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Physiology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration refers to two related processes.

A
  1. External respiration - includes all the processes involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 in the pulmonary blood and alveoli. The purpose is to meet the demands of cells.
  2. Internal respiration - the absorption of O2 and the release of CO2 by cells. It occurs at systemic capillaries where gas exchange takes place between the blood and body cells.
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2
Q

Respiration refers to two related processes.

A
  1. External respiration - includes all the processes involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 in the pulmonary blood and alveoli. The purpose is to meet the demands of cells.
  2. Internal respiration - the absorption of O2 and the release of CO2 by cells. It occurs at systemic capillaries where gas exchange takes place between the blood and body cells.
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3
Q

Respiration that includes all the processes involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 in the pulmonary blood and alveoli. The purpose is to meet the demands of cells. Gas exchanges are being made between the blood and body exterior.

A

External respiration

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4
Q

Respiration that involves the absorption of O2 and the release of CO2 by cells. It occurs at systemic capillaries where gas exchange takes place between the blood and body cells. Gas exchange between blood and cells inside the body.

A

Internal respiration

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5
Q

External respiration involves three integrated steps

A

i. Pulmonary ventilation (or Breathing), which involves the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs
ii. Gas diffusion across the respiratory membrane between alveolar air spaces and alveolar capillaries, and across capillary walls between blood and other tissues.
iii. The transport of O2 and CO2 between alveolar capillaries and capillary beds in other tissues.

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6
Q

If the supply of oxygen to tissue is low the condition is called _____. If the supply is cut off completely, the condition is called ____. This kills cells very quickly.

A

hypoxia/anoxia

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7
Q

BREATHING. Air must move into and out of the lungs so that gases in the alveoli are continuously refreshed. It prevents the build up of carbon dioxide in the alveoli and ensure adequate oxygen for the bloodstream. It is the movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract cycles between pressure below atmospheric pressures and pressure above atmospheric pressure. The cycle is explained by Boyle’s Law.

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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8
Q

Primary function of pulmonary ventilation.

A

maintenance of adequate alveolar ventilation – movement of air into and out of the alveoli.

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9
Q
  • AS PRESSURE INCREASE, VOLUME DECREASE.
    For a gas in a closed container, the pressure of the gas varies inversely to the volume, if the temperature of the gas is held constant.
A

Boyle’s law

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10
Q

Boyle’s Laws says that:
In a closed container, if the volume of the container increases, the air pressure in the container ____ (assuming remains temperature constant)

A

falls

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11
Q

Boyle’s Laws says that:

If the volume of the container decreases the pressure of the air in the container ____.

A

increases

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12
Q

Boyle’s Laws says that:

Air will flow from an area of ______ to an area of lower pressure.

A

high pressure

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13
Q

Boyle’s law formula.

A

Pressure α 1/V (T is held constant)

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14
Q

A single respiratory cycle consists of ____ and _____.

A

inspiration and expiration

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15
Q

In ______, the lung volume increases and the pressure in the lung falls. Hence atmospheric air (which is at a higher pressure than alveolar air) rushes into the lung.

A

inspiration

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16
Q

In ______, the volume of the lungs decreases, hence the alveolar pressure rises and becomes higher than atmospheric pressure and so alveolar air moves out of the lung.

A

expiration

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17
Q

The pressure inside the alveoli.

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

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18
Q

Intapulmonary cycle.

A

a. At the start of the respiratory cycle, the intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure are equal and no air is moving.
b. When inspiration (inhalation) begins the pressure drops to about -6mm Hg and the average intrapulmonary pressure is 760 mm-1 mmHg ( i.e. 759 mm Hg).
c. On expiration (exhalation) the intrapulmonary pressure is 760 mm Hg + 1 mmHg (i.e., 761 mmHg)
d. The amount of air moved in to the lung during inhalation is equal to the amount that moves out on exhalation. That amount is called the tidal volume.

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19
Q

a. At the start of the respiratory cycle, the intrapulmonary pressure and the _______ pressure are equal and no air is moving.

A

atmospheric pressure

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20
Q

b. When inspiration (inhalation) begins the pressure drops to about -6mm Hg and the average intrapulmonary pressure is _______ mm - 1 mmHg.

A

760 mm - 1 mmHg ( i.e. 759 mm Hg).

