Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Hormone Physiology > Flashcards

Hormone Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Gland that has no ducts but have dense capillary network surrounding the secreting cells. It is composed of cells that secrete a chemical substance called hormone. Note that some glands, not considered ______ glands, such as the brain, heart and intestine, also secrete hormones.

A

Endocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gland that has ducts to carry the secretion (non-hormone) to the body surface (eg. sweat) or to cavity another organ. (e.g. digestive enzymes)
- Secretion have extracellular effects such as those that cause digestion of food. Notice that endocrine secretion, unlike exocrine secretions, have intracellular effects.

A

Exocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chemical messenger secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream and travel to organs all over the body. May be secreted into the blood by organs not considered endocrine glands such as the heart and intestine. It stimulates physiological functions in cells far away from secreting gland. Binds to target cell receptors located on cell membrane or inside the cell. It causes the target cells to produce new proteins or activate enzymes in target cells. It also causes the cels to increase or decrease a cellular activity.

A

Hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functions of Hormones

A

Binds to target cell receptors located on cell membrane or inside the cell.

  1. It stimulates physiological functions in cells far away from secreting gland.
  2. It causes the target cells to produce new proteins or activate enzymes in target cells.
  3. It also causes the cells to increase or decrease a cellular activity.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A chemical messenger secreted by certain cells that travels from one cell to a nearby cell. It stimulates physiological action in these cells. (ie, causes a receptor cell to increase or decrease its activity) It is also known as local hormone and acts as one.
- Hormone released in a certain distance. Small area.

A

Paracrine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

It is released by neurons. Diffuse across narrow synaptic cleft to receptors on postsynaptic neuron or effectors (muscle or gland). Binds to chemical-gated protein receptors on a postsynaptic neuron or effectors. Once bound to the chemical-gated protein receptor, it causes ion channels on the gated-protein to open and ions move into the cell to change the resting membrane potential.

A

Neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When a neurotransmitter is secreted by glands such as the adrenal gland, it is called?

A

Neurohormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

System that does things in nanoseconds (fast acting). Communicated via electrical system and NT. Release NT at synapse of specific cells. Reacts quickly to external stimuli (millisec). Stops quickly when stimulus stops.

A

Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

System that takes very long to do things. Slow acting. It communicates via hormones. It releases hormones into the bloodstream where it is picked by target cells. It reacts slowly to external stimuli (seconds to day). May continue to respond long after stimulus stops.

A

Endocrine System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Some chemicals released by the endocrine and non-endocrine glands behaves like hormones and are called _____.

A

Neurohormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Examples of Neurohormones. (7)

A 
NE&E. 
Cholecystokinin.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone. 
Dopamine.
ADH - Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
Oxytocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neurohormones released by SNS. Can be neuro-T and neuro-H.

A

NE&E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The endocrine system plays a major role in body ____.

A

homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Functions of the Endocrine System. (4)

A
  1. It provides the rate at which cells are provided with energy for all their functions. This energy is used in the body’s chemical reaction aka metabolism.
  2. It regulates the supply of carbohydrate and fatty acids for the body’s metabolism.
  3. It controls the volume and electrolyte composition of the extracellular fluid.
  4. It regulates calcium and phosphate for bones and which operate in excitability of nerves and muscles. (Regulate electrons)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Note that low Ca++ leads to _____ and _____; too high Ca++ levels lead to ______.

A

weak muscles and lethargy

spasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Major endocrine glands that controls metabolic rate. (2)

A

Thyroid gland & adrenal medulla.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Major endocrine glands that controls glucose metabolism. (4)

A

Pancreas, Adrenal cortex and medulla, anterior pituitary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Major endocrine glands that regulates growth and development. (7)

A 
Anterior pituitary
Thyroid
Gonads
Adrenal cortex
Pancreas 
Skin 
Kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Major endocrine glands that controls fluid and electrolyte balance. (3)

A

Posterior pituitary, adrenal cortex and kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Major endocrine glands that controls Ca++ and phosphate balance. (4)

A

Parathyroid glands, thyroid, skin and kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Major endocrine glands that controls responses to life threatening challenge. (3)

A

Adrenal cortex and medulla, thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Major endocrine glands that controls reproduction and nurturing (5)

A

Anterior pituitary, ovaries, testes, placenta, pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The hypothalamus plays a major role in the maintenance of the internal environment by (2)

A

i. nerve reflex

ii. through the endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Neurohormones Oxytocin and ADH are made in the ______ and released in the ______.

