Test 3 Past Test Reviewer

Question 1

During repolarization of the plasma membrane (sarolemma) of a muscle fibre, which of the following occurs? 
A. Na+ moves inside the fibre
B. Na+ moves outside the fibre
C. K+ moves inside the fibre
D. K+ moves outside the fibre

Answer 1

D. K+ moves outside the fibre

Question 2

Choose the correct squence of events in the order they occur at a neuromuscular junction.

1. Ach is broken down by Ach-ase into acetic acid and choline
2. Ach diffuses across the synaptic cleft
3. AP reaches the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron.
4. Ach combines with chemical (ligand)-gated ion channel
5. AP is produced on the muscle fibres sarcolemma

A. 1.2.3.4.5
B. 2.3.4.1.5
C. 3.4.2.1.5
D. 3.2.4.5.1

Answer 2

D. 3.2.4.5.1

Question 3

Choose the correct sequence of events in the order they occur following a single stimulation of a skeletal muscle fibre.

1. SR releases Ca++
2. SR re-uptakes Ca++
3. Ca++ ions diffuses onto actin filament
4. AP moves down the T-tubule
5. Filaments slide pass each other
6. Muscle relax

A. 4.1.3.5.2.6
B. 1.3.4.5.2.6
C. 5.1.4.3.2.6
D. 4.2.3.5.1.6

Answer 3

A. 4.1.3.5.2.6

Question 4

Ability to lift a heavy load would be increased by what type of exercise?

Answer 4

Resistance

Question 5

A muscle contraction in which there is no significant change in the muscle’s length.

Answer 5

Isometric contraction

Question 6

During muscle contraction, ATP provids energy needed to release and reset (recock) each myosin head so that it can attack farther along the ______.

Answer 6

actin filament

Question 7

In aerobic respiration, only glucose is burnt to produce energy. True or False?

Answer 7

false

Question 8

Which of the following grouping is incorrect?
A. striated muscle, cylindrical cells, attached to skeleton, involuntary
B. Smooth muscle, single nucleus, walls of hollow organs, involuntary
C. Striated muscle, intercalated discs, branching cells, heart
D. Striated muscle, multiple nuclei, attached to skeleton, voluntary

Answer 8

A. striated muscle, cylindrical cells, attached to skeleton, involuntary.

• Skeletal muscles are VOLUNTARY

Question 9

A state of sustained PARTIAL CONTRACTION of the muscle which is vital for the health of the muscles.

Answer 9

Muscle tone

Question 10

True or False. The key functions of the muscle are motion in the body, movement of substances within the body, body position stability, organ volume regulation and heat production.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

True or False?

All hormones from the adrenal glands operate on target cells via second messenger.

Answer 11

False

Question 12

True or False?

Glucocorticoids decrease BS levels.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

True or False?

All hormones must be bound to protein when carried in the blood.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

Glucagon increase the concentration of _______.

Answer 14

blood glucose

Question 15

True or False?

Amino acid-based hormones act directly to influence target cells DNA; steroid hormones act through second messengers.

Answer 15

False

Vice versa

Question 16

Which hormone over secretion can lead to HTN?

a. thyroxine
b. cortisol.
c. ADH
d. aldosterone
e. all of the above

Answer 16

e. all of the above

Question 17

True or False?

Cathecholamines (NE,E) increase digestive and kidney activities.

Answer 17

FALSE

Question 18

When a healthy person receives injections of T3 and T4?

Answer 18

The secretion rate of TSH declines

Question 19

Insulin increases the uptake of _______ by its target cells.

Answer 19

glucose

Question 20

True or False?
The autonomic nervous system has 2 neurons in series; the first neuron of the series (preganglionic neuron) has cell body in the CNS; the second neuron (postganglionic neuron) has cell body in the autonomic ganglia.

Answer 20

False

Question 21

Which of the following does not relate to somatic nervous system but is true of the sympathetic nervous system?
A. Neurotransmitter is Ach
B. Axons are myelinated
C. effectors are muscles
D. It has motor neurons located in the ganglia chain

Answer 21

D. It has motor neurons located in the ganglia chain

Question 22

Endocrine gland that is derived from the same embryonic tissue as the autonomic ganglia, and secretes its neurohormone in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation.