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21
Q

c. On expiration (exhalation) the intrapulmonary pressure is _____ mm + 1 mmHg.

A

760 mm Hg + 1 mmHg (i.e., 761 mmHg)

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22
Q

d. The amount of air moved in to the lung during inhalation is equal to the amount that moves out on exhalation. That amount is called the ________.

A

tidal volume

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23
Q

During ______, pressure change such as 760 -30 mm Hg ( 730 mmHg) at inhalation and 760 + 100mm Hg (860 mmHg) can occur.

A

heavy breathing

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24
Q

Changes in volume of the thoracic cavity is due to (4)

A

i. contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm
ii. articulation(jointed) between the ribs and the vertebrae
iii. movement of the rib cage
iv. contraction and relaxation of the intercostals muscles

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25
Q

The ease with which the lung expands and contracts. The lower the compliance the greater the force (of the muscles) require to pull the lungs open.

A

Lung compliance

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26
Q

Factors that affect compliance include: (3)

A

a) Loss of supporting tissue (elastic tissue) resulting from alveolar damage (as in emphysema)
b) Low surfactant production (as in neonate or persons exposed to chemicals). Surfactant is secreted by pneumocyte Type ll cells scattered among squamous cells of the alveolar. Surfactant is an oily secretion containing a mixture of phospholipids and protein, which coats over the surface of the alveolar to facilitate their opening. It reduces surface tension in the liquid coating the alveolar surface.
c) Problems with the rib cage movement as in cases of arthritis or other skeletal disorders affecting articulation of the spinal column and the ribs.

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27
Q

Surfactant is secreted by _________ cells and scattered among squamous cells of the alveolar.

A

Pneumocyte Type ll cells

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28
Q

An oily secretion containing a mixture of phospholipids and protein, which coats over the surface of the alveolar to facilitate their opening. It reduces surface tension in the liquid coating the alveolar surface.

A

Surfactant

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29
Q

The pressure in the space between the parietal and visceral pleurae.

A

Intrapleural Pressure

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30
Q

Intrapleural pressure averages about ____ mmHg but can reach ___ mmHg during a powerful inhalation.

A

-4 mmHg/ -18mmHg

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31
Q

Inteapleural pressure is below atmospheric pressure due to the relationship between ______ and _____.

A

the lung and the chest wall.

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32
Q

______ cause the elastic lung fibre to adhere to the chest wall.

A

Surface tension

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33
Q

The ______ allows the lungs to expand during the expiration phase of the respiratory cycle.

A

negative pressure

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34
Q

Changes in the volume of the lung occur through the ______ of skeletal muscles.

A

contraction

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35
Q

The skeletal muscles involved in respiration are: (3)

A
  1. the diaphragm
  2. the external intercostals muscle
  3. the accessory respiratory muscles (which become active when depth and frequency of respiration must be increased markedly). These muscle are internal intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, scalene, transverse thoracis, transverses abdominus, external and internal oblique and the rectus adbominis
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36
Q

Muscles used in inhalation (3)

A
  • Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the floor of the thoracic cavity, causing the lung volume to increase and draw in air.
  • Contraction of the external intercostal muscles assists in elevating the ribs and expanding the lung volume.
  • Contraction of the serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, scalene muscles increase the speed and rib movement.
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37
Q

Contraction of the ____ flattens the floor of the thoracic cavity, causing the lung volume to increase and draw in air.

A

diaphragm

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38
Q

Contraction of the ______ assists in elevating the ribs and expanding the lung volume.

A

external intercostal muscles

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39
Q

Contraction of the serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, scalene muscles increase the _____ and _____.

A

speed and rib movement

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40
Q

Muscles used in exhalation (2)

A
  1. When exhalation is passive all the muscles involved in inhalation simply relax.
  2. When exhalation is active :
    a. the internal intercostal and transverse thoracis muscles contract and depress the rib cage, reducing the width and depth of the rib cage.
    b. The abdominal muscles contract compressing the abdomen and forcing the diaphragm upward.
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41
Q

Exhalation is either passive or active depending on the level of _______.

