Test 1 - Class Notes Flashcards
Norm
idea shared by a group concerning how individuals are expected to act under certain circumstances with positive or negative sanctions!
What do rights and duties create?
Roles
Anomie
pain of disorientation that comes when we are suddenly pushed/pulled away from our routine world that we took for granted
Role set
set of roles that logically go together
Role sector
relationships between 2(+) roles (ex: student-teacher, student-student, student-admin)
What connects 2 different roles?
Norms
What makes things thinkaboutable/talkaboutable?
Words
Explain how we live in an invisible yet real social world
Our world is made up of “ideas” which aren’t visible BUT we find realness in the consequences of our actions
Status set
all of one’s social positions
Who invented the sociological imagination?
C. W. Mills
What condition did Mills say we live in?
troubled times
What constitutes troubled times according to Mills?
private troubles and public issues
What is inadequate socialization to a position?
conforming; explains the idea that private troubles are sometimes another party’s public issues
What makes up public issues?
Biography > social structure > history
Role set
acting out a set of norms b/w 2 social identities that creates a norm
For every social position you occupy, how many role sets should you have?
1
What is the main idea of the sociological imagination
We live in a time of unease/ troubled times
Values
higher-order norms
Why do humans love routine so much?
We are creatures of habit; without routine we feel stress/anxiety
In what 2 ways is structure imposed upon us?
through the macroworld and microworld
Macroworld
behind the scenes structures that organize much of what exists in face to face interactions
Microworld
intimate world of face to face interactions
Example of microworld and macroworld
Your romantic relationship with someone is apart of your microworld BUT if you end it because your family and friends don’t like that person you’ve been influenced by your macroworld
What 2 viewpoints are hard to distinguish because they share ideas about the social world?
sociological and economic
Which 2 famous sociologists spent part of their careers in economics?
Mark and Weber
What question do anthropologists typically ask?
How do they live?
4 boundaries of sociology
economics, anthropology, political science and psychology
What is the primary distinguisher of sociology and psychology?
their units of analysis
What are psychology and sociology’s units of analysis?
psyc: intra (the individual’s internal processes)
sociology: inter (interactions between people)
How would sociologists study pupilometry?
Analyzing how pupils change when reactions to different people/situations
Role strain
difficulty meeting basic demands of a role
What would sociologists say is the cause of anxiety leading to high dropout rates at high schools?
Due to the interactions students have at school
4 types of role strain
- inadequate socialization to a position
- conflict b/w our true self and what the role requires of us
- role conflict
- role competition-role overload
behavioral vs attitudinal conformity
behavioral: we do what’s expected to avoid negative sanctions
attitudinal: conform due to the standards we’ve set for ourselves
2 sources of role conflict
intra (w/in role set) and inter (w/in status set)
role overload
having to choose to honor the demands of one role at the expense of another
10 coping mechanisms
compartmentalization
role hierarchy
appeal to role-taking
role-contraction
role-withdrawal
doctrinal conformity
denial
motive talk
embarrassment
judication
compartmentalization
separate your roles into different settings as a way of organization
appeal to role-taking
asking someone to put themselves in your shoes if they’re having a hard time understanding why you are prioritizing your role over them/something else
role-contraction
only meeting the essential demands of a role (ex: when you’re busy during exams, just call your grandpa instead of going to visit. still meeting basic demands of the role)
role-withdrawal
completely giving up a role
doctrinal conformity
saying/doing what we think an audience wants us to due to fear of being negatively sanctioned (when not in their presence we’d act differently)
membership group vs reference group
membership: group you’re apart of
reference: group you go to for help/advice
motive talk
redefining a potentially painful situation in terms that are more personally/socially acceptable
theories
conceptual processes involved in “making sense” of our empirical generalizations
concepts
ideas that refer to a category of events
3 types of functions produced by structure
manifest, latent & dysfunction
manifest function
recognized and intended consequences that lead to the adaptation of the larger whole
latent functions
UNrecognized and UNintended consequences that lead to the adaptation of the larger whole
dysfunction
consequences have a negative impact on the larger whole
explain the emergence of norms (1st vs 2nd time)
1st time: we’re surprised, don’t know what’s expected of us
2nd time: we fall into a routine because we understand the structure of the new norm
How do people view society according to SF theory?
as a living organism & holistically (change in 1 part leads to change in another part)
how is society “whole” according to SF theory?
society is made up of a system of parts that each affect each other
what is the building block of structure?
norms
2 processes that maintain the system according to SF theory
socialization and social control
socialization
as we grow, norms become internalized and we abide by them
what did Hobbes ask that initiated conflict theory?
what are people like? and what kind of society do people produce?
what are people like according to Hobbes?
self-interested and power-hungry
power vs authority
power: ability to obtain one’s will despite resistance
authority: no resistance to overcome bc it’s understood b/w ruler and the ruled that the exercise of power is justified
Who focused on conflict theory at the individual level and at the group level?
individual: Hobbes
group: Marx
what did Marx say about scarce interests?
they center on the ownerships of the means of production in society. owners keep it this way and non-owners seek social change
what happens to conflict when social classes are pitted against each other?
conflict is no longer random but is instead systematically generated by our position in the structure of society
what kind of society do humans produce according to Hobbes?
a war of all vs all
who said the war of all vs all becomes war of 1 social class vs another?
Marx
2 main points of symbolic interactionism
people actively create their social world & act towards things on the basis of the meanings they have to us
how do we learn meanings according to SI?
in interaction in the concept of symbols
definition of the situation
as we go through life, we learn the names and ways associated with symbols and we store them in our common stock of knowledge
what does it mean if everyone agrees on the same language/ideas?
they most likely all have the same definition of a situation
4 steps to defining a situation
- enter a situation with a goal
- define the social identity of whoever we interact with and then negotiate a role
- roles and expectations influence but don’t necessarily determine how the interaction will play out
- devise our performance on the basis of who we think the other person is (what their role is and how they’ll act)
role-taking
mentally putting ourself in the psychological position of the other and attempting to see the world from their perspective
multidimensional analysis
relating 2(+) variables to see how related they are while simultaneously controlling for other factors
spurious relationship
if the assumed IV turns out to not be the causal variable for the DV, the 2 now have a spurious relationship
