once organized central armies
while conflict became more deadly, civilian life was pacified
Changing Form of Warfare since World War II
fewer interstate wars + more civil wars, guerilla wars, massacres, terrorist attacks + instances of attempted ethnic cleansing + genocide perpetrated by militias, mercenaries, paramilitaries, suicide bombers
Changing Form of Warfare since World War II
-Large-scale violence has increasingly affect civilian rather than military populations
•90% of war casualties civilians
Why Warfare Changed after World War II
Decolonization + separatist movements doubled # of weak, independent states in world
•didn’t have central gov that could control whole pop
•resulted in intrastate warfare because of weakness state
Arbitrary borders by colonists created conflict
Why Warfare Changed after World War II
USA, USSR, China + Cuba often subsidized + sent arms to domestic opponents of regimes that aligned against them
•large countries intervene in wars of weak states
expansion of international trade in contraband provided separatist rebels with new means of support
Social Movement
oGroup attempts to alter some/all aspects of society (institutions)
oExist everywhere
oSome violent, peaceful, big, small, have huge effects/little effect
Social Movement
oNo social movement has never been motivated by the objective level of injustice + inequality in society
•rare to occur in the poorest country
•Slaves face greatest level of injustice, but movement doesn’t exist