A

respiratory activity

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42
Q
  1. When exhalation is ____ all the muscles involved in inhalation simply relax.
A

passive

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43
Q
  1. When exhalation is ____:
    a. the internal intercostal and transverse thoracis muscles contract and depress the rib cage, reducing the width and depth of the rib cage.
    b. The abdominal muscles contract compressing the abdomen and forcing the diaphragm upward.
A

active

44
Q

MODES OF BREATHING (4)

A
  • Quiet breathing (eupnoea) - inhalation involves muscular contractions of the diaphragm and the external intercostals muscles, but exhalations are a passive process.
  • Deep-quiet breathing - air is drawn into the lungs as the diaphragm contracts. The contraction of the diaphragm provides the necessary change. Exhalation is passive
  • Shallow-quiet breathing - the thoracic volume changes because the rib cage alters shape. Inhalation occurs when the external intercostals muscles contract raising the rib cage and enlarge the thoracic cavity. Exhalation is passive
  • Forced breathing (hyperpnoea) - involves active aspiratory and expiratory movements. The abdominal muscles and the intercostals muscles are involved.
45
Q

Mode of Breathing.
Inhalation involves muscular contractions of the diaphragm and the external intercostals muscles, but exhalations are a passive process.

A

Quiet breathing (eupnoea)

46
Q

Mode of Breathing.
Air is drawn into the lungs as the diaphragm contracts. The contraction of the diaphragm provides the necessary change. Exhalation is passive

A

Deep-quiet breathing

47
Q

Mode of Breathing.
The thoracic volume changes because the rib cage alters shape. Inhalation occurs when the external intercostals muscles contract raising the rib cage and enlarge the thoracic cavity. Exhalation is passive

A

Shallow-quiet breathing

48
Q

Mode of Breathing.

Involves active aspiratory and expiratory movements. The abdominal muscles and the intercostals muscles are involved.

A

Forced breathing (hyperpnoea)

49
Q

accepting or allowing what happens or what others do, without active response or resistance.

A

Passive

50
Q

Respiration that includes all the processes involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 in the pulmonary blood and alveoli. The purpose is to meet the demands of cells.

A

External respiration

51
Q

Respiration that involves the absorption of O2 and the release of CO2 by cells. It occurs at systemic capillaries where gas exchange takes place between the blood and body cells.

A

Internal respiration

52
Q

External respiration involves three integrated steps

A

i. Pulmonary ventilation (or Breathing), which involves the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs
ii. Gas diffusion across the respiratory membrane between alveolar air spaces and alveolar capillaries, and across capillary walls between blood and other tissues.
iii. The transport of O2 and CO2 between alveolar capillaries and capillary beds in other tissues.

53
Q

If the supply of oxygen to tissue is low the condition is called _____. If the supply is cut off completely, the condition is called ____. This kills cells very quickly.

A

hypoxia/anoxia

54
Q

breathing; the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, including inhalation and exhalation. It prevents the build up of carbon dioxide in the alveoli and ensure adequate oxygen for the bloodstream. It is the movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract cycles between pressure below atmospheric pressures and pressure above atmospheric pressure. The cycle is explained by Boyle’s Law.

A

Pulmonary ventilation

55
Q

Primary function of pulmonary ventilation.

A

maintenance of adequate alveolar ventilation – movement of air into and out of the alveoli.

56
Q

For a gas in a closed container, the pressure of the gas varies inversely to the volume, if the temperature of the gas is held constant.

A

Boyle’s law

57
Q

Boyle’s Laws says that:
In a closed container, if the volume of the container increases, the air pressure in the container ____ (assuming remains temperature constant)

A

falls

58
Q

Boyle’s Laws says that:

If the volume of the container decreases the pressure of the air in the container ____.

A

increases

59
Q

Boyle’s Laws says that:

Air will flow from an area of ______ to an area of lower pressure.

A

high pressure

60
Q

Boyle’s law formula.

A

Pressure α 1/V (T is held constant)

61
Q

A single respiratory cycle consists of ____ and _____.

A

inspiration and expiration

62
Q

In ______, the lung volume increases and the pressure in the lung falls. Hence atmospheric air (which is at a higher pressure than alveolar air) rushes into the lung.

A

inspiration

63
Q

In ______, the volume of the lungs decreases, hence the alveolar pressure rises and becomes higher than atmospheric pressure and so alveolar air moves out of the lung.

A

expiration

64
Q

The pressure inside the alveoli.

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

65
Q

Intapulmonary cycle.