Answer 22

Adrenal Medulla

Question 23

True or False

Motor neurons which innervate skeletal muscle originate from the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 23

False

Question 24

True or false?
The ANS is the motor division of the PNS, and the levels of activity in the ANS are controlled by centres in the brain stem that regulate visceral organ functions.

Answer 24

False

Question 25

______ cholinergic recptors are present in the plasma membrane of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and sweat gland.

Answer 25

Muscarinic

Question 26

Adrenergic receptors bind ______.

Answer 26

Both NE and E.

Question 27

A cholinergic neuron secretes _______.

Answer 27

Ach - acetylcholine

Question 28

True or False? The PaSNS has a ganglion chain which links all the neurons in order to produce simultaneous response in many effectors (organs)

Answer 28

False - SNS

Question 29

Which of the following is expected if the sympathetic division of the ANS is activated? a. secretion of watery saliva increases b. dilation of respiratory passages increase c. bladder contraction increases d. glucose release by the liver decrease

Answer 29

b. dilation of respiratory passages increase

Question 30

A pt has tachycardia. Would you recommend a drug that prolongs or shortens the plateau of the cardiac muscle cell AP? (hint: recall the shape of AP in cardiac muscle)

Answer 30

I would recommend a drug that prolongs the plateau of cardiac muscle cell ATP to make cardiac muscle contract stronger and stabilize the rate of contraction.

Question 31

What is the mechanism by which muscles get an immediate supply of ATP for muscle contraction activities?

Answer 31

Direct phosphorylation. - The mechanism that involves the use of enzyme creatine kinase. !!! Creatine Phosphate + ADP = Creatine + ATP. - These are also soon exhausted(less than 15 sec)

Question 32

Transmission of nerve impulses along the ANS pathways are generally slower than along somatic nervous system. Why?

Answer 32

The somatic nervous system has more nerves and is generally responsible for vital organ operation.

Question 33

What type of interaction occurs when insulin lowers blood glucose levels while glucagon elevates blood glucose levels?

Answer 33

Antagonism. - Glucagon and insulin are antagonistic hormones because they have opposing physiological actions on blood glucose levels.

Question 34

Suppose a person takes a high dose of glucocorticoid hormone over an extended period of time, list 3 significant hormonal changes that could be detected by a blood hormone analysis.

Answer 34

1. Increased BS levels 2. Low WBC count esp. those involved in the inflammatory response. 3. Increased amino acid and lactic acid levels 4. negative calcium balance due to reduced intestinal calcium absorption

Question 35

When a persons thyroid gland is completely removed, signs of decreased thyroid hormone concentration don't appear until one week later. Why?

Answer 35

Because the thyroid hormones are still in the system. Even though the thing that produces the hormones are gone, the hormones it has already produced are still in your body until they get depleted.

Question 36

Explain the terms first messenger and second messenger as pertain to classes of hormones.

Answer 36

There are two classes of hormones. The steroid and the non-steroid hormones. The steroid hormones uses 1st messenger mechanism which means it goes directly inside the cell in which the cell receptor resides to alter cell's DNA to produce proteins. - Meanwhile, the second messenger mechanism means the first messenger cannot go into the cell, so the "non-steroid hormones" sends a message to cAMP (second messenger) to activate protein inside the cell to do the job.

Question 37

While injuring his back lifting a sofa, Climan Cortez exhibits a positive Babinski reflex. What does this imply about Cortez's injury?

Answer 37

A positive Babinski reflex is when the toes fan out (extend) after a firm scraping of the sole of the foot, from the heel to right below the toes. - Means there is an abnormality within the central nervous system.

Question 38

While out walking, Kanteri suddenly confronted by an angry dog. What physiologic changes would occur as she turns and run from the animal?

Answer 38

She would experience a sympathetic response. . Her heart rate and BP would increase, her pupils would dilate, Epinephrine is released, respiratory passages dilate, increased sweat secretions, digestive functions slow down allowing for more energy to be used for muscle activity.

Question 39

Graphs with labels to show the diff in AP in plasma membranes of skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles.

Answer 39

Skeletal muscles = vertical line is mV lower number is -85 upper is +30. Patusok ung line then ung AP nasa 3/4 malapit na sa point. Cardiac muscle = vertical line is mV lower number is -90 upper is +30. AP half nung line na diretso papuntang peak.. Pagdating ng peak, parang slope na un line. Curves ung line unline skeletal muscles! Horizontal line is time! tas meron lagi value na 0 sa vertical, malapit sa upper number!