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SOC100 > Test 2: Gender > Flashcards

Test 2: Gender Flashcards

1
Q

Gender

A
  • everything social in our lives gendered: interaction through gendered lenses
  • Ppl continually distinguish betw. M + F + evaluate them differently, master status
  • integral part of daily experiences
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2
Q

Neurological and cognitive studies

A
  • genetic + hormonal differences at birth launch M+F somewhat diff. developmental paths
  • nurture vs. nature
  • early experiences + learning permanent
  • sex differences start out small, amplified by gender infused culture
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3
Q

Brain plasticity

A

neurologists: explain why experience regularly changes brain structure + function
- You brain is what you do with it.
- Every task you spend time on reinforces active brain circuits at the expense of other inactive ones
- muscles you use become stronger

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4
Q

Sex versus Gender

A
  • distinguish biological sex identity from learned gender roles
  • born M/F but becoming man/woman result of social + cultural expectations that pattern behavior, attitudes + physical appearance
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5
Q

Sex versus Gender

A

•sex: born with M/F genitals + genetic program that released M/F hormones stimulate development of reproductive system-biology
•gender: culturally + socially constructed differences betw. M+F found in meanings, beliefs, expectations, norms, judging and practices associated with
femininity + masculinity

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6
Q

Transgender and Transsexual: Category Breaking

A

Transsexuals: believe they were born with “wrong” body. They identify with + want to live as “opposite” sex
Transgender: break gender norms by defying rigid distinction betw. genders.
Transgender Day of Remembrance (Nov 20th) – to remember people killed as result of transphobia and to raise awareness about discrimination and prejudice experienced by transgender community

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7
Q

Gender Identity

A 
perception of self as F+M
Gender identity is basic to our:
1.  Self-concept
2.  Shapes our expectations for ourselves 
3.  Abilities + Interests
4.  How we interact with others
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8
Q

Gender Socialization

A

learn the expectations associated with their sex
Parents: Physical contact, compliments, toys Peers: How children play with one another
School: Teachers, books, class experience
Mass Media: How women and men are portrayed in terms of occupations and roles, main characters, cultural ideal of womanhood and manhood

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9
Q

Gender Socialization

A
  • little boys playing with girl toys discouraged more than vice versa
  • increased kisses, physical intimacy for girls
  • no matter how gender neutral parents are, they are still other agents
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10
Q

Bechdel Test

A

American cartoonist Alison Bechdel, 1980s
Three criterias for a movie to pass this test: 1) Two named female characters
2) Who talk to each other
3) About something other than a man
-low standards, we know more by pop culture

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11
Q

Sex and Gender: Through Prism of Difference

A

Contemporary gender relations complex,
Thinking of gender primarily in terms of differences led scholars to overgeneralize, essentialize
organized + experienced differently when refracted through prism of sexual, racial/ethnic, social class, physical abilities, age, + citizenship differences
-more complexities within than betw.
-reduces to essential M+W

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12
Q

Masculinity *complexity

A

not fixed/biological essence of men (social construction) changes over time, among various national + cultural contexts
Power is central to stratification, race, understanding gender as a relational construct, defined in contrast to femininity
No singular male sex role – various masculinities

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13
Q

Sexism

A

Subordination based on assumed superiority of a sex.

components: 1) Negative attitudes toward women
2) Stereotypical beliefs reinforce + justify prejudice
3) Discrimination, acts that exclude, distance/keep women separate

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14
Q

Male Aggression Against Women

A
  1. Intimate Partner Violence (6% of Canadian women in 2004 through victimization survey, down from 12% in 1993, slow decrease)
  2. Sexual Assault (85% of sexual assault of women are by men they know) shows portray by strangers
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15
Q

Male Aggression Against Women

A
  1. Sexual Harassment: illegal
    Quid pro quo (sexual threats/bribery made condition of employment decisions)
    Hostile environment (sexual jokes, comments, + touching that interferes with work/create a hostile work environment)
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16
Q

Gender stratification

A

Channeling of men and women into different (and usually unequal) life situations
Employment and Earnings Gender and poli<cs Housework and childcare

17
Q

Gendered Institutions

A

Patriarchy
entire institutions patterned by gender
1. Stereotypical expectations
2. Interpersonal relationships
3. division of labor along lines of gender
4. images + symbols that support these divisions
5. different placement of M+W in social, economic + political hierarchies of institutions

18
Q

Patriarchy

A

hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, economic structures are controlled by men
used a lot, be careful with words

19
Q

Employment and Earnings

A

•Earnings gap important expression of gender inequality
•Canadian data on earnings of women and men first reported in 1967
-ratio of female to male earnings 58%
-1992 passed 70% + has fluctuated near that level
-In 2008, 86% for single + never married-eliminates some gap
•W earn less than men do at every level of education
-Gender wage gap is smaller under female managers