A

a. At the start of the respiratory cycle, the intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure are equal and no air is moving.
b. When inspiration (inhalation) begins the pressure drops to about -6mm Hg and the average intrapulmonary pressure is 760 mm-1 mmHg ( i.e. 759 mm Hg).
c. On expiration (exhalation) the intrapulmonary pressure is 760 mm Hg + 1 mmHg (i.e., 761 mmHg)
d. The amount of air moved in to the lung during inhalation is equal to the amount that moves out on exhalation. That amount is called the tidal volume.

66
Q

a. At the start of the respiratory cycle, the intrapulmonary pressure and the _______ pressure are equal and no air is moving.

A

atmospheric pressure

67
Q

b. When inspiration (inhalation) begins the pressure drops to about -6mm Hg and the average intrapulmonary pressure is _______ mm - 1 mmHg.

A

760 mm - 1 mmHg ( i.e. 759 mm Hg).

68
Q

c. On expiration (exhalation) the intrapulmonary pressure is _____ mm + 1 mmHg.

A

760 mm Hg + 1 mmHg (i.e., 761 mmHg)

69
Q

d. The amount of air moved in to the lung during inhalation is equal to the amount that moves out on exhalation. That amount is called the ________.

A

tidal volume

70
Q

During ______, pressure change such as 760 -30 mm Hg ( 730 mmHg) at inhalation and 760 + 100mm Hg (860 mmHg) can occur.

A

heavy breathing

71
Q

Changes in volume of the thoracic cavity is due to (4)

A

i. contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm
ii. articulation(jointed) between the ribs and the vertebrae
iii. movement of the rib cage
iv. contraction and relaxation of the intercostals muscles

72
Q

The ease with which the lung expands and contracts. The lower the compliance the greater the force (of the muscles) require to pull the lungs open.

A

Lung compliance

73
Q

Factors that affect compliance include: (3)

A

a) Loss of supporting tissue (elastic tissue) resulting from alveolar damage (as in emphysema)
b) Low surfactant production (as in neonate or persons exposed to chemicals). Surfactant is secreted by pneumocyte Type ll cells scattered among squamous cells of the alveolar. Surfactant is an oily secretion containing a mixture of phospholipids and protein, which coats over the surface of the alveolar to facilitate their opening. It reduces surface tension in the liquid coating the alveolar surface.
c) Problems with the rib cage movement as in cases of arthritis or other skeletal disorders affecting articulation of the spinal column and the ribs.

74
Q

Surfactant is secreted by _________ cells and scattered among squamous cells of the alveolar.

A

Pneumocyte Type ll cells

75
Q

An oily secretion containing a mixture of phospholipids and protein, which coats over the surface of the alveolar to facilitate their opening. It reduces surface tension in the liquid coating the alveolar surface.

A

Surfactant

76
Q

The pressure in the space between the parietal and visceral pleurae.

A

Intrapleural Pressure

77
Q

Intrapleural pressure averages about ____ mmHg but can reach ___ mmHg during a powerful inhalation.

A

-4 mmHg/ -18mmHg

78
Q

Inteapleural pressure is below atmospheric pressure due to the relationship between ______ and _____.

A

the lung and the chest wall.

79
Q

______ cause the elastic lung fibre to adhere to the chest wall.

A

Surface tension

80
Q

The ______ allows the lungs to expand during the expiration phase of the respiratory cycle.

A

negative pressure

81
Q

Changes in the volume of the lung occur through the ______ of skeletal muscles.

A

contraction

82
Q

The skeletal muscles involved in respiration are: (3)

A
  1. the diaphragm
  2. the external intercostals muscle
  3. the accessory respiratory muscles (which become active when depth and frequency of respiration must be increased markedly). These muscle are internal intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, scalene, transverse thoracis, transverses abdominus, external and internal oblique and the rectus adbominis
83
Q

Muscles used in inhalation (3)

A
  • Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the floor of the thoracic cavity, causing the lung volume to increase and draw in air.
  • Contraction of the external intercostal muscles assists in elevating the ribs and expanding the lung volume.
  • Contraction of the serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, scalene muscles increase the speed and rib movement.
84
Q

Contraction of the ____ flattens the floor of the thoracic cavity, causing the lung volume to increase and draw in air.

A

diaphragm

85
Q

Contraction of the ______ assists in elevating the ribs and expanding the lung volume.

