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Bio 151 > Test 3 Lecture > Flashcards

Test 3 Lecture Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Germ-line cells

A

Sex cells, produce sexually

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2
Q

Somatic cells

A

All other cells produce asexually

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3
Q

Mitosis

A

Ordinary somatic cell division- makes 2 cells

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4
Q

Diploid

A

2n 46 chromosomes

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5
Q

Meiosis

A

germlins cell division results in 4 non-identical

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6
Q

Haploid cells

A

n chromosome- 23

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7
Q

The First Stage of the Cell Cycle

A

1) Cell growth

Increase in body size during growth

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8
Q

The Second Stage of the Cell Cycle

A

2) Cell repair

The replacement of dead or worn out cells

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9
Q

The Third Stage of the Cell Cycle

A

3) Cellular reproduction

Asexual reproduction

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10
Q

The First Stage of Interphase

A

G1 – Cell growth and duplication of organelles.

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11
Q

The Second Stage of Interphase

A

S – Synthesis of DNA and DNA repair

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12
Q

The Third Stage of Interphase

A

G2 – replication of centrioles and other proteins needed for division.
The nuclear envelop is still present

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13
Q

G0

A

Cells that have temporarily or reversibly stopped dividing are said to have entered a state of pause

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14
Q

Prophase

A

a) chromosomes condense
b) centrioles migrate
c) Spindle Fiber form

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15
Q

Prometaphase

A

a) The nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear

b) Spindle fiber make contact

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16
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align

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17
Q

Anaphase

A

a) centromeres split

b) sister chromatids are pulled apart

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18
Q

Telephase

A

a) Mitotic spindles disassemble
b) chromosomes begin to unwind
c) Nuclear envelop and nucleolus

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19
Q

Cytokinesis

A

a) Division of the cytoplasm

b) cleavage furrow forms

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20
Q

BRCA1 and BRCA2

A

Breast Cancer- tumor suppressor genes

Act as a stop sign and helps repair damaged DNA

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21
Q

Having a BRCA mutation results in

A

Cancer rates much higher,
First breast cancer 56 to 85%
Second occurrence of breast cancer 50%
Ovarian cancer up to 45%

Men with a BRCA mutation also have an increased risk for breast and prostrate cancer

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22
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

act like an accelerator in cells

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23
Q

Oncogene

A

a mutated proto-oncogene that results in cell growth being too quick.

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24
Q

HER genes

A

a oncogene that results in about 15-20 percent of breast cancer cases

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25
Q

X

A

Chromosome given from mother

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26
Q

Y

A

Chromosome given from father

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27
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do a sperm and egg cell have?

A

only 1

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28
Q

What is a zygote?

A

diploid

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29
Q

True or False: all cells can divide by meiosis

A

false. only diploid cells can divide by meiosis

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30
Q

What is crossing over?

A

exchange of homologous parts between non-sister chromatids

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31
Q

How do the offspring in meiosis differ from those of mitosis?

A

In meiosis variation can occur- meiosis results in 4 daughter cells

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32
Q

How are chromosomes sorted?

A

they are sorted by size, position, and pattern

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33
Q

Polyploidy

A

contain more than two sets of chromosomes
usually lethal in animals
some insects
some salamanders
Advantageous in fruits- leads to sterile.

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34
Q

Nondisjunction

A

can result in Euploid (normal) Trisomy (Two) or monosomy (none)

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35
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

an error in meiosis XXY

36
Q

Triple X syndrome

A

an error in meiosis XXX

37
Q

Jacobs syndrome

A

an error in meiosis

XYY

38
Q

Turner syndrome

A

an error in meiosis

X

39
Q

Down Syndrome

A

A mutation of the 21st chromosome

40
Q

Gregor Mendal

A

Principles of inheritance in hybrid plants

did most work with the pea plant

41
Q

Segragation

A

Determined that alleles always segregate in the offspring

We now know that the chromosomes physically separate during meiosis, and this is the basis for allele segregation

42
Q

Gene

A

– a portion of the DNA, located at a fixed place on a particular chromosome, that codes for a specific product or trait.

