Test 3 Notes Flashcards
when are counter cultures created?
when a group of people decide they don’t want to follow the dominant culture anymore
our social class position over time should lead to…
class conciousness
class conciousness
being aware of our position and its consequences in the larger system and being willing to take action on the basis of it
our ______ _______ doesn’t necessarily lead to class consciousness
objective position
religion is the _______ of the people
opiate
development of false consciousness
- ideas can be controlled by coercion
- in order to have class consciousness, we need education, time and money
development of class consciousness
-it develops as the forces of production necessarily change
-feudal to industrial (industrial is a more efficient form of production)
Mark about alienation: “humans are capable of achieving the highest forms of…”
thought, creativity and action
Marx views humans not as who they are but as
who they have the potential to be
why did Marx say humans differ from other species?
we have the ability to make our work the object of our own will
Marx said humans only truly express themselves when
our work is on a voluntary basis
Marx said “we feel to be ourselves only when outside of our work and…”
when at work we feel to be outside of ourselves
4 types of alienation (Marx)
from process of work
from product of work
from self
from others
according to the process of work alienation, as capitalism becomes more efficient,
there is an increase in the division of labour
what does process of work take away from work?
meaning
main point of the product of work alienation
we do not control what we produce
main point of self alienation
we lost control of apart of our self
how would Marx view the alienation of a university student?
they are choosing to be there and they can express themselves because their work is voluntary
main point of alienation from others
class system makes for divisions b/w people
Marx says job satisfaction is affected by what 5 things
status
job content
increase in reward (promotion)
opportunity for interaction
health
what 3 points make up job content
variety
choice of task
self-determination
The higher the status of the job, the more…
healthy those workers are
foundation of Weber’s multi dimensional theory of stratification
class status & power
what holds a status group together?
-what constitutes a proper lifestyle
-the esteem given to the group by others
-the expectation that most interaction will occur within the group
the honor bestowed upon us at birth is known as (2)
estate or ascribed status
status consistency vs inconsistency
consistency: ranking equally among all dimensions of stratification
inconsistency: ranking higher on some dimensions of stratification over others
power vs authority
power: ability to obtain one’s will despite resistance
authority: no resistance b/c both the ruler and the ruled agree that the exercise of power is just
when power is charged with moral values, it’s transformed into…
legitimate authority
Weber’s 3 types of authority
traditional, charismatic and rational-legal
choosing to do something because “that’s how it’s always been done” is apart of which authority?
traditional
“eternal yesterday” refers to which authority?
traditional
according to rational-legal authority, bureaucracy is going to become _________
all-pervasive
how does the rational-legal authority say we can keep the world organized?
giving everyone a number unique to them; everywhere we go we are numbers
assigning people numbers does what for society?
decreases everyone’s affect
define rational-legal authority
rational exercise of authority to reach a goal that leads to bureaucratic forms of organization
in terms of status consistency, how do we want others to treat us?
on the basis of our higher criterion of stratification
define charisma
special characteristics attached to a person by their followers
why is charismatic authority “unstable”
it’s a quality of the person leading and not the office (versus bureaucracy, the whole office holds the power)
Lombroso’s theory of ativistic stigmata/XYY theory
says that some people born with the extra Y sex chromosome have more criminal tendencies than others
deviance
a behavior that goes against the normal expectations of a group
normal, routine behavior comes to be experienced as…
reality
even before a deviant act is considered a moral offence, we tend to experience it as…
an offence against reality
reality comes when we take what for granted?
our routine world
according to Merton, every society and organization can be described in terms of what?
goals, means and chances to follow the means to achieve the goals
why is achievement easier for some than others?
social class (inheriting our privileges)
what 2 ways can we inherit our privileges?
directly and indirectly
what is created when legitimate access is low?
anomie
when is conformity most likely to occur?
when the means articulate well with the goals or when we have deeply internalized the norms
5 types of adaptation
conformity: accept goals and means
innovation: accept goals/reject means
ritualist: reject goals/accept means
retreatist: reject goals and means
rebel: reject goals and means BUT replace with their own
according to Sutherland, criminal behavior is learned where?
in small primary groups
Sutherland: rationalizations for criminal life
-condemnation of the condemners (they take money from people all the time so I can take something from them)
-denial of the victim (they deserve that treatment)
-appeal to a higher loyalty (I only stole the food because it was for my kid who hasn’t eaten in 2 days)
-appeal to self-fulfillment (I’m just taking what I deserve)
according to Sutherland, whether or not we become criminal depends on what?
our ratio of interaction with others whose attitude towards the law is either favourable or unfavourable
what affects our ratio of interaction with others?
-frequency of interaction
-group priority (first influences are lasting)
-time spent with the group
-how intensely our concept of self is attached to group
-opportunity for interaction
Cohen’s “delinquent boys” theory refers to what?
the theory of how countercultures emerge
Cohen says crimes tend to be what 3 things?
nonutilitarian
malicious
spur of the moment
how can we problem solve?
change the situation directly or change our frame of ref./def’n of the situation
what 3 things do we need in order to change the frame of reference at a group level?
-multiple people who share the same problem of adjustment
-communication in interaction with others that the problem is not individual
-the new emerging frame of reference occurs on a step by step basis where each step adds something to the new frame of reference and tends to go beyond the acts of the person previous to them (structural effect)