A

Hypothalamus; posterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A part of the CNS that controls thirst and hunger but is also THE MASTER CONTROL OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In the hypothalamus, synthesis of posterior pituitary hormones and transport occurs via _____.

A

nerve axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In the hypothalamus, thehHypothalamic hormones is carried in the _____________ portal system.

A

hypothalamohypophyseal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The master endocrine gland and it releases 9 hormones. 2 in the posterior and 7 in the anterior.

A

Pituitary Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The _________ has no direct or nervous link with the hypothalamus. The two are connected via capillaries which pass from the hypothalamus to the pituitary in the pituitary stalk. Hypothalamic hormones are secreted into these capillaries and pass into the _________.

A

anterior pituitary aka adenohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The _______ is derived from the base of the brain and consists of neural tissue that has the cell bodies in the hypothalamus and the axons reaching in the _______.
- These axons deliver oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) synthesized by the hypothalamus.

A

posterior pituitary aka neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Pituitary hormones are not released in a steady state. GH secreted mainly at ____.

A

night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Pituitary hormones are not released in a steady state. LH peak at _____.

A

menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Pituitary hormones are not released in a steady state. Oxytocin surges during _____ and _____.

A

labor and nursing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The hypothalamus and the cerbral cortex monitor the body’s condition and release hormones or inhibit hormone secretion via a _________.

A

negative feedback system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The regulation of synthesis and secretion of hormone is mainly through _____. This system of control keeps the hormone levels within a close range. However, this system allows the endocrine glands to respond to environmental and emotional change action on or in the body.

A

negative/hormone feedback system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The hypothalamus knows that the action is done via _______. They send info about blood up the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. They send info to continue or stop release the hormones.

A

chemoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Negative fedback system (4 steps)

A
  1. Hypothalamus release hormones to the pituitary gland via releasing hormones,
  2. The pituitary gland release stimulating hormones to the end organ to stimulate the organ.
  3. The end organ release the hormones and go to the blood.
  4. The chemoreceptors detect info from the blood and send info to the hypothalamus/pituitary gland to stop the release of hormones.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

From the blood, hormones go to the _____.

A

target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Releasing hormone from the hypothalamus that causes the anterior pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) that targets the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoid secretion and aldosterone secretion.

A

Corticotrophin-Releasing hormone (CRH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Releasing hormone from the hypothalamus that causes the anterior pituitary gland to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) that targets the thyroid gland to increase thyroid hormone secretion.

A

Thyrotropic-Releasing hormone (TRH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Releasing hormone from the hypothalamus that causes the anterior pituitary gland to release growth hormones that targets most body tissues esp liver to increase growth factor secretion to increase growth.

A

Growth Hormone releasing hormone (GrRH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Releasing hormone from the hypothalamus that causes the anterior pituitary gland to decrease the release of growth hormones that targets most body tissues esp liver to decrease growth factor secretion to decrease growth.

A

Growth Hormone releasinginhibiting hormone (GrIH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Releasing hormone from the hypothalamus that causes the anterior pituitary gland to release prolactin hormone that targets the breast to increase development of breasts.

A

Prolactin Releasing hormone (PRH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Releasing hormone from the hypothalamus that causes the anterior pituitary gland to decrease the release prolactin hormone in the breasts to facilitate secretion of milk.

A

Prolactin Releasing-Inhibiting hormone (PIH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Releasing hormone from the hypothalamus that causes the anterior pituitary gland to release Leutenizing hormones (LH) which stimulate the interstial cell. It targets ovaries and testes to increase ovulation and development of corpus luteum in women.

A

Gonadotrophin-Releasing hormone (GnRH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Releasing hormone from the hypothalamus that causes the anterior pituitary gland to release Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) that targets ovaries and testes to increase testosterone secretion in men, ovarian follicle growth and spermatogenesis.

A

Gonadotrophin-Releasing hormone (GnRH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Releasing hormone from the hypothalamus that causes the middle lobe pf the pituitary gland to release melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH) that targets the skin to deposit melanin by melanocytes.

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormone releasing hormone. (MSHRH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What triggers the release of insulin (beta cells by pancreas) and glucagon (alpha cells by pancreas) to regulate blood glucose?

A

High blood glucose level. Inhibited by decreased blood glucose level.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (by parathyroid and kidney) to regulate plasma concentration of Ca++?

A

Low Ca++ in the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

You have high blood Ca++ level. What endocrine gland is involved and what hormone does it secrete to regulate plasma concentration of Ca++?