43
Q

Allele

A

one alternative form of a given gene

tall and dwarf) (more than 2 can exist

44
Q

Genotype

A

the specific allele combination for a certain gene or set of genes
ex BB

45
Q

Phenotype

A

the outword expression of the genotype

46
Q

Homozygote

A

an individual which contains only one allele at the allelic pair
Ex DD

47
Q

Heterozygote

A

an individual which contains one of each member of the gene pair
for example the Dd heterozygote

48
Q

Hybrid

A

a mixture of 2 sets of alleles (we are all hybrids)

49
Q

Cross

A

(the mating of two individuals)

50
Q

Why are calico cats almost always female?

A

It is a sex linked trait, can only appear in X

51
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

a cross between parents that differ at a single gene pair

52
Q

Monohybrid

A

the offspring of two parents that are homozygous for alternate alleles of a gene pair

53
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

– a cross between parents that differ at two gene pairs (usually AABB x aabb)

54
Q

Dihybrid

A

the offspring of two parents that are homozygous for alternate alleles of two gene pairs

55
Q

Ratios

A

For phenotypes not genotypes

56
Q

Codominant

A

two or more alleles that do not demonstrate a dominant-recessive relationship as expected
Ex AB blood

57
Q

Incompletely Dominent

A

heterozygous offspring will have a phenotype inbetween dominant and recessive
a red and white rose can make pink roses.

58
Q

Polygenic Traits

A

a phenotype that is dependent on more than 1 gene

59
Q

Pleiotropy/Van Der Hoev syndrome

A

Many different symptoms from a single mutation

60
Q

Brachidactyly

A

The short fingers but regular sized bones thing. shows that enviornment plays a role in expression

61
Q

x linked recessive

A 
Male has only one X chromosome
Recessive will show up
Female has two X chromosomes
Recessive can be hidden
“Carrier”
62
Q

Barr bodies

A 
Females have two X chromosomes
One is enough (two is often too much)
Therefore, one is randomly inactivated
Referred to as a Barr Body
Can be seen in the nucleus
63
Q

A

A

U

64
Q

T

A

A

65
Q

G

A

C

66
Q

C

A

G

67
Q

U

A

A (in double (m) strands.

68
Q

mRNA

A

messenger

69
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal

70
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer

71
Q

where does the process of meiosis occur

A

from the outside of the tubules to the inside

72
Q

where in the seminiferous tubular would you expect to find diploid cells

A

outside of tubule

73
Q

where would you find haploid cells

A

inside of tubule

74
Q

how does yeast divide

A

budding

75
Q

how does bacteria divide

A

fission

76
Q

how does mitosis differ in cancerous tissue

A

cancerous tissue has a much higher mitotic index

77
Q

when is DNA duplicated in meiosis

A

it is synthesized in the S phase of interphase

78
Q

what occurs in prophase of meiosis that doesn’t happen in mitosis

A

meiosis goes through prophase twice

79
Q

what is a continuous variable

A

variable such as height and quickness which have continuously varying values

80
Q

what is a dichotomous or binary variable

A

variable such as tongue rolling and widow’s peak which have yes or no answers

81
Q

dominant alleles are represented by

A

an uppercase letter

82
Q

in fruit flies gray body color is dominant over black body-color using the letter G to represent body-color what is the genotype of a heterozygous gray bodied fly

A

Gg

83
Q

all of The Offspring of two gray body flies are also Gray what can you conclude about the genotypes of the parents?

A

they’re both homozygous dominant

84
Q

some of the offspring of two gray bodied flies are black what can you conclude about the genotypes of the parents

A

they are both heterozygous

85
Q

of the human variables observed or measured in the lab which ones are primarily under the control of a single Gene multiple genes or the environment

A

height and weight are multiple genes that could also be environment single Gene traits are gender and handedness

86
Q

what is a codon

A

three bases on an mRNA strand

Bio 151 (6 decks)

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