Lab Practicum 1 COPY Flashcards
Let’s assume for a moment that Dr. Hime has discovered a new species of mammals. Which of the following represents the correct species name for her new mammal?
Hebius genbuis
What is the function of the rough ER? Is it found in plants animals or both?
Produces proteins, both
What is the function of the central vacuole? Is it found in plants animals or both?
Stores water, plants
What is the function of a lysosome? Is it found in plants animals or both?
Contains degrateative ensymes, Found in animals
Please list the four tissue types
Nervous connective muscle epithelial
If you fill a dialysis bag with concentrated MiraLAX solution and place the bag and distilled water what will happen and why?
It will gain weight because the hypertonic MiraLAX solution will go up towards the hypertonic environment.
If Sam is using a microscope with a three times I use any 300 times objective lens what is the total magnification?
900
Is Euglena capable of performing photosynthesis when living? Is it capable of consuming other organisms when living?
Yes to both
Which creature with smaller Euglena or the Daphnia?
Euglena
Sam is watching a living Euglena to swim across the slide. If it’s women’s to the left which way does Sam have to move the slide so that he can see it?
To the right
Which is larger one Gram or 1 pound
1 pound
Which is smaller 1 L or 1 gallon?
Liter
Which is larger 1 m or 1 yard?
1 m
How many miles is equal to how many kilometers?
1 mile equals 1.60 kilometers
Qualitative
Of or about qualities
Quantitative
Numbers
Independent variable
The one you change in the experiment
D pendant variable
The variable you measured or observed
Confounding variable
Alternative explanations for what we observed or measured
What does the standard deviation equal
The square root of the variance
1 cc
1mm
What magnification is the scanning lens
4x
What magnification is medium power
10x
What magnification is high-power
40x
What is the mathematical formula to calculate magnification
Magnification times 10
What happens to the diameter of the viewing field when I increase magnification to 100 times do you think the diameter will go up down or remain the same?
Goes down
If you move the slide up and to the left which way does the image appear to move?
Down and to the right
Spirogyra plant animal or both
Play it like because it contains chloroplasts and grows well in the water in someway but also produces sexually and asexually
Euglena plant or animal?
Animal like it does not have cell walls. These organisms are readish purple because they are no longer living
What is a prokaryote
A single set of organism that lacks a membrane surrounding the nucleus
What is a eukaryote
Has a true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Is often much larger than a prokaryote
Epidermis
Surrounds the leave in a single layer of cells
How do animal cells differ from those of photosynthetic plant cells
The plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts
What is the function of a chloroplast? is it found in plants animals or both?
Photosynthesis, plant
What is the function of a mitochondria? Are they found in plant cells animal cells or both?
makes ATP
What is the function of the smooth ER? Is it found in plants animals or both
It regulates calcium and is found in both
What is the function of the nucleosis? Is it found in plants animals or both?
Rewrites RNA and combined it with proteins and it is found in both
What is the function of a cell wall? Is it found in plants animals or both?
Protection and is found only in plant
What is the function of the central vacuole? Is it found in plants animals or both
It’s function is to hold wastes and it is found in plants
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? Is it found in plants animals or both?
It’s function is sorting and packaging proteins, it is found in both
What affect does molecular size have on the movement of molecules through the membrane?
Bigger the size the slower it moves
What effect does concentration have on the movement of molecules through the membrane?
The more concentrated it is the more likely it’s going to move down the gradient
What causes molecules to move in and out of cells
Diffusion
Aerobic
The process of cellular respiration requires the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic
Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen
Which sugars resulted in the highest and lowest rates of fermentation? Was there a difference between the rate of fermentation when monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides were used?
Monosaccharides should have higher rates than polysaccharides
Fermentation is a chemical process involving many different enzymes. The substances that enzymes utilize are called substrates while the results of the enzyme activity are called products. What are substrates and products of fermentation
Glucose makes products CO2 and ethanol
After observing table to which sugars and artificial sweeteners would you say are a good food source for yeast and which are not?
Monosaccharides should have higher rates than polysaccharides
Liposome
Hydrophillic Center
Micelle
Hydrophobic center
Passive memebrane transport
no energy required
Diffusion
the movement of particles down the concentration gradient .Finding equlibrium (space between molecules becomes equal)
What slows down diffusion?
always comes down to size
Carrier protein/Facilitate transport
air lock that takes in molecules and releases molecules into the cytoplasm.
Osmosis
The movement of water in order to equalize space between the the molecules
if a blood cell is in a isotonic solution….
it is normal
if a blood cell is in a Hypotonic solution
the blood cell with comsume the solution until it explodes
if a blood cell is in a hypertonic solution
all of the molecules leave the blood cell until the blood cell shrinks
active transport
against the gradient and requires ATP in order to happen
The movement of Oxygen from the lungs to the capillaries would best be described as…..
