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Physiology > Immunology - Specific Immunity > Flashcards

Immunology - Specific Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Specific Immunity (3)

A
  • Acts as the third line of defence of the body.
  • Protects the body against microbes, foreign tissue (e.g., transplants) and cancer cells
  • Provide immunity to some diseases
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2
Q

Characteristics of Specific Immunity (3)

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Memory
  3. Requires Activation
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3
Q

The immunity is directed against a particular pathogen. This immunity is so specific that immunity to one pathogen does not confer on the individual, immunity to another pathogen. Example: Immunity to chicken pox does not mean immunity to genital herpes.

A

Specificity

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4
Q

Once exposed to a pathogen the body builds memory cells and other agents against the pathogen. When re-infected by the same pathogen these memory cells react quickly to the pathogen so that no noticeable illness occurs.

A

Memory

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5
Q

Requires the presentation of antigen from present or previous exposure to be activated.

A

Requires Activation

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6
Q

Two of specific immunity:

A

I. Cellular immunity

II. Humoral immunity

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7
Q

This system uses lymphocytes, dendrite cells and macrophages that directly attack and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells.

  • It rids the body of pathogens (such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa and yeast) that reside in host cells and are not accessible to antibodies.
  • This immunity also acts against parasitic worm, cancer cells and foreign cells from tissue transplants.
A

CELLULAR IMMUNITY

Cell-mediated Immunity

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8
Q

Born in the red bone marrow, they migrate to the thymus gland where they mature and multiple to form clones. Since they mature in and leave the thymus to perform their functions they are called _____.

A

(Thymus) T LYMPOCYTES

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9
Q

From the ______, T Lympocytes differentiate in specificity and colonize the lymphatic system everywhere in the body.

A

thymus

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10
Q

Three types of lymphocytes attack and destroy diseased and foreign cells

A

cytotoxic T cells (TC cells),
Helper T cells (TH cells) and
Memory T (TM cells)

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11
Q

B cells, macrophages and other cell types function as ________ in the body.

A

antigen presenting cell (APC)

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12
Q

When antigen presenting cells (APC) encounter an antigen (i.e., a virus or antigens of cancer cells), the APC ingest them by ______ and digests it into molecular fragments. They then display relevant fragments (called epitopes) of the antigen on their membrane surface.

A

endocytosis

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13
Q

• Once the antigen presenting cells (APC) recognize and process fragments (epitopes) of the antigen, they usually migrate to the _____ and present the epitopes to the T cells. (TC and TH cells usually patrol the lymph nodes.).

A

lymph node

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14
Q

Fragments of the antigen.

A

Epitopes

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15
Q

T cells that can recognize the epitopes then bind to it and begin _________.

A

activation

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16
Q

Activated T cells go through _____ several times giving rise to a colony of identical T cells that are pre-programmed against the epitopes.

A

mitosis

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17
Q

_____ cells directly act and destroy enemy cells or pathogens with the antigen.
- They release lethal chemicals that destroy the pathogen but are not killed in the process.

A

Cytotoxic T (TC) cells

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18
Q

Among the chemicals releases are: (3)

A

i. perforin
ii interferon
iii tumour necrosis factor

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19
Q

Kills target cell in the same manner as NK cells.

A

Perforin

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20
Q

Inhibits viral replication and activates macrophage and other cells

A

Interferon

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21
Q

Helps to activate and kill cancer cells

A

Tumour necrosis factor,

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22
Q

(TC) cells have surface glycoprotein called _____ ; hence they are also called ____ cells.

A

CD8

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23
Q

Cells that recognize foreign antigen fragments and secrete interleukins that

i) attract NK cells and neutrophils;
ii) attract macrophage and stimulate them to begin phagocytosis;
iii) stimulate T and B cell mitosis and maturity.

A

Helper T (TH cells)

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24
Q

TH cells have surface glycoprotein called ____ hence the cells are called ___ cells.