20
Q

Employment and Earnings

A

Labor force participation of women over age 15 increased from 37.1% in 1976 to 46.8% in 2004
Canadian women more likely than men to be poor although women make up 47% of the workforce, hold 17% of corporate positions in top 500 companies + 13% of board seats (glass ceiling)
-member of particular group, % of representation decreases as you move up

21
Q

Factors in The Earnings Gap

A
  1. Overt Discrimination: Sexism
  2. Gender Socialization/Segregation: distribution of M+W in diff. jobs
  3. “Second Shift”–Even though many men are more involved in housework + childcare, most of work still falls on women
22
Q

Factors in The Earnings Gap

A

-dual earner fams: cyclical process, ore 1 works=more 1 has to do housework

23
Q

Gender Gap in Earnings and Required Policy Initiatives

A

•Policy initiatives: bridge gender gap in earnings:

  1. Development of better child-care system
  2. Development of “comparable worth”: = pay for work of equal value-equal dollar value of diff. jobs
    - established ingender-neutral terms by comparing jobs in terms of education + experience needed+ stress, responsibility + working conditions associated with them
24
Q

Gender and Politics

A

Right to vote gained in 20th century
Hold between 20-30% of seats in parliament
right to vote in nearly every country with legislatures
W still perform majority of domestic tasks + primary caregivers for children/fam members
commitments deprive women of free time they need to participate in politics
25% of Americans still believe M better suited emotionally to govern

25
Q

Gender Empowerment Measure

A

•indicator of progress

  • computed by UN based on:
    i. W share of seats in Parliament
    ii. share of administrative, managerial, professional, + technical jobs
    iii. Women’s earning power
26
Q

GEM

A

•Score of 1 indicates equality with men on these dimensions

  • In 2004, Canada ranked 10th with GEM score of .81
  • In 2009, Canada ranked 12th with GEM score of .83
  • still moving toward equality
27
Q

Women’s Movement in Canada

A

3 waves in Canada’s women’s movement
Fighting for right to vote early 1900s (1918 in Canada)
Fighting for equality 1960s
Fighting for plural conception of femininity
Various types of feminism-negative connotation

28
Q

Feminism

Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism and the Future (2000) Jennifer Baumgardner and Amy Richards

A

Who are the feminists and what is feminism?
-each + every politically + socially conscious W/M who works for equality within/outside movement, writes about feminism/calls her/himself feminist
In reality, there is no formal alliance of women we can call “the feminists.”

29
Q

Definition of feminism

A

movement for social, political + economic equality -when ppl given this definition 2/3 agree
-Authors add: means women have the right to enough information to make informed choices about their lives
“women” encompassing term, organic intertwining with movements for racial + economic equality, gay rights, is inherent to the feminist mandate.

30
Q

Definition of feminism

A

Some sort of allegiance betw. W+M important component of equality.
equality is a balance betw. M+F with intention of liberating the individual.

31
Q

Nature of feminism

A

3 components: movement-group working to accomplish specific goals.
goals: social + political change, must be engaged with the government + law, social practices + beliefs. access to sufficient info to enable women to make responsible choices

32
Q

Nature of feminism

A

Most women come to feminism through personal experience, which is one of the reasons core identity of feminism has to be so elastic.
term represents an incredible diversity of individual lives

33
Q

Gender: A Changing Landscape

A

Policies Change–Various legislation(1982 Charter of Rights + Freedom, Canadian Human Rights Act + 1998 Multiculturalism Act)
Attitudes Change–Ppl’s beliefs about appropriate gender roles evolved as W+M lives changed
(younger men + single men are more egalitarian than older and married men)

34
Q

Gender revolution since 1960s

A

•W’s employment increased dramatically
•Birth control became widely available
•surpassed men in rates of college graduation
•Undergrad college majors desegregated substantially
•More W got doctorates, pro degrees in law, medicine + business
•Many kinds of gender discrimination in employment + education became illegal
•W entered many previously male-dominated
occupations
•More women elected to politicaloffices

35
Q

Changing attitudes

A

Kathleen Gershon’s study on young adults’ attitudes:
Most young M+W want committed relationship with partner who would share paid work + family care taking equitably.
held deep and realistic fears that time-demanding jobs, a dearth of childcare + family-leave options, + their own high standard for an intimate would place their ideal scenarios out of reach

36
Q

Doing Gender

A

Candace West & Don Zimmerman (1987)
Doing gender: (often unconscious) activity of managing one’s conduct in a way that is consistent with generally considered appropriate to one sex
Gender is an achieved status: something that must be actively accomplished

SOC100 (20 decks)

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