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Bio 151 > Lab Practicum 1 COPY > Flashcards

Lab Practicum 1 COPY Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Let’s assume for a moment that Dr. Hime has discovered a new species of mammals. Which of the following represents the correct species name for her new mammal?

A

Hebius genbuis

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2
Q

What is the function of the rough ER? Is it found in plants animals or both?

A

Produces proteins, both

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3
Q

What is the function of the central vacuole? Is it found in plants animals or both?

A

Stores water, plants

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4
Q

What is the function of a lysosome? Is it found in plants animals or both?

A

Contains degrateative ensymes, Found in animals

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5
Q

Please list the four tissue types

A

Nervous connective muscle epithelial

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6
Q

If you fill a dialysis bag with concentrated MiraLAX solution and place the bag and distilled water what will happen and why?

A

It will gain weight because the hypertonic MiraLAX solution will go up towards the hypertonic environment.

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7
Q

If Sam is using a microscope with a three times I use any 300 times objective lens what is the total magnification?

A

900

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8
Q

Is Euglena capable of performing photosynthesis when living? Is it capable of consuming other organisms when living?

A

Yes to both

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9
Q

Which creature with smaller Euglena or the Daphnia?

A

Euglena

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10
Q

Sam is watching a living Euglena to swim across the slide. If it’s women’s to the left which way does Sam have to move the slide so that he can see it?

A

To the right

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11
Q

Which is larger one Gram or 1 pound

A

1 pound

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12
Q

Which is smaller 1 L or 1 gallon?

A

Liter

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13
Q

Which is larger 1 m or 1 yard?

A

1 m

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14
Q

How many miles is equal to how many kilometers?

A

1 mile equals 1.60 kilometers

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15
Q

Qualitative

A

Of or about qualities

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16
Q

Quantitative

A

Numbers

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17
Q

Independent variable

A

The one you change in the experiment

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18
Q

D pendant variable

A

The variable you measured or observed

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19
Q

Confounding variable

A

Alternative explanations for what we observed or measured

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20
Q

What does the standard deviation equal

A

The square root of the variance

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21
Q

1 cc

A

1mm

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22
Q

What magnification is the scanning lens

A

4x

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23
Q

What magnification is medium power

A

10x

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24
Q

What magnification is high-power

A

40x

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25
Q

What is the mathematical formula to calculate magnification

A

Magnification times 10

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26
Q

What happens to the diameter of the viewing field when I increase magnification to 100 times do you think the diameter will go up down or remain the same?

A

Goes down

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27
Q

If you move the slide up and to the left which way does the image appear to move?

A

Down and to the right

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28
Q

Spirogyra plant animal or both

A

Play it like because it contains chloroplasts and grows well in the water in someway but also produces sexually and asexually

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29
Q

Euglena plant or animal?

A

Animal like it does not have cell walls. These organisms are readish purple because they are no longer living

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30
Q

What is a prokaryote

A

A single set of organism that lacks a membrane surrounding the nucleus

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31
Q

What is a eukaryote

A

Has a true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Is often much larger than a prokaryote

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32
Q

Epidermis

A

Surrounds the leave in a single layer of cells

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33
Q

How do animal cells differ from those of photosynthetic plant cells

A

The plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts

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34
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast? is it found in plants animals or both?

A

Photosynthesis, plant

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35
Q

What is the function of a mitochondria? Are they found in plant cells animal cells or both?

A

makes ATP

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36
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER? Is it found in plants animals or both

A

It regulates calcium and is found in both

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37
Q

What is the function of the nucleosis? Is it found in plants animals or both?

A

Rewrites RNA and combined it with proteins and it is found in both

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38
Q

What is the function of a cell wall? Is it found in plants animals or both?

A

Protection and is found only in plant

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39
Q

What is the function of the central vacuole? Is it found in plants animals or both

A

It’s function is to hold wastes and it is found in plants

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40
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? Is it found in plants animals or both?

A

It’s function is sorting and packaging proteins, it is found in both

41
Q

What affect does molecular size have on the movement of molecules through the membrane?

A

Bigger the size the slower it moves

42
Q

What effect does concentration have on the movement of molecules through the membrane?

A

The more concentrated it is the more likely it’s going to move down the gradient

43
Q

What causes molecules to move in and out of cells

A

Diffusion

44
Q

Aerobic

A

The process of cellular respiration requires the presence of oxygen

45
Q

Anaerobic

A

Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen

46
Q

Which sugars resulted in the highest and lowest rates of fermentation? Was there a difference between the rate of fermentation when monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides were used?

A

Monosaccharides should have higher rates than polysaccharides

47
Q

Fermentation is a chemical process involving many different enzymes. The substances that enzymes utilize are called substrates while the results of the enzyme activity are called products. What are substrates and products of fermentation

A

Glucose makes products CO2 and ethanol

48
Q

After observing table to which sugars and artificial sweeteners would you say are a good food source for yeast and which are not?

A

Monosaccharides should have higher rates than polysaccharides

49
Q

Liposome

A

Hydrophillic Center

50
Q

Micelle

A

Hydrophobic center

51
Q

Passive memebrane transport

A

no energy required

52
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of particles down the concentration gradient .Finding equlibrium (space between molecules becomes equal)

53
Q

What slows down diffusion?

A

always comes down to size

54
Q

Carrier protein/Facilitate transport

A

air lock that takes in molecules and releases molecules into the cytoplasm.

55
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water in order to equalize space between the the molecules

56
Q

if a blood cell is in a isotonic solution….