A

CD4

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25
Q

Once activation of T cells occurs, more and more T cells are recruited by T helper cells until the pathogen is overwhelmed. The primary attack on the pathogen is usually over in a _____.

A

1 week

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26
Q

As the attack on the pathogen decreases some TH cells and TC cells become ______.

A

memory (TM) cells

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27
Q

Memory T (TM) cells after the attack are usually more ____ that the usual T cell.

A

numerous

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28
Q

TM live ____ than the T cells

A

Longer

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29
Q

They act as a pool of cells that can carry out a quick _______ when they are exposed to the same antigen that initially activated them.

A

recall T cell response

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30
Q

Because they _______, they save time in attacking the pathogen; hence no noticeable illness is caused by the pathogen in the second attack.

A

do not require activation

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31
Q

B cells are made in the red bone marrow and ______ there.

A

mature

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32
Q

B cells are part of the _______ which include dendrite cells and macro phages.

A

antigen-presenting group of cells (APC)

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33
Q

The APC are found in the _____. (3)

A

skin, mucous membrane and lymph nodes

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34
Q

APC ingest foreign antigen that enter the body and the antigens are eventually displayed on the surface of the APC; they present the antigen for other cells to see. Hence the term ________.

A

presenting- antigen cells.

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35
Q

Once the _____ (dendrites cells, macrophage and B cells) present the antigen to Helper T cells, the Helper T cell become activated, proliferate into active helper T cell and Memory Helper T cell with long life

A

APCs

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36
Q

The Helper T cells … (2)

A

I. secrete interleukin and other proteins that activation of cytotoxic T cells.
II. present the antigen to B cell and macrophages.

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37
Q

Helper T Cells secrete interleukin and other proteins that activation of cytotoxic T cells. These cells then proliferate and differentiate into ____ and ______ that destroy the microbe by phagocytosis and cells displaying the antigen by releasing perforin and other proteins that destroy both cell and microbes.

A

memory cytotoxic cells (long lived) and cytotoxic T cells

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38
Q

Helper T Cells present the antigen to B cell and macrophages. B cells then proliferate and differentiate into ____ and ____. The Plasma cell then produce the antibodies (Ig)

A

B memory cells and Plasma cells.

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39
Q

A protein produced by certain cells in response to a specific antigen. They combine with their specific antigens to neutralize, inhibit or destroy them.

A

Antibody

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40
Q

Antibodies belong to a group of glycoproteins called _____, and so they are called ____. (Ig)

A

globulins; immunoglobulin

41
Q

There are five distinct classes of antibodies. Each class has a specialized chemical structure and biological function.

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE.

42
Q

Class of antibody that appears first when an infection is present; it is short-lived. It is found in the blood and lymph. In blood plasma, the antibodies Anti-A and Anti-B that appear in types A, B and O blood groups are IgM antibodies. They activate complement and cause blood cells and microbes to come together (agglutinate).

A

IgM antibody

43
Q

Class of antibody from Mothers provide resistance foetus and newborns against infection. It crosses the placenta barrier. It is found in the blood, lymph and intestine. They protect against bacteria and viruses by neutralizing toxins, enhancing them to be phagocytised.

A

IgG antibody

44
Q

Class of antibody that is obtained by neonates from their mother’s breast milk. It is also found in the blood, sweat, tear, saliva and mucus. It provides local protection against viruses and bacteria

A

IgA antibody

45
Q

Class of antibody that is found in blood, lymph and on the surface of B cells. It acts as antigen receptors on B cells.

A

IgD antibody

46
Q

Class of antibody that is found in the blood and on mast cells and basophils. This antibody is involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions and protect against worms.

A

IgE antibody

47
Q

This system does not act directly like the cellular immune defence but indirectly through the use of antibodies. B lymphocytes produce antibodies that bind to antigens and label them for destruction by other defence components.

A

Humoral Immunity

48
Q

This system works in three ways:

A

I) recognition, II) attack and III) memory.

49
Q

These cells originated in the bone marrow and are called _______. .

A

Bone (B) lymphocytes.

50
Q

They are defined as lymphocytes bearing a surface antibody.

A

Bone (B) lymphocytes.

51
Q

Bone (B) lymphocytes make up __%-___% of the immune cells in circulation.

A

10-15%

52
Q

B Lymphocytes achieve ______ in red bone marrow, and then they emigrate to lymphatic tissues and organs.

A

immunocompetence

53
Q

B cells activation begins when an antigen binds to _____. The antigens that bind to the antibodies are taken into the B cell. After endocytosis, a B cell digests the antigens and exhibit processed fragments of the antigen (processed epitopes) on their cell surface.

A

several of their antibodies

54
Q

The B cell is usually never activated to replicate unless a ____ also binds to the processed epitopes on the B cells. Once the TH cell binds, it secrete interleukins and activate the B cells.

A

TH cell

55
Q

Interleukins stimulate B cells to divide repeatedly and form a _____.

A

clone

56
Q

A small amount of B cells in the clone differentiate to form memory B cells; the remainder of B cells differentiate to form _____ cells.

A

Plasma cells

57
Q

Plasma cells develop in the lymph modes and about ___% remain in the lymph node, the rest leave the nodes for the bone marrow or elsewhere, from which they secrete antibodies until they die.

A

10%

58
Q

_____ secreted by plasma cells are carried in the blood and other body fluids.

A

Antibodies

59
Q

The first time the Plasma cells are exposed to an antigen, they secrete antibody called _______. In subsequent exposure, the plasma cells secrete IgG.

A

immunoglobulin (Ig) M (a.k.a. IgM)

60
Q

Gamma globulin proteins found in blood plasma, body secretions and on B lymphocytes.

A

Antibodies

61
Q

Antibodies are composed of four polypeptides linked together by ____ bonds.

A

sulphide (-S-S-) bonds

62
Q

Antibodies have two heavy chains and two light chains and are shape like a ___ or ___.

A

T or Y

63
Q

Antibodies have _____ on each arm.

A

antigen-binding sites

64
Q

Developing B cell synthesized IgD and IgM as ______ .

A

surface antigen receptors

65
Q

IgG is important in the immunity of newborns because ___. (2)

A

it crosses the placenta barrier and transfers immunity from mother to foetus

66
Q

Infants acquire IgA from their mother via ___ and ____ (the fluid secreted for the first 2 or three days of breast-feeding).

A

breast milk and colostrum

67
Q

(the fluid secreted for the first 2 or three days of breast-feeding)

A

colostrum

68
Q

The attack Involve the sequence of events:(4)

A

Neutralization
Complement fixation
Agglutination
Precipitation

69
Q

Once released by a plasma cell, antibodies neutralize the antigen by binding to the active region and covering the region. The active region is the only region that makes the antigen pathogenic.

A

Neutralization

70
Q

IgM and IgG binds to foreign cells and change the cell’s shape so that complement can bind. This process triggers the inflammatory process and phagocytosis. This is the major means of clearing bacteria and mismatched RBC from the body.

A

Complement fixation

71
Q

One antibody can link two blood cells or many microbes together. This causes clumping of red blood cell or immobilization of microbes, which prevents them from leaving an area.

A

Agglutination

72
Q

Antibodies link many antigens (not whole cells) together to create large antibody-antigen complexes that precipitate and are removed by immune system or eaten up by eosinophils.

A

Precipitation

73
Q

Antibodies to invading antigens appear in the blood ___ days after the first exposure to an antigens. This is called the ____.

A

3-6 days ; primary

74
Q

As plasma cells begin secreting antibodies in the blood, the antibody titre level ____ .

A

rises

75
Q

IgM is the first to rise and it peaks in ___ days, then decline.

A

10 days

76
Q

IgG levels rise as IgM levels fall and reaches a low in about ____ month.

A

1 month.

77
Q

The primary response causes _____ formation.

A

memory B cells formation.

78
Q

____ cells reside in the lymph nodes and can mount an attack very quickly.

A

Memory B cells

79
Q

On a ____ infection by the antigen, B memory differentiate and form Plasma cells within hours and IgG levels reach the peak within a few days. The response is usually so rapid that the antigen has little chance of causing noticeable illness.

A

second infection

80
Q

An abnormal response to particular antigens, these antigens are known as allergens.

A

Allergy (a.k.a. Hypersensitivity response)

81
Q

Type categories of allergy: (2)

A
  1. Immediate hypersensitivity

2. Delayed hypersensitivityt.

82
Q

The result of an abnormal B cell response to an antigen. The response occurs in seconds to minutes. Example: allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis (urticaria or hives). In this case these activate B cell secrete IgE which attach to mast cells and basophils. When the antibodies now attached to basophils and mast cells bind the antigen, the cells release histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandins D which promote the inflammatory response.

A

Immediate hypersensitivity

83
Q

The result of an abnormal T cell response. It produces symptoms in 24 to 48 hours. Example: Contact dermatitis -contact with poison ivy. Since this is caused by T cells no antibodies → histamine are involved, and antihistamine will not work.

A

Delayed hypersensitivity

84
Q

Only treatment for delayed hypersensitivity

A

Corticosteroids

85
Q

Specific immunity can be classified (3)

A

active, passive and artificial.

86
Q

In ___ immunity the body makes its own antibodies or T cells against the pathogen. This type of immunity occurs naturally or by acquisition (as in the case of vaccines)

A

active immunity

87
Q

Immunity that occurs when an individual is exposed to an antigen and the body produces its own antibody or T cell to counter it.

A

Natural Active Immunity

88
Q

Immunity that is the result of a vaccination triggering the body’s response to produce its own antibody or T cells as a result of a vaccine.

A

Artificial Active Immunity

89
Q

A preparation given to stimulate an immune response in an individual. It consists of dead or weakened (attenuated) pathogens that cause little or no discomfort or disease in the recipient.

A

Vaccine

90
Q

In ____ immunity the body acquires the antibody or T cells from another individual or animal. This type of immunity also occurs naturally or by acquisition (as in the case of serum injection)

A

Passive immunity

91
Q
  • This is a temporary immunity that results from obtaining antibodies from another individual.
  • This type of immunity (only) occurs when a foetus receives antibodies across the placenta prior to birth or via breast feeding.
  • The baby is protected for several months against all antigens to which the mother was exposed.
A

Natural Passive Immunity

92
Q

This is a temporary immunity acquire from the injection of an immune serum obtained from another individual or animal (such as a horse), that produces antibodies against a certain pathogen.

  • Here, antibodies are given to the affected individual and these antibodies interact with the pathogen inside the individual. Since the antibodies are not made by the individual, they eventually disappear.
  • Such antibodies are used in an emergency for tetanus, snake bite, rabies, botulism and others.
A

Artificial Passive Immunity

93
Q

A molecule that triggers an immune response.

A

Antigen

94
Q

Some antigens are _____ .e.g., toxins and venoms; others are part of plasma membranes and bacteria cell walls.

A

free (unbound) antigens

95
Q

Antigens are ____ molecules (having specific proteins, glycolipids, glycoproteins and polysaccharides) and a unique.

A

complex

96
Q

Because antigens are unique this helps the body to ____ cell that belong to the body (self) from cells that do not belong to the body (non-self).
- The immune system learns to identify self from non-self before birth and normally attack only non-self.

A

Identify

97
Q

These are small molecules that are not antigens but stimulate an immune response by binding to a large molecule and forming a complex that is foreign to the body.
- Present in cosmetic, detergents, chemical, poison ivy and animal dander, haptens cause allergic response in many people..

A

Haptens

98
Q

Penicillin is a ______; it causes the most cases of drug allergy

A

Hapten

Physiology (9 decks)

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