D) Diffusion because oxygen moves down its concentration gradient
b) A small hydrophillic molecule, like glucose?
A large hydrophobic molecule, like testosterone, will diffuse across a lipid bilayer faster than a small hydrophilic molecule, like glucose. The lipid bilayer is mostly comprised of hydrophobic tails (see image below). The hydrophilic heads do orient themselves to the watery surface, but the “head” layer is extremely thin.
hypertonic
does it have more salt than in the example? (ie .9 in his red blood cells?)
hypotonic
fewer salt molocules than the saline in example
isotonic
equal concentration as the example
Nuclear Lamina
fibrillar network inside the nucleus of most cells. It is composed of intermediate filaments and membrane associated proteins- works with DNA
Rough ER
studded with ribosome which synthesize proteins. The inside contains a space called the lumen which is where protien folding happens.
why is it important for the rough ER to be connected to nucleus?
When proteins are made, the mRNA, which is made inside the nucleus, will leave through the pores and attach to the ribosomes.
the Cis side of the golgi
closest to the RER and the nucleus
the trans side of the golgi
oriented toward the plasma membrane
Peroxisome
all eukaryotic cells have these bundles of enzymes that arise from the golgi and use them to break down toxins like alchohol
lysosome
not found in plants- breaks up everything other than alchohol
lysosome
Vesicles filled with enzymes. Lysosomes originate as buds from the RER and golgi. These enzymes digest macromolecules such as lipids. These enzymes also digest old, worn out organelles. Lysosomes also destroy pathogens such as bacteria.
Phagocytosis
occurs when a cell engulfs a large particle then the lysosome merges with the particle and the enzymes destroy the entire particle
Tay sachs disease
the lysosomes dont work and the lipids build up inside them
mitochondria
grow and divide independently of the rest of the cell
mitochondria
grow and divide independently of the rest of the cell AND contain their own circular DNA
Mitochondrial DNA
neuclear DNA is enherited from both parents but mitochondrial DNA comes from the mother only.
Dynamic Cytoskeleton
found in all eukaryotic cells, made of a dense network of interweaving protiens, functions include maintaining the shape of the cell, moving the cell and particles
Kinesin
a motor protien that walks along the microtubual track
- Salivary glands in the mouth make mucous and salivary amylase, an enzyme. Which organelle makes proteins such as enzymes?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Which Organelle breaks down large lipids?
the lysosome
Who was Connor Hopf and why did he get sick? What were his symptoms?
Connor Hopf was a baby that inherited Tay Sach’s disease. Both of his parents were carriers for this disease, meaning that they each had one good copy of the gene that encodes for lysosomal enzymes and one copy of a bad gene that does not code for functional enzyme protein. Connor inherited both copies of the bad gene, thus he was unable to break down any of the large ceramide lipids in his brain. He developed seizures, became blind and could not eat. He died before his second birthday.
The picture shown above depicts the nuclear envelope with the nuclear pore. The thins strands of DNA (called chromatin) are shown in pink. This DNA is very thin – thin enough to slide through the nuclear pore and yet the DNA inside the nucleus does not leave. Why?
Because the DNA is held in place by the nuclear lamina
Neclear lamina
holds DNA in place
Thylakoid
the little rolls of quarters in a chloroplast the individual quarters are thylakoid, the stacks are granums
Stroma
aqueous space in a chloroplast
β carotene
orange
Zeaxanthin
yellow
Anthocyanin
purple
How does Carotene “fit” in the thylakoid membrane?
Many photosynthetic pigments are imbedded together with proteins in the thylakoid membrane.
Overall equation for glycolisis
One 6 carbon compound (glucose) get converted to pyruvate, ATP, and NADH
Electron transport chain
NADH goes from 1, 3, 4
FAHD2 is in 2
and hydrogen ions come out
ATP
energy made up of 3 phosphate groups, ribose, and adenine
why do the ATP bonds contain energy?
Because the negative charges repel each other. When a phosphate is released, the rest of the molecule is more stable and is at a lower energy state the more phosphates released the less energy (broek down to ADP and AMP
Payoff phase
only PGAL can enter, so DHAP must be converted
where does glycolisis occur?
in the cytoplasm
Step 1 of cellular respiration
Glucose expels ATP and NADH and makes pyruvate
Step 2 of cellular respiration
pyruvate expels NADH and co2 and become sacetyl coa
step 3 of cellular respiration
acetyl coa goes through the citric acid cycle and expels ATP and NADH FADH2 CO2