A

Thyroid gland (parafollicular cells) release Calcitonin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

You have low serum Na+ and/or high K+ renin from the kidneys. What endocrine gland is involved and what hormone does it need to secrete to regulate Na+ and K+ serum concentration?

A

Adrenal Cortex release Aldosterone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The patient is suffering from hypoxia. What endocrine gland is involved and what hormone does it need to secrete to produce and release RBC?

A

Kidneys release erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

The point at which a hormone initially influences the activity of a cell. The hormones act like keys that fit into a specific lock.

A

The Receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Two major groups of hormones.

A
  1. Steroid (lipid-soluble) hormones

2. Non-steroid (water-soluble) hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Major group of hormone that is from cholesterol and fat. Its made by adrenal gland and gonads. It changes DNA activity. It goes directly inside the cell in which the cell receptor resides. When the hormone receptor binds it goes to the DNA and the DNA opens and we get transcription-translation and we get protein which carries out the work/job. (regulate calcium, etc) It takes a long time to work (slow; 2weeks)
- These hormones are fat-soluble so they penetrate cell wall readily and bind with receptor in the cytosol.

A

Steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What hormone is a non-steroid hormone by type but it BEHAVES like steroid hormones?

A

Thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Hormones that are small and act by binding to cell membrane receptors. The hormone is the 1st messenger and the cAMP generated by the hormone acts as the 2nd messenger.

A

Non-steroid hormones aka water-soluble hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

2nd messenger system by non-steroid hormones.

A

The first messenger activates the receptor, then the receptor activates a protein that creates ATP and cAMP (the second messenger) the cAMP activates the protein inside and it will do the job. This mechanism is faster than steroid mechanism and acts immediately.

59
Q

In non-steroid hormones, the first messenger (which is the hormone) cannot go in the cell so it a message to ______. (2nd messenger)

A

cAMP (Cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

60
Q

Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands and pass into the _____ which transport them through the circulation.

A

capillaries

61
Q

_______ in the blood is able to interact with target cells but is also exposed to enzymes that can metabolize it.

A

Free hormone

62
Q

Thyroxine, corticosteroids, and other lipid hormones are transported bound to ______. As the portion of the free hormones is used up, more is released by the plasma.

A

proteins

63
Q

Hormones such as _______(4) are transported in the plasma in free state and have short half-life.

A

NE, E, insulin, ADH

64
Q

The time for the plasma concentration to fall to one-half its highest plasma volume.

A

hormone half-life

65
Q

2 main ways in which hormones act on cells.

A
  1. Increase amount of an enzyme present

2. Regulate the level of activity of already formed enzymes

66
Q

True or false;

Hormone secretion is turned off once it has served its purpose.

A

True

67
Q

Most hormones are taken up and degraded by the ____ and ____; then excreted in the ____ or _____.

A

liver and kidney

bile or urine

68
Q

Some hormones are degraded by ___ ; they bind it and act on.

A

cells

69
Q

Metabolism by the liver usually makes hormones _______ so that they can be cleared from the body via kidneys or bile.

A

water soluble

70
Q

Liver problem may _______ of hormones and cause the hormone to build up in the body. This build up may cause adverse results.

A

prevent metabolism

71
Q

Cirrhosis of the liver in males may cause the build up oestrogen, which leads to enlarged male breasts called _____.

A

gynaecomastia

72
Q

Rate of hormone removal

A

Metabolic clearance rate (MCR)

73
Q

The length of time required to clear 50% of released hormone from the blood.

A

One half-life

74
Q

Typical stress response include elevated ____ and _____ levels.

A

Epinephrine and Glucocorticoid

75
Q

Initial response to stress called ________ is mediated by increased secretion of NE and E which prepare the body for flight-fight.

A

(alarm reaction)

76
Q

Increased secretion of NE and E cause increase blood glucose aka ___________.

A

glyconeolysis.

77
Q

In stress, aldosterone and angiotensin levels also rise causing ____ and _____.

A

increased BP and water retention

78
Q

The receptor of ______ is similar to the receptor for adrenal steroids, vit A and vit D.

A

thyroid hormones

79
Q

Tissues that are esp sensitive to thyroid hormones. (4) It increases the basal metabolic rate of these organs.
-The organ that is less responsive to these hormones is the brain.

A

Skeletal muscles
Heart
Liver
Kidney

80
Q

2 cell types of the thyroid gland.

A
  1. Follicular cells

2. Parafollicular cells

81
Q

Cell type of thyroid gland that produce T4 and T3 in response to TSH from the pituitary gland.

A

Follicular cells

82
Q

Cell type of thyroid gland that produce calcitonin.

A

Parafollicular cells

83
Q

Primary function of T4 and T3.

A

Increase body`s metabolic rate.

84
Q

Signs and effects of T4 and T3. (10)

A

↑ O2 consumption
↑ heat production
↑ HR and conduction strenght
↑ respiratory rate
↑ breakdown of carbohydrate, fats, and protein for fuel
Stimulation of appetite
Promotes alertness, bone growth and remodeling
Development of integumentary system
Stimulation of pituitary gland to release growth hormone
Promotion of foetal nervous sys & skeletal development.

85
Q

How does follicular cells produce T3 and T4

A

Follicular cells trap iodine and synthesize thyroglobulin (TGB; a protein made mainly from tyrosine amino acid). TGB binds to iodine and form T3 and T4.

86
Q

More than 99% of T3 and T4 are transported in the blood bound to the carrier protein _______.

A

thyroid-binding globulin (TBG)

87
Q

Other than thyroid hormones, what else does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

Calcitonin

88
Q

Hormone that antagonizes the action of parathyroid hormone. It promotes calcium deposit and bone formation by osteoblasts.

A

Calcitonin

89
Q

The adrenal gland consists of (2)

A 
Adrenal cortex (80-90%)
Adrenal medulla
90
Q

Part of adrenal gland that produces steroid hormones that are essential for life.

A

Adrenal cortex

91
Q

Cells in the adrenal cortex (3)

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

92
Q

Cells in the adrenal cortex that produce mineralocorticoids

A

Zona glomerulosa

93
Q

Cells in the adrenal cortex that produce glucocorticoids

A

Zona fasciculata

94
Q

Cells in the adrenal cortex that secrete androgens

A

Zona reticularis

95
Q

Regulate the secretion of steroid hormones

A

negative feedback control

96
Q

3 hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

A

mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
androgens

97
Q

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that control water and electrolytes (Na+ and K+) in the body. 95% of activity of this hormone is due to aldosterone.

A

Mineralocorticoids

98
Q

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulate metabolism and stress response.

A

Glucocorticoids

99
Q

Glucocorticoid activities (5)

A
  1. Break down protein (muscle fibres) to produce energy
  2. Form glucose from amino acids and lactic acid (particularly in the liver)
  3. Break down triglycerides and release fatty acids to use as fuel
  4. Mediate stress, inflammation response
  5. Depress immune response
100
Q

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that contributes to libido but effect is not that significant.

A

Androgen

101
Q

Major androgens secreted is ________.

A

dehyroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

102
Q

The adrenal medulla consists of hormone producing cells called ____.

A

chromaffin

103
Q

Cells that receive direct innervation from the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. These postganglionic cells release NE & E.

A

chromaffin cells

104
Q

epinephrine makes up about ___% of the secretion from the cells.

A

80%

105
Q

Hormones that increase pumping and force of contraction of the heart, increase BP, dilate airways and increase blood levels of glucose and fatty acids.

A

NE&E

106
Q

____ secreted by the preganglionic neuron onto the adrenal medulla, causes chromaffin cells to increase output of E and NE.

A

Ach (acetylcholine)

107
Q

Hypoglycaemia stimulates the medulla to______ E&NE secretion.

A

increase

108
Q

Gland that is both endocrine and exocrine.

A

Pancreas

109
Q

Cell types of Pancreatic Islets (4)

A
  1. Alpha cells
  2. Beta cells
  3. Delta cells
  4. F cells
110
Q

Hormone secreted by alpha cells. Targets primarily liver.

  1. Increases blood glucose levels when it falls below normal
  2. Stimulates production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
  3. Stimulates glycogen breakdown and the release of glucose in the blood
  4. Stimulated in response to high amino acid in the blood following a high protein meal
A

Glucagon

111
Q

Hormone secreted by beta cells.

  1. Stimulates cells to absorb glucose from blood.
  2. Stimulates muscle and adipose tissues to store glycogen and fat.
  3. Surpresses breakdown of stored glucose
  4. Antagonises the effect of glucagon
  5. Kidneym brain. liver and RBC takes up glucose without the aid of insulin.
A

Insulin

112
Q

Hormone secreted by delta cells. Targets stomach, intestines, and pancreatic islet cells. It modulates digestion, nutrient absorption, and glucagon and insulin secretion.

A

somatostatin

113
Q

What is secreted by F cells?

  • Targets pancreas, gallbladder.
  • Inhibits the release of bile and digestive enzymes.
A

pancreatic polypeptides

114
Q

Hormone secreted by pancreas and/or stomach and SI that targets the stomach and stimulates acid secretion and gastric motility.