A

it is normal

57
Q

if a blood cell is in a Hypotonic solution

A

the blood cell with comsume the solution until it explodes

58
Q

if a blood cell is in a hypertonic solution

A

all of the molecules leave the blood cell until the blood cell shrinks

59
Q

active transport

A

against the gradient and requires ATP in order to happen

60
Q

The movement of Oxygen from the lungs to the capillaries would best be described as…..

A

D) Diffusion because oxygen moves down its concentration gradient

61
Q

b) A small hydrophillic molecule, like glucose?

A

A large hydrophobic molecule, like testosterone, will diffuse across a lipid bilayer faster than a small hydrophilic molecule, like glucose. The lipid bilayer is mostly comprised of hydrophobic tails (see image below). The hydrophilic heads do orient themselves to the watery surface, but the “head” layer is extremely thin.

62
Q

hypertonic

A

does it have more salt than in the example? (ie .9 in his red blood cells?)

63
Q

hypotonic

A

fewer salt molocules than the saline in example

64
Q

isotonic

A

equal concentration as the example

65
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

fibrillar network inside the nucleus of most cells. It is composed of intermediate filaments and membrane associated proteins- works with DNA

66
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosome which synthesize proteins. The inside contains a space called the lumen which is where protien folding happens.

67
Q

why is it important for the rough ER to be connected to nucleus?

A

When proteins are made, the mRNA, which is made inside the nucleus, will leave through the pores and attach to the ribosomes.

68
Q

the Cis side of the golgi

A

closest to the RER and the nucleus

69
Q

the trans side of the golgi

A

oriented toward the plasma membrane

70
Q

Peroxisome

A

all eukaryotic cells have these bundles of enzymes that arise from the golgi and use them to break down toxins like alchohol

71
Q

lysosome

A

not found in plants- breaks up everything other than alchohol

72
Q

lysosome

A

Vesicles filled with enzymes. Lysosomes originate as buds from the RER and golgi. These enzymes digest macromolecules such as lipids. These enzymes also digest old, worn out organelles. Lysosomes also destroy pathogens such as bacteria.

73
Q

Phagocytosis

A

occurs when a cell engulfs a large particle then the lysosome merges with the particle and the enzymes destroy the entire particle

74
Q

Tay sachs disease

A

the lysosomes dont work and the lipids build up inside them

75
Q

mitochondria

A

grow and divide independently of the rest of the cell

76
Q

mitochondria

A

grow and divide independently of the rest of the cell AND contain their own circular DNA

77
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

neuclear DNA is enherited from both parents but mitochondrial DNA comes from the mother only.

78
Q

Dynamic Cytoskeleton

A

found in all eukaryotic cells, made of a dense network of interweaving protiens, functions include maintaining the shape of the cell, moving the cell and particles

79
Q

Kinesin

A

a motor protien that walks along the microtubual track

80
Q
  1. Salivary glands in the mouth make mucous and salivary amylase, an enzyme. Which organelle makes proteins such as enzymes?
A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.

81
Q

Which Organelle breaks down large lipids?

A

the lysosome

82
Q

Who was Connor Hopf and why did he get sick? What were his symptoms?

A

Connor Hopf was a baby that inherited Tay Sach’s disease. Both of his parents were carriers for this disease, meaning that they each had one good copy of the gene that encodes for lysosomal enzymes and one copy of a bad gene that does not code for functional enzyme protein. Connor inherited both copies of the bad gene, thus he was unable to break down any of the large ceramide lipids in his brain. He developed seizures, became blind and could not eat. He died before his second birthday.

83
Q

The picture shown above depicts the nuclear envelope with the nuclear pore. The thins strands of DNA (called chromatin) are shown in pink. This DNA is very thin – thin enough to slide through the nuclear pore and yet the DNA inside the nucleus does not leave. Why?

A

Because the DNA is held in place by the nuclear lamina

84
Q

Neclear lamina

A

holds DNA in place

85
Q

Thylakoid

A

the little rolls of quarters in a chloroplast the individual quarters are thylakoid, the stacks are granums

86
Q

Stroma

A

aqueous space in a chloroplast

87
Q

β carotene

A

orange

88
Q

Zeaxanthin

A

yellow

89
Q

Anthocyanin

A

purple

90
Q

How does Carotene “fit” in the thylakoid membrane?

A

Many photosynthetic pigments are imbedded together with proteins in the thylakoid membrane.

91
Q

Overall equation for glycolisis

A

One 6 carbon compound (glucose) get converted to pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

92
Q

Electron transport chain

A

NADH goes from 1, 3, 4
FAHD2 is in 2
and hydrogen ions come out

93
Q

ATP

A

energy made up of 3 phosphate groups, ribose, and adenine

94
Q

why do the ATP bonds contain energy?

A

Because the negative charges repel each other. When a phosphate is released, the rest of the molecule is more stable and is at a lower energy state the more phosphates released the less energy (broek down to ADP and AMP

95
Q

Payoff phase

A

only PGAL can enter, so DHAP must be converted

96
Q

where does glycolisis occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

97
Q

Step 1 of cellular respiration

A

Glucose expels ATP and NADH and makes pyruvate

98
Q

Step 2 of cellular respiration

A

pyruvate expels NADH and co2 and become sacetyl coa

99
Q

step 3 of cellular respiration

A

acetyl coa goes through the citric acid cycle and expels ATP and NADH FADH2 CO2

Bio 151 (6 decks)

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