A

external intercostal muscles

86
Q

Contraction of the serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, scalene muscles increase the _____ and _____.

A

speed and rib movement

87
Q

Muscles used in exhalation (2)

A
  1. When exhalation is passive all the muscles involved in inhalation simply relax.
  2. When exhalation is active :
    a. the internal intercostal and transverse thoracis muscles contract and depress the rib cage, reducing the width and depth of the rib cage.
    b. The abdominal muscles contract compressing the abdomen and forcing the diaphragm upward.
88
Q

Exhalation is either passive or active depending on the level of _______.

A

respiratory activity

89
Q
  1. When exhalation is ____ all the muscles involved in inhalation simply relax.
A

passive

90
Q
  1. When exhalation is ____:
    a. the internal intercostal and transverse thoracis muscles contract and depress the rib cage, reducing the width and depth of the rib cage.
    b. The abdominal muscles contract compressing the abdomen and forcing the diaphragm upward.
A

active

91
Q

MODES OF BREATHING (4)

A
  • Quiet breathing (eupnoea) - inhalation involves muscular contractions of the diaphragm and the external intercostals muscles, but exhalations are a passive process.
  • Deep-quiet breathing - air is drawn into the lungs as the diaphragm contracts. The contraction of the diaphragm provides the necessary change. Exhalation is passive
  • Shallow-quiet breathing - the thoracic volume changes because the rib cage alters shape. Inhalation occurs when the external intercostals muscles contract raising the rib cage and enlarge the thoracic cavity. Exhalation is passive
  • Forced breathing (hyperpnoea) - involves active aspiratory and expiratory movements. The abdominal muscles and the intercostals muscles are involved.
92
Q

Mode of Breathing.
Inhalation involves muscular contractions of the diaphragm and the external intercostals muscles, but exhalations are a passive process.

A

Quiet breathing (eupnoea)

93
Q

Mode of Breathing.
Air is drawn into the lungs as the diaphragm contracts. The contraction of the diaphragm provides the necessary change. Exhalation is passive

A

Deep-quiet breathing

94
Q

Mode of Breathing.
The thoracic volume changes because the rib cage alters shape. Inhalation occurs when the external intercostals muscles contract raising the rib cage and enlarge the thoracic cavity. Exhalation is passive

A

Shallow-quiet breathing

95
Q

Mode of Breathing.

  • The internal intercostal muscles are activated to help depress the rib cage, and the abdominal muscles contract and help force air from the lungs by squeezing the abdominal organs upward against the diaphragm.
  • Involves active aspiratory and expiratory movements. The abdominal muscles and the intercostals muscles are involved.
A

Forced breathing (hyperpnoea)

96
Q

accepting or allowing what happens or what others do, without active response or resistance.

A

Passive

97
Q

O2 and CO2 must be transported to and from the lungs and tissue cells of the body via the blood stream.

A

Respiratory gas transport.

98
Q

Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize the pressure.

A

True.

99
Q

The volume within the lungs.

A

Intrapulmonary volume

100
Q

The pressure within the pleural space. Its always negative to prevent collapse of the lungs. If it becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure, the lungs immediately recoil completely and relapse.

A

Interpleural pressure

101
Q

Collapsed lungs. The lungs are useless for ventialtion. This phenomenon is seen when air enters the pleural space through a chest wound, but it may also result from a rupture of the visceral pleura, which allows the pleural space from the respiratory tract.

A

Atelectasis

102
Q

The prescence of air in the intrapleural space, which disrupts the fluid bond between pleurae. It is reversed by drawing air out of the intrapleural space with chest tubes, which allows the lung to reinflate and resume normal function.

A

Pneumothorax

103
Q

What causes the lungs to inflate?

A

The enlargement of the thoracic cavity due to contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles results in lower pressure in the lungs than outside the body. This difference in pressure leads to air flow into the lungs and to their expansion.

104
Q

In ____, the diaphragm contracts and moves inferiorly, the external intercostal muscles contract, and the ribs elevates.

A

inhalation

105
Q

In _____, the diaphragm relaxes and moves superiorly, the external intercostal muscles relaxes, and the ribs depress.

A

expiration

106
Q

When does expiration become an active process

A

Resp. passageways are narrowed by bronchospams (asthma) or clogged with mucus or fluid (chronic bronchitis or pneumonia)

Physiology (9 decks)

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