A

Gastrin

115
Q

What makes up glucocorticoids? (3)

A

Cortisol + corticosterone + cortisone

116
Q

A hormone secreted by the ovaries that targets the anterior pituitary gland. It inhibits FSH secretion.

A

Inhibin

117
Q

Precursor of calcitriol (skin and liver version)

A

skin - cholecalciferol

liver - calcidiol

118
Q

Precursor of angiotensinogen II

A

angiotensinogen (liver)

119
Q

Hormone secreted by the kidneys and liver that targets the red bone marrow. It promotes RBC production and increases O2 carrying capability of blood.

A

Erythropoietin

120
Q

Hormone secreted by the liver that targets the small intestine and liver. It promotes iron absorption and mobilization.

A

Hepcidin

121
Q

Hormone secreted by the liver that prolongs and mediates action of growth hormone.

A

Insulin-like growth factor 1

122
Q

Hormone secreted by the kidney that targets the small intestine. It increases blood Ca++ level mainly by promoting intestinal absorption of Ca2+.

A

Calcitriol

123
Q

Hormones that is secreted by the heart that targets the kidney. They lower the blood volume and pressure by promoting Na+ and water loss.

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide.

124
Q

Hormone that is secreted by the stomach and small intestine that targets the gallbladder and brain. It controls bile release and appetite suppression.

A

Cholecystokinin

125
Q

Hormone that is secreted by the stomach and small intestine that targets the brain. It stimulates hunger and initiates feeding.

A

Ghrelin

126
Q

Hormone that is secreted by the stomach and small intestine that targets the brain. It produces sense of fullness and terminates feeding.

A

Peptide YY

127
Q

Hormone that is secreted by the stomach and small intestine that targets the origin and coordintes secretion and motility in diff regions of the digestive tract.

A

Other enteric hormones

128
Q

Hormone that is secreted by the adipose tissue that targets the brain. It limits appetite over long term.

A

Leptin

129
Q

Hormone that is secreted by the bone tissues that targets the pancreas and adipose tissue to stimulate pancreatic beta cells to multiply. Increases insulin secretion, enhances insulin sensitivity of various tissues, and reduces fat deposition.

A

Osteocalcin

130
Q

Hormone that is secreted by the placenta that targets many tissues of mother and fetus that stimulate fetal development and meternal body adaptations to pregnancy, also prepare mammary glands for lactation.

A

Estrogen and progesterone

131
Q

A condition in which large volumes of urine are formed due to hyposecretion of ADH.

A

diabetes insipidus

132
Q

With too much blood Ca+ what can happen to the body?

A

brain and heart cells dont function normally resulting to mental disturbance and stopping of the heart.

133
Q

With too little blood Ca+ what cab happen to the body?

A

nerve cells become overactive sometimes to the degree that they send muscles too many impulses causing spasms.

134
Q

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids. Women > men.

  • Noticeable features include buffalo hump in the upper back that develop because of redistribution of body fat.
  • Individuals have increased BS levels and suffer frequent infection.
A

Cushing’s syndrome

135
Q

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids. REduced cortical hormone levels result in muscle weakness, reduced BS, nausea, loss of appetite, and weight loss.

A

Addison’s disease.

136
Q

Oversecretion of the thyroid hormones dramatically increases metabolic rate. Food material is burned by the cells at an excessive rate, and these individuals tend to lose weight, have increased appetite, and show signs of nervous irritability.

A

Hyperthyroidism

137
Q

Undersecretion of thyroid hormones caused by a number of diff conditions such as painless enlargement of the thyroid gland called simple goiter.

A

Hypothyroidism

138
Q

Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones during formative years. Low metabolic rate, retarded growth, and sexual development, and mental retardation.

A

Cretinism

139
Q

Later in life, deficient thyroid hormone secretion.

A

Myxedema

140
Q
  1. Hypersecretion of GH during early yrs. The child grows into giant size.
  2. Hyposecretion of GH during early yrs.
A

gigantism

pituitary dwarfism

141
Q

The anterior gland secretes too much GH after normal growth yrs.

A

Acromegaly

142
Q

Low BS levels - High BS levels

A

Hypoglycemia - Hyperglycemia

143
Q

If pancreatic islets secretes too little insulin.

A

Type I diabetes mellitus.

144
Q

Best hidden endocrine glands in the body. Little masses of hormone-producing tissue are scatted among the enzyme-producing acinar tissue.

A

Pancreatic islets or Islets of Langerhans

Physiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions