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Sociology 1000 > Test 3 Notes > Flashcards

Test 3 Notes Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

when are counter cultures created?

A

when a group of people decide they don’t want to follow the dominant culture anymore

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2
Q

our social class position over time should lead to…

A

class conciousness

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3
Q

class conciousness

A

being aware of our position and its consequences in the larger system and being willing to take action on the basis of it

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4
Q

our ______ _______ doesn’t necessarily lead to class consciousness

A

objective position

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5
Q

religion is the _______ of the people

A

opiate

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6
Q

development of false consciousness

A
  1. ideas can be controlled by coercion
  2. in order to have class consciousness, we need education, time and money
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7
Q

development of class consciousness

A

-it develops as the forces of production necessarily change
-feudal to industrial (industrial is a more efficient form of production)

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8
Q

Mark about alienation: “humans are capable of achieving the highest forms of…”

A

thought, creativity and action

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9
Q

Marx views humans not as who they are but as

A

who they have the potential to be

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10
Q

why did Marx say humans differ from other species?

A

we have the ability to make our work the object of our own will

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11
Q

Marx said humans only truly express themselves when

A

our work is on a voluntary basis

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12
Q

Marx said “we feel to be ourselves only when outside of our work and…”

A

when at work we feel to be outside of ourselves

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13
Q

4 types of alienation (Marx)

A

from process of work
from product of work
from self
from others

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14
Q

according to the process of work alienation, as capitalism becomes more efficient,

A

there is an increase in the division of labour

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15
Q

what does process of work take away from work?

A

meaning

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16
Q

main point of the product of work alienation

A

we do not control what we produce

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17
Q

main point of self alienation

A

we lost control of apart of our self

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18
Q

how would Marx view the alienation of a university student?

A

they are choosing to be there and they can express themselves because their work is voluntary

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19
Q

main point of alienation from others

A

class system makes for divisions b/w people

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20
Q

Marx says job satisfaction is affected by what 5 things

A

status
job content
increase in reward (promotion)
opportunity for interaction
health

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21
Q

what 3 points make up job content

A

variety
choice of task
self-determination

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22
Q

The higher the status of the job, the more…

A

healthy those workers are

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23
Q

foundation of Weber’s multi dimensional theory of stratification

A

class status & power

24
Q

what holds a status group together?

A

-what constitutes a proper lifestyle
-the esteem given to the group by others
-the expectation that most interaction will occur within the group

25
Q

the honor bestowed upon us at birth is known as (2)

A

estate or ascribed status

26
Q

status consistency vs inconsistency

A

consistency: ranking equally among all dimensions of stratification
inconsistency: ranking higher on some dimensions of stratification over others

27
Q

power vs authority

A

power: ability to obtain one’s will despite resistance
authority: no resistance b/c both the ruler and the ruled agree that the exercise of power is just

28
Q

when power is charged with moral values, it’s transformed into…

A

legitimate authority

29
Q

Weber’s 3 types of authority

A

traditional, charismatic and rational-legal

30
Q

choosing to do something because “that’s how it’s always been done” is apart of which authority?

A

traditional

31
Q

“eternal yesterday” refers to which authority?

A

traditional

32
Q

according to rational-legal authority, bureaucracy is going to become _________

A

all-pervasive

33
Q

how does the rational-legal authority say we can keep the world organized?

A

giving everyone a number unique to them; everywhere we go we are numbers

34
Q

assigning people numbers does what for society?

A

decreases everyone’s affect

35
Q

define rational-legal authority

A

rational exercise of authority to reach a goal that leads to bureaucratic forms of organization

36
Q

in terms of status consistency, how do we want others to treat us?

A

on the basis of our higher criterion of stratification

37
Q

define charisma

A

special characteristics attached to a person by their followers

38
Q

why is charismatic authority “unstable”

A

it’s a quality of the person leading and not the office (versus bureaucracy, the whole office holds the power)

39
Q

Lombroso’s theory of ativistic stigmata/XYY theory

A

says that some people born with the extra Y sex chromosome have more criminal tendencies than others

40
Q

deviance

A

a behavior that goes against the normal expectations of a group

41
Q

normal, routine behavior comes to be experienced as…

A

reality

42
Q

even before a deviant act is considered a moral offence, we tend to experience it as…

A

an offence against reality

43
Q

reality comes when we take what for granted?

A

our routine world

44
Q

according to Merton, every society and organization can be described in terms of what?

A

goals, means and chances to follow the means to achieve the goals

45
Q

why is achievement easier for some than others?

A

social class (inheriting our privileges)

46
Q

what 2 ways can we inherit our privileges?

A

directly and indirectly

47
Q

what is created when legitimate access is low?

A

anomie

48
Q

when is conformity most likely to occur?

A

when the means articulate well with the goals or when we have deeply internalized the norms

49
Q

5 types of adaptation

A

conformity: accept goals and means
innovation: accept goals/reject means
ritualist: reject goals/accept means
retreatist: reject goals and means
rebel: reject goals and means BUT replace with their own

50
Q

according to Sutherland, criminal behavior is learned where?

A

in small primary groups

51
Q

Sutherland: rationalizations for criminal life

A

-condemnation of the condemners (they take money from people all the time so I can take something from them)
-denial of the victim (they deserve that treatment)
-appeal to a higher loyalty (I only stole the food because it was for my kid who hasn’t eaten in 2 days)
-appeal to self-fulfillment (I’m just taking what I deserve)

52
Q

according to Sutherland, whether or not we become criminal depends on what?

A

our ratio of interaction with others whose attitude towards the law is either favourable or unfavourable

53
Q

what affects our ratio of interaction with others?

A

-frequency of interaction
-group priority (first influences are lasting)
-time spent with the group
-how intensely our concept of self is attached to group
-opportunity for interaction

54
Q

Cohen’s “delinquent boys” theory refers to what?

A

the theory of how countercultures emerge

55
Q

Cohen says crimes tend to be what 3 things?

A

nonutilitarian
malicious
spur of the moment

56
Q

how can we problem solve?

A

change the situation directly or change our frame of ref./def’n of the situation

57
Q

what 3 things do we need in order to change the frame of reference at a group level?

A

-multiple people who share the same problem of adjustment
-communication in interaction with others that the problem is not individual
-the new emerging frame of reference occurs on a step by step basis where each step adds something to the new frame of reference and tends to go beyond the acts of the person previous to them (structural effect)

Sociology 1000 (11 decks